Hana ʻoe iā ʻoe iho lambda probe snag
Nā mea
Ma hope o ka luku ʻia ʻana a i ʻole ka wehe ʻana o ka catalyst a i ʻole ka hāʻule ʻole o ka mea ʻike o ka oxygen (lambda probe), e holo ana ka ʻenekini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko i kahi ʻano kūpono ʻole ma muli o ka hoʻoponopono hewa ʻana o ka hui ʻana o ka ea, a ua hoʻomālamalama ka hōʻailona Check Engine. ka papa hana. ʻO nā ala like ʻole e hoʻopunipuni ai i ka ʻāpana uila uila e hiki ai ke hoʻoponopono i kēia pilikia.
Inā hana ka mea ʻike oxygen, e kōkua ka mīkini snag lambda probe, inā hāʻule, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka uila uila. E heluhelu ma lalo nei e aʻo pehea e ʻohi ai i kahi snag o kahi ʻimi lambda a i ʻole e hana iā ʻoe iho.
Pehea ka hana ʻana o ka lambda probe snag
Lambda probe snag - kahi mea e hāʻawi ai i ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka lolouila o ka ʻike o ka oxygen maikaʻi loa i nā kinoea hoʻopau, inā ʻaʻole kūpono nā ʻāpana maoli iā lākou. Hoʻoholo ʻia kēia pilikia ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka heluhelu ʻana o ka mea loiloi kinoea a i ʻole kāna hōʻailona. ʻO ke koho maikaʻi loa koho ʻia ma muli o ka papa kaiapuni a me nā hiʻohiʻona kaʻa.
ʻElua ʻano o ka cheats:
- Mechanical (sleeve-screw or mini-catalyst). Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumu o ka hana ma ka hana ʻana i kahi pale ma waena o ka sensor oxygen a me nā kinoea i loko o ka ʻōnaehana exhaust.
- Electronic (mea pale me ka capacitor a i ʻole ka mea hoʻokele kaʻawale). Hoʻokomo ʻia ka emulator i loko o kahi uwila a i ʻole kahi DC maʻamau. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ka hana ʻana o ka lambda probe snag e hoʻohālikelike i nā heluhelu sensor kūpono.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻopunipuni i ka ECU o nā kaʻa kahiko e kū ana i ka papa kaiapuni o ka liʻiliʻi Euro-3, a ua kūpono ka mini-catalyst no nā kaʻa hou me nā kūlana a hiki i Euro-6. I nā hihia ʻelua, koi ʻia kahi DC serviceable, i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ke kino snag. no laila, ua hoʻopuni ʻia ka ʻāpana hana o ka sensor e nā kinoea maʻemaʻe a hoʻouna i ka ʻikepili maʻamau i ke kamepiula.
Lambda probe snag - mini-catalyst (ʻike ʻia ka mānoanoa catalyst)
ʻO ka emulator lambda probe maʻamau o ka hale hana ma kahi microcontroller
No ka blende uila e pili ana i ka resistor a me ka capacitor, ʻaʻole ia ka papa kaiapuni ka mea nui, akā ke kumu o ka hana o ka kamepiula. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole hana kēia koho ma ka Audi A4 - e hoʻopuka ka kamepiula i kahi hewa ma muli o ka ʻikepili hewa. Eia hou,ʻaʻole hiki ke koho i nā palena maikaʻi loa o nā mea uila. Hoʻohālike kūʻokoʻa ka snag uila me kahi microcontroller i ka hana o kahi sensor oxygen, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole ia a hiki ʻole ke hana.
ʻElua ʻano o nā hoʻopunipuni uila kūʻokoʻa me kahi microcontroller:
- kūʻokoʻa, hana i kahi hōʻailona no ka hana maʻamau o ka lambda;
- nā heluhelu hoʻoponopono e like me ka mea ʻike mua.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka ʻano emulators mua ma nā kaʻa me ka LPG o nā hanauna kahiko (a hiki i 3), kahi i ka wā e hoʻokele ai i ke kinoea, he mea nui ia e hana i ke ʻano o ka hana maʻamau o ka sensor oxygen. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka lua ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana i ka catalyst ma kahi o ka lua lambda a hoʻohālike i kāna hana maʻamau e like me ka heluhelu ʻana o ka sensor mua.
Pehea e hana ai i kāu lambda probe snag
Hana ʻoe iā ʻoe iho lambda probe snag: spacer manufacturing video
Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka hāmeʻa kūpono, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i ka lambda probe snag iā ʻoe iho. ʻO ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana he lima mīkini a me kahi simulator uila me kahi resistor a me kahi capacitor.
No ka hana ʻana i kahi pacifier pono ʻoe:
- wili metala;
- kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ke keleawe a i ʻole ke kila kila (lōʻihi ma kahi o 60-100 mm, mānoanoa ma kahi o 30-50 mm);
- nā mea ʻoki (ʻoki, ʻoki a me ka ʻoki milo) a i ʻole nā mea ʻoki ?, paʻi a make.
No ka hana ʻana i kahi hui uila o kahi probe lambda, pono ʻoe:
Ke hana ʻana i kahi hui uila o kahi sensor oxygen me kou mau lima ponoʻī: wikiō
- capacitors 1–5 uF;
- nā mea pale 100 kOhm - 1 mOhm a me / a i ʻole trimmer me ia ʻano;
- hao;
- solder and flux;
- hoʻokaʻawale;
- pahu no ke kino;
- sealant a epoxy paha.
ʻO ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka wili a me ka hana ʻana i kahi blende uila maʻalahi, me nā mākau kūpono (ka huli ʻana / soldering electronics), ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi hola. Me nā koho'ē aʻeʻelua eʻoi aku ka paʻakikī.
e haʻi hou ʻia pehea e hana ai i kahi snag o ka lambda probe ma hope o ka wehe ʻana i ka catalyst, i ʻole e hiki mai nā hewa Check Engine me nā code P0130-P0179 (pili me lambda), P0420-P0424 a me P0430-P0434 (catalyst errors).
Papahana o ka uila uila
Ke hana nei ka uila uila o ka lambda probe ma ke kumu o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka hōʻailona sensor maoli i ka mea e pono ai no ka hana maʻamau o ka kaʻa. ʻElua koho ʻōnaehana:
- Me ka resistor a me ka capacitor. ʻO kahi kaapuni maʻalahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano o kahi hōʻailona uila mai kahi DC ma ke kūʻai ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ka resistor e kaupalena i ka volta a me kēia manawa, a ʻo ka capacitor e hoʻopau i ka ripple volta ma ka ukana. Hoʻohana mau ʻia kēia ʻano blende ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻia ʻana o ka catalyst e hoʻohālikelike i kona alo.
- Me ka microcontroller. Hiki i kahi snag electronic o ka lambda probe me kāna kaʻina hana ponoʻī ke hana i kahi hōʻailona e hoʻohālikelike i ka heluhelu ʻana o kahi sensor oxygen hana. Aia nā emulators hilinaʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka DC mua (luna), a me nā emulators kūʻokoʻa e hana i kahi hōʻailona me ka ʻole o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻano mua e hoʻopunipuni i ka ECU ma hope o ka wehe ʻana a i ʻole ka hemahema o ka catalyst. Hiki i ka lua ke lawelawe no kēia mau kumu, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he snag o ka probe lambda mua no ka hoʻokele maʻamau me ka HBO kahiko.
ʻO ka papahana o ka hui uila o ka mea ʻike oxygen
ʻO ka uila uila o ka lambda probe, ke kaapuni o ia mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna, he ʻelua mau mea wale nō a maʻalahi ka hana ʻana, akā pono paha ke koho ʻana i nā ʻāpana lekiō i ka waiwai maka.
Hoʻohui ʻia o ka resistor a me ka capacitor i ka wili
ʻO ka hui uila o ka lambda probe ma kahi pale me kahi capacitor
Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka resistor a me ka capacitor i loko o kahi kaʻa me ʻelua mau mea ʻike oxygen me kahi papa honua Euro-3 a ʻoi aʻe. Hana ʻia ka snag electronic do-it-yourself o kahi ʻimi lambda penei:
- ua kūʻai ʻia ka resistor i ka haki o ka uea hōʻailona;
- ua pili ka capacitor non-polar ma waena o ka uea hōʻailona a me ka lepo, ma hope o ka mea pale, ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka mea hoʻohui sensor.
He mea maʻalahi ke kumu o ka hana o ka simulator: ʻo ke kūʻē ʻana i ke kaapuni hōʻailona e hōʻemi i ka manawa e hele mai ana mai ka lua o ka oxygen sensor, a hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka capacitor i kāna mau pulsations. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ka injector ECU "manaʻo" ke hana nei ka catalyst a ʻo ka ʻike oxygen i loko o ka exhaust aia i loko o ka pae maʻamau.
Hana ʻoe iā ʻoe iho lambda probe snag scheme
No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻailona kūpono (ke ʻano o ka pulse), pono ʻoe e koho i kēia mau kikoʻī:
- non-polar film capacitor mai 1 a 5 microfarads;
- mea pale mai 100 kΩ a i 1 MΩ me ka hoʻoheheʻe mana o 0,25-1 W.
No ka maʻalahi, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana mua i kahi resistor tuning me kēia pae, i mea e ʻike ai i kahi waiwai kūʻē kūpono. ʻO ke kaapuni maʻamau me kahi pale 1 MΩ a me kahi capacitor 1 uF.
Pono ʻoe e hoʻohui i ka snag i ka haʻihaʻi i loko o ke kaula uila sensor, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka mamao mai nā mea wela wela. no ka pale ʻana i nā ʻāpana radio mai ka makū a me ka lepo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka waiho ʻana iā lākou i loko o kahi pahu a hoʻopiha iā lākou me ka sealant a i ʻole epoxy.
ʻO ka papa microprocessor i ka hoʻomaha uwea lambda probe
Pono ka snag uila o kahi ʻimi lambda ma kahi microcontroller i ʻelua mau hihia:
- ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka heluhelu ʻana o ka sensor oxygen mua (a i ʻole wale nō) i ka wā e holo ana ma HBO 2 a i ʻole 3 mau hanauna;
- hoʻololi i nā heluhelu o ka lambda lua no kahi kaʻa me ka Euro-3 a ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻole o ka catalyst.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻuluʻulu i kahi emulator sensor oxygen ma kahi microcontroller do-it-yourself no HBO me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia pūʻulu o nā ʻāpana lekiō:
- kaapuni hoʻohui ʻia NE555 (ka mea hoʻokele haku e hoʻopuka i nā pulu);
- capacitors 0,1; 22 a me 47 uF;
- nā mea pale no 1; 2,2; 10, 22 a me 100 kOhm;
- diode hoʻomāmā;
- hoʻolele.
Hana ʻoe iā ʻoe iho i ka uila uila o ka lambda probe - he kiʻi no HBO
Hoʻohui ʻia ka blende i hōʻike ʻia ma luna ma o kahi relay i ke ʻoki o ka uea hōʻailona ma waena o ka mea ʻike oxygen a me ke kamepiula. I ka hana ʻana ma ke kinoea, loaʻa i ka relay kahi emulator i ke kaapuni e hoʻopuka i nā hōʻailona ʻike oxygen hoʻopunipuni. Ke hoʻololi nei i ka ʻaila, hoʻopili pololei ʻia ka sensor oxygen i ke kamepiula me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi relay. ma kēia ʻano, loaʻa ka hana maʻamau o ka lambda ma ka ʻaila a me ka nele o nā hewa ma ke kinoea i ka manawa like.
Inā kūʻai ʻoe i kahi emulator mākaukau o ka probe lambda mua no HBO, e kūʻai ʻia ma kahi o 500-1000 rubles..
Hiki nō hoʻi ke hana i kahi snag uila o ka probe lambda e hoʻohālikelike i ka heluhelu ʻana o ka lua me kou mau lima ponoʻī. No kēia e pono ai ʻoe:
- nā mea pale no 10 a me 100 ohms (2 pcs.), 1; 6,8; 39 a me 300 kOhm;
- capacitors no 4,7 a me 10 pF;
- nā mea hoʻonui LM358 (2 pcs.);
- Schottky diode 10BQ040.
Hōʻike ʻia ke kaapuni uila o ka emulator i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ke kiʻi. ʻO ke kumu o ka hana ʻana o ka snag ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā heluhelu hoʻopuka o ka sensor oxygen mua a hoʻoili iā lākou i ke kamepiula ma lalo o ke ʻano o nā heluhelu mai ka lua.
Hoʻolālā o kahi emulator uila maʻalahi o ka ʻimi lambda lua
ʻO ka hoʻolālā ma luna nei he ao holoʻokoʻa, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohālikelike i ka hana o ka titanium a me ka zirconium oxygen sensor.
ʻO kahi emulator i hoʻomākaukau ʻia o ka lua lambda probe e pili ana i kahi microcontroller e kūʻai ʻia mai 1 a 5 tausani rubles, e pili ana i ka paʻakikī..
Ke kaha kiʻi ʻana o kahi ʻūhā mechanical
Ke kiʻi ʻana i kahi hui mechanical o kahi ʻimi lambda no nā mea ʻike zirconium he nui no Euro-3: kaomi e hoʻonui
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi snag mechanical o kahi ʻimi lambda ma ke kaʻa me kahi catalyst mamao a me kahi mea ʻike oxygen lua (lalo) hana. Hoʻohana maʻamau ka wili dummy me ka lua ma Euro 3 a me nā mīkini papa haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻole paʻakikī loa nā mea ʻike. ʻO ka huila mechanical o ka probe lambda, ke kaha kiʻi i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi, no kēia ʻano.
No ka Euro-4 a ma luna, pono ʻoe i kahi snag me kahi mea hoʻololi catalytic liʻiliʻi i loko. E hoʻomaʻemaʻe ia i nā kinoea i loko o ka ʻāpana sensor, a laila e hoʻohālikelike i ka hana o ka catalyst maʻamau i nalowale. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hana ʻana i kahi snag o ka lambda probe me kou mau lima ponoʻī, no ka mea pono pū kekahi catalytic agent.
Ka lima me ka mini catalytic converter
No ka hana ʻana i kahi snag mechanical o ka lambda probe me kou mau lima ponoʻī, pono ʻoe i kahi lathe a me ka hiki ke hana pū me ia, a me:
- he keleawe keleawe a i ʻole ke kila kuhili ʻole wela ma kahi o 100 mm ka lōʻihi a me 30-50 mm ke anawaena;
- nā meaʻoki (ʻokiʻoki, hōʻoluʻolu a me kaʻoki kaula);
- paʻi a make M18x1,5 (ma kahi o nā ʻokiʻoki no ka wili);
- mea hoʻopalekana.
ʻO ka paʻakikī nui ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi mea catalytic. ʻO ke ala maʻalahi, ʻo ia ke ʻoki ʻana mai loko mai o ka mea hoʻopihapiha hoʻopihapiha haʻihaʻi ma ke koho ʻana i kahi ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa.
Hana ʻoe iā ʻoe iho lambda probe trick me kahi mini-catalyst: kaha kiʻi spacer: kaomi e hoʻonui
ʻAʻole hāʻawi ʻia ka oxidation o carbon monoxide a me nā hydrocarbons unburned i ka catalyst e ka seramika ponoʻī, akā ma ka waiho ʻana o nā metala hanohano (platinum, rhodium, palladium) i waiho ʻia ma luna. No laila, ʻaʻole pono ka hoʻopiha ceramic maʻamau - lawelawe wale ia ma ke ʻano he insulator e hōʻemi i ke kahe o nā kinoea i ka sensor, ʻaʻole ia e hāʻawi i ka hopena i makemake ʻia.
I loko o ka mīkini huila o ka lua lambda probe, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā koena o ka catalytic converter i hāʻule mua me kou mau lima ponoʻī, no laila mai wikiwiki e hāʻawi i nā mea kūʻai.
ʻO kahi hui ʻenehana mīkini o kahi ʻimi lambda me kahi mini-catalyst kumukūʻai 1-2 tausani rubles.
Screwdriver me ka puka liʻiliʻi anawaena
Hana ʻia ka lambda probe snag screw ma ke ʻano like me ka mini-catalyst. No kēia pono ʻoe:
- lathe;
- kahi hakahaka i hana ʻia me ke keleawe keleawe a i ʻole ke kila kila ʻole wela;
- hoʻonohonoho o nā mea ʻoki a/a i ʻole paʻi a me ka pā M18x1,5.
Hana ʻoe iā ʻoe iho me ka hui ʻana o kahi ʻimi lambda: kiʻi kiki
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa wale nō i ka hoʻolālā ʻana, ʻaʻohe catalytic filler i loko, a ʻo ka lua ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa he liʻiliʻi (2-3 mm) ke anawaena. Hoʻopaʻa ia i ke kahe ʻana o nā kinoea hoʻopau i ka sensor oxygen, a laila hāʻawi i ka heluhelu makemake.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ka huli ʻana o ka lambda snag
ʻO ka mīkini oxygen sensor snags me ka ʻole o ka catalytic filler ka mea maʻalahi a paʻa loa, akā ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa. Hana lākou me ka pilikia ʻole ma nā ʻenekini papa kaiapuni Euro-3 i lako me nā probes lambda haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka lawelawe ʻana o kēia ʻano lambda probe ma muli o ka maikaʻi o ka mea. I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke keleawe keleawe a i ʻole ke kila wela, hiki ke mau loa, akā i kekahi manawa (i kēlā me kēia 20-30 tausani km) pono ia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka lua mai nā waiho kalapona.
No nā kaʻa hou, pono ʻoe i kahi snag me kahi mini-catalyst i loko, a loaʻa pū kekahi kumu waiwai. Ma hope o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka catalytic filler (ʻoi aku ma mua o 50100 tausani km), hoʻopau ʻo ia i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana i hāʻawi ʻia a huli i kahi analogue piha o kahi wili maʻalahi. I kēia hihia, pono e hoʻololi a hoʻopiha ʻia ka simulator me nā mea catalytic hou.
ʻAʻole hiki ke haki a ʻaʻahu nā uila uila, no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou e ʻike i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. Akā ʻo ka waiwai o nā ʻāpana lekiō (nā pale, capacitors) i kaupalena ʻia, i ka wā e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ai lākou a nalowale ko lākou mau waiwai. Hiki ke hāʻule mua ka emulator inā loaʻa ka lepo a i ʻole ka makū ma nā ʻāpana ma muli o ka leak.
| ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻohui lāʻau | Kūlike kaʻa | Pehea e mālama ai i kahi snag LZ | Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o kahi snag LZ (pehea ka manawa e hoʻololi ai) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mechanical (screwdriver) | 1999–2004 (EU production), a hiki i 2013 (Russian production), nā kaʻa a hiki i ka Euro-3 inclusive. | I kēlā me kēia manawa (i kēlā me kēia 20-30 tausani km), pono paha e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka lua a me ka lua o ka sensor mai nā waihona kalapona. | Theoretically mau loa (he mechanical adapter wale nō, ʻaʻohe mea e wāwahi). |
| Mechanical (mini-catalyst) | Mai 2005 (EU) a i ʻole 2013 (Russia) a hiki i kēia manawa c., papa Euro-3 a ma luna. | Ma hope o ka hana ʻana i ka kumuwaiwai, pono ia e hoʻololi a hoʻololi paha i ka mea hoʻopihapiha catalytic. | 50-100 tausani km, ma muli o ka maikaʻi o ka mea hoʻopihapiha. |
| Papa uila) | ʻO nā emulators kūʻokoʻa a hiki i 2005 (EU) a i 2013 (Russia) o ka makahiki o ka hana ʻana, ka papa honua Euro-2 a i ʻole Euro-3 (kahi e pono ai ke kau ʻana iā HBO 2 a me 3 mau hanauna). Hoʻohana nā Emulators i nā heluhelu o ka DC mua e hoʻopunipuni i ka lua lambda probe - mai 2005 (EU) a i ʻole 2008 (Russia) a hiki i kēia manawa. c., papa Euro-3 a oi aku, aka, hiki ke hoole, he mea nui ke koho pololei o na inoa. | ʻAʻole koi ʻia ka mālama ʻana inā loaʻa ma kahi maloʻo a maʻemaʻe a kaʻawale mai ka makū a me ka lepo. | Ma muli o ka maikaʻi o nā mea uila. Pono e hoʻomau i ke ola o ke kaʻa, akā pono ke kūʻai hou ʻia nā electrolytes a / a i ʻole nā mea pale inā hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana maikaʻi ʻole. |
| Electronic (resistor a capacitor) | Kaʻa mai 2005 (EU) a i ʻole 2008 (Russia), papa Euro-3 a ma luna. | I kēlā me kēia manawa, pono e nānā i ka pono o nā mea. | Ma muli o ka maikaʻi o nā ʻāpana lekiō a me ke koho kūpono o nā helu. Inā koho pono ʻia nā ʻāpana, ʻaʻole e wela a mai pulu, lawa paha ia no ke ola holoʻokoʻa o ke kaʻa. |
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lambda snag
E pane pololei i ka nīnau "ʻO wai ka lambda snag ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi?" hiki ole. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hāmeʻa kona pono a me nā pōʻino, ʻokoʻa like ʻole me kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona. ʻO ka snag o kahi lambda probe ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e kau - pili i ke kumu o kēia manipulation a me nā kūlana kikoʻī:
- Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā snags mechanical me kahi sensor oxygen hana;
- e hoʻohālikelike i ka hana maʻamau o ka sensor oxygen ma ka HBO kahiko, ʻo nā hoʻopunipuni uila wale nō me kahi microcontroller (pulse generator) kūpono;
- ma nā kaʻa kahiko o kahi papa ʻaʻole i kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma mua o Euro-3, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kau ʻana i kahi snag-screw - ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a hilinaʻi;
- ma nā kaʻa hou (Euro-4 a ma luna), ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mini-catalysts;
- ʻO ke koho me ka resistor a me ka capacitor he ʻano haʻahaʻa, akā ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi o ka snag no nā kaʻa hou;
- ʻO ka emulator o ka lua lambda probe ma kahi microcontroller e hana ana mai ka mea mua ke koho maikaʻi loa no kahi kaʻa me ka hāʻule ʻole a i ʻole ka wehe ʻana i ka lua o ka oxygen sensor.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ia ka mini-catalyst ʻo ia ka koho maikaʻi loa no kahi DC serviceable, no ka mea e hoʻohālike ana i ka hana o kahi mea hoʻololi maʻamau me ka pololei kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kahi microcontroller kahi koho ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me ke kumukūʻai, a no laila kūpono wale nō inā ʻaʻohe mea ʻike maʻamau a i ʻole pono e hoʻopunipuni ʻia e hoʻokele i ke kinoea.
