Makeke Makeke Hana

Manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo Operation Market-Garden ma ke ʻano he lanakila nui Allied, akā ʻaʻole maopopo loa kēia. Ua loaʻa i ka poʻe Kelemania nā poho koʻikoʻi a hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi ʻāpana o Netherlands, e hana ana i kumu no ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka Reich ma o Reichswald, ʻoiai ʻaʻole kēia ka manaʻo kumu.

ʻO ka hana nui loa e pili ana i nā pūʻali lewa, i hana ʻia e nā Allies i Kepakemapa 1944 ma ka ʻāina o ka Netherlands i noho ʻia, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokuʻu i nā pūʻali koa Kelemania a kāpae i nā pā kaua pale Kelemania i kapa ʻia ʻo "Siegfried Line" mai ka ʻākau, i manaʻo ʻia e e ʻae i ke komo ʻana i loko o Ruhr a no laila e wikiwiki i ka hopena o ke kaua. ʻO ka hihia nui, ʻo ia ka hopu ʻana i nā alahaka ma Rhine a me nā muliwai ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka hiki ʻana iā Kelemania ke luku iā lākou. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka hana e Marshal Montgomery, ka mea nāna i mālama i ka Pūʻali Koa 21 a aia i ka heihei me ka luna o ka pūʻali koa ʻekolu o ʻAmelika, ʻo General George Patton, e ʻike i ka mea e hiki mua i nā hale hana o ka Third Reich. Ua hoʻohuli ʻo Montgomery iā General Dwight Eisenhower e hana i kēia hana, ʻoiai ka pilikia nui o ka hoʻokō ʻana.

Ma hope o ka pio ʻana ma Normandy i ke kauwela o ka makahiki 1944, haʻalele nā ​​​​pūʻali koa Kelemania mai Farani, a ua alualu ʻia nā pūʻali Allied iā lākou, i kaupalena ʻia e nā pilikia i ka lawe ʻana i ka wahie a me nā lako ʻē aʻe e lawe ʻia mai nā awa hana ma Normandy a me kahi ala liʻiliʻi. na awa o Kerebourg a me Havre. Ma ka la 2 o Sepatemaba, komo aku la na koa Pelekania i Belegiuma, a elua la mahope iho, ua hookuu aku ka Mokuna Kiai Tank i Brussels, e nee ana ma ka aina o Belegiuma aneane me ka hakaka ole. Ma ka manawa like, ma ka lā 5 o Kepakemapa 1944, ua hoʻopio ka British XXX Corps, e kaua ana ma ka ʻākau, iā Antwerp me ka 11th Panzer Division ma ke poʻo. I kēia manawa, ua lawe ʻo ka Polish 1st Armored Division, kahi hapa o ka Canadian 1st Army, iā Ypres.

ʻO ka 1st Allied Airborne Army, i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke kauwela o 1944, he ʻelima mau māhele i loko o ʻelua hui. Ua loaʻa i ka British 1st Airborne Corps ka 6th DPD a me ka 1st DPD a me ka 17th Polish Independent Parachute Brigade, aʻo ka American 82nd Airborne Corps ka 101st DPD, ka XNUMXst DPD a me ka XNUMXth ʻo wau ʻo DPD.

I kēia manawa, ua hana hewa ka luna o ka XXX Corps. Ma hope koke iho o ka hopu ʻia ʻana o Antwerp, pono e hele i mau ʻumi mau kilomita i ka ʻākau a ʻoki i ka Midden-Zeeland Peninsula mai ke koena o ka ʻāina. ʻO kēia ka mea e hoʻopau ai i ka hoʻi hope ʻana o ka pūʻali koa 15 Kelemania, e hoʻi ana ma ke kapakai Belgian, ma Ostend, a hiki i ka hikina hikina, e like me ka XXX Corps e neʻe ana ma kahi ākea ākea.

ʻAʻole ʻo Antwerp ma ke kai, akā aia ma ka nuku o ka Scheldt, he muliwai nui e kahe ana ma Farani, mai Cambrai, a laila ma Belegiuma. Ma mua pono o ka nuku o ka Scheldt, huli ʻo ia i ke komohana, i ke kai kūʻono lōʻihi e holo ana mai ke komohana a i ka hikina. ʻO ke kahakai ʻākau o kēia kai kūʻono ka haiki ma ke kumu, a laila e hoʻonui ana i ka peninsula ʻo Zuid-Beveland a me ka mokupuni ʻo Walcheren e waiho ana ma kona hoʻomau ʻana, akā pili maoli me ka peninsula ma nā ala ʻāina (ʻo ka mokupuni ma mua o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā polders. ). I ka wā i hoʻopio ai ka poʻe Pelekāne iā Antwerp, ua hoʻopaʻahao lākou i kekahi hapa o ka pūʻali koa 15 ma ke komohana o ke kūlanakauhale. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka nele o ka "pani" o ka isthmus e hoʻopili ana i ka peninsula ʻo Zuid-Beveland me ke koena o ka ʻāina nui, ʻo ia ka mea ma waena o 4 a me 20 Kepakemapa ua neʻe nā Kelemania ma ka waha o ka Scheldt ma nā ʻano o ka lawe ʻana, mai ka 65th. a me 000th Rifle Division (DP). ʻO ka haʻalele ʻana i haʻi ʻia aʻe ma mua, ua hana ʻia mai ke komohana hema o Antwerp a hiki i ka peninsula ʻo Zuid-Beveland a me ka mokupuni ʻo Walcheren e pili pū ana me ia, kahi i komo hohonu ai ka hapa nui i Netherlands, ma lalo o ka ihu o ka British XXX Corps, mai kona ʻO ka luna koa, ʻo Lutanela Kenerala Brian Horrocks, e noʻonoʻo ana e hoʻouka kaua ma ka hikina a hohonu i loko o ka Netherlands a hiki i Kelemania, a ua hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā Kelemania ma ia ʻano hoʻonohonoho, ʻaʻole ia i manaʻo.

Eia naʻe, ʻo ka Māhele Kākoʻo Kiaʻi, e neʻe ana i ka hema, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia ma ke kahawai ʻo Albert ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Lommel ma Belegiuma, ma mua pono o ka palena me Netherlands, e holo kokoke ana mai ke komohana a i ka hikina, ma mua o ka huli ʻana o Kelemania i ka hema, e hana ana. e kū ana ma ka hema he ʻōlelo Holani liʻiliʻi, aia i loko ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Maastricht. I ka haʻalele ʻana mai Farani a puni ʻo Belegiuma, ua hoʻokō ka poʻe Kelemania i ka haʻalele ʻana mai nā pūʻali Allied e alualu ana iā lākou, a ma ke kahawai ʻo Albert kahi i hana ʻia ai ka laina pale nui. He pale wai maoli ia, ākea loa, e hoʻopili ana iā Antwerp (Scheldt) a me Liège (Meuse). He ala wai pololei kēia auwai mai kahi kikowaena ʻoihana kaulana kaulana no kāna hana kila, me kahi awa nui. ʻO ka Mosa e kahe ana ma Liège, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua kahe ʻo ia ma ka ʻākau hikina ma ka palena ʻo Kelemania-Dutch ʻaʻole i mamao loa mai ia mea, huli kokoke i ka ʻākau ma kahi o Venlo, a huli ʻoi loa i ke komohana kokoke i Nijmegen, e like me nā lālā ʻelua o ka Rhine ma ka ʻākau, pololei ma o ka Holani , mai ka hikina a i ke komohana a i ke Kai Akau.

Ke hele nei kekahi mau moku moku nui loa ma Netherlands, kahi i ʻeli maʻalahi ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ma muli o ka hoʻomaha ʻoluʻolu o South Holland. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻāina puʻu me ka nui o nā puʻu i maʻalahi i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka pale ma ʻaneʻi. Eia nō naʻe, no ka manawa pōkole, mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Kepakemapa 1944, ua hoʻoikaika nā pūʻali koa Kelemania i ke Canal Albert, e holo like ana me ka palena Belgian-Dutch. A me ka manaʻo ʻole, ma ka lā 10 o Kepakemapa, 1944, ua haki aku ka 2nd Irish Guards Battalion, i alakaʻi ʻia e ka 5th Guards Tank Brigade mai ka Guards Armored Division, i ke kauhale ʻo Lommel kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Neerpelt a hopu i kahi alahaka paʻa ma luna o ka Canal Albert, ma o kahi a ka poe kiai Shermans i kahili aku ai, a e noho ana ma kahi o ka aoao akau o ke kahawai. Mai keia kulanakauhale aku, hele aku la ke alanui Helu 69 i Eindhoven, kahi ma ka akau iki o ke kulanakauhale, ma Son, ma kela aoao o ka Canal Wilhelmina, a ma ka luakupapau, kahi i hele aku ai ua alanui la ma ka Meuse a me Nimegen, kahi o ke alanui, ma huli, hele i ka lala hema o Rhine - Waal , a hiki i Arnhem, kahi i hele ai ke alanui i ka North Rhine - Lower Rhine. Alaila hele aku la ia alanui hookahi i ka akau a hiki i ka lihi loa o Holani, e moku ana ma Meppel i lala a hiki i Leeuwarden, kokoke i ke kai, a me Groningen, kokoke i ka palena me Geremania. A laila ua pau ka Netherlands, eia ka huli ʻana o ke kahakai i ka hikina, ma hope o Emden, aia i Kelemania.

I ka lā 13 o ʻAukake, ua hāʻawi ʻo Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery i ka manaʻo mua no kahi hana hou, i kēia manawa i kapa ʻia ʻo "Comet", makemake ʻo ia e hoʻohana i ke alahaka i hopu ʻia ma luna o ka Canal Albert, a i kēia manawa ua kapa ʻia ʻo "Joe's Bridge" i ka hanohano. o ka luna o ka 3rd Irish Guards Battalion - Lutanela Konela. ʻO John Ormsby Evelyn Vandeleur, Mechanized Infantry Battalion (ʻo kona mau hua mua JOE, ʻo ia hoʻi ka inoa ʻo Lieutenant Colonel Vandeleur) e hoʻouka i kahi hoʻouka kaua ma ke alanui 69 ma Arnhem mai kēia kahakai. No laila, aia kona pūʻali koa ma ka ʻākau o nā pā kaua Kelemania i kapa ʻia ʻo "Siegfried Line", e holo ana ma ka palena holoʻokoʻa me Farani, Luxembourg a me Belegiuma, a me kekahi hapa o Netherlands, a pau ma Kleve, kahi e kahe ai ka Rhine. i ka ʻaoʻao Holani, ma hope iki o ka palena, e māhele ana i ʻelua mau lima nui: ʻo ka Waal ma ka hema a me ka Lower Rhine ma ka ʻākau, e hele ana i ka Netherlands a haʻalele i ke Kai Akau. ʻO kahi puka ʻākau o Lower Rhine i hiki ai ke huli hikina a hoʻouka kaua iā Kelemānia ma ka ʻākau o ka Laina Siegfried a me ka ʻākau o ka Ruhr, i Münster. ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka Ruhr mai ke koena o Kelemania he mea pōʻino ia no ka hoʻoikaika kaua Kelemania a pono e hoʻopau koke i ke kaua.