Ua wehewehe ʻia ka pōkole semiconductor honua: he aha ke ʻano o ka hemahema o ka pahu kaʻa no kāu kaʻa hou e hiki mai ana, me ka lohi o ka hoʻouna ʻana a me nā manawa kali lōʻihi.

ʻO Hyundai kekahi o nā hōʻailona he nui e kū nei i kahi hemahema semiconductor honua.

Ua loli nui ka honua i nā mahina he 18 i hala iho nei a ua hoʻopilikia ka maʻi maʻi honua i nā ʻano āpau o ke ola, me nā kaʻa a mākou e holo ai.

Mai nā lā mua o ka maʻi maʻi ma 2020, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai nā mea hana kaʻa a puni ka honua e pani i nā hale hana e hoʻāʻo e hoʻopaʻa i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka maʻi, ua hoʻomaka ka hopena o ke kaulahao i alakaʻi ʻia i nā mea kūʻai aku i nā mea kūʻai kaʻa, me nā hui kaʻa i kēia manawa e noʻonoʻo nei. ʻoki ʻana i ka nui o ka ʻenehana a lākou i hāʻawi ai i nā kaʻa. 

No laila pehea mākou i hiki ai i ʻaneʻi? He aha ke ʻano o kēia no ka poʻe makemake e kūʻai i kaʻa? A he aha ka hopena?

He aha nā semiconductors?

Wahi a ka ʻike ʻO Britannica.com, he semiconductor "kekahi o ka papa o ka crystalline solids i waena o ka uila conductivity ma waena o ka conductor a me ka insulator".

Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo i kahi semiconductor ma ke ʻano he microchip, kahi ʻāpana ʻenehana liʻiliʻi e kōkua i ka hana o ka honua i kēia mau lā.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā semiconductor i nā mea āpau mai nā kaʻa a me nā kamepiula i nā kelepona a me nā mea hale e like me ke kīwī.

No ke aha he hemahema?

He hihia maʻamau kēia o ka lako a me ka koi. Me ka maʻi maʻi maʻi e koi ana i ka poʻe a puni ka honua e hana mai ka home, ʻaʻole e haʻi i nā keiki e aʻo ana ma ka pūnaewele, ua piʻi ka noi no nā huahana ʻenehana e like me ka laptops, monitors, webcams and microphones.

Eia nō naʻe, manaʻo nā mea hana semiconductor e emi ana ka noi e like me ka lohi ʻana o nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe (me ka automotive) ma muli o nā palena pili i ka maʻi maʻi.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā semiconductor i hana ʻia ma Taiwan, South Korea, a me Kina, a ua paʻakikī kēia mau ʻāina e COVID-19 e like me nā mea ʻē aʻe a ua lawe i ka manawa e ola hou ai.

I ka manawa i hoʻohana piha ʻia ai kēia mau mea kanu, aia kahi ākea ākea ma waena o ka noi no nā semiconductor a me ka lako i loaʻa no nā mea hana he nui.

Ua ʻōlelo ka Semiconductor Industry Association i hoʻonui ʻia ka noi no kāna mau huahana e 6.5% i 2020 ma waena o nā pani ʻana a puni ka honua.

ʻO ka manawa e hana ai i nā chips - hiki i kekahi o lākou ke lawe i mau mahina mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana a i ka pau ʻana - i hui pū ʻia me nā manawa ramp-up lōʻihi ua hoʻokau i nā ʻoihana hana a puni ka honua i kahi kūlana paʻakikī.

He aha ka pili semiconductors me nā kaʻa?

He paʻakikī ka pilikia no ka ʻoihana kaʻa. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻomaka nā hōʻailona he nui e ʻoki i kā lākou mau kauoha semiconductor i ka wā maʻi maʻi, e kali ana i nā kūʻai haʻahaʻa. I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ua ikaika ka kūʻai ʻana i nā kaʻa ma muli o ka makemake o ka poʻe e pale aku i ka halihali lehulehu a i ʻole hoʻolilo kālā ma ke kaʻa hou ma mua o ka hoʻomaha.

ʻOiai ua pili ka hemahema o ka chip i nā ʻoihana āpau, ʻo ka paʻakikī no ka ʻoihana kaʻa ʻaʻole hilinaʻi nā kaʻa i hoʻokahi ʻano semiconductor, pono lākou i nā mana hou loa no nā mea e like me ka infotainment a me nā mea liʻiliʻi loa no nā ʻāpana. e like me nā puka makani.

ʻOiai ʻo kēia, ʻo nā mea hana kaʻa he mau mea kūʻai liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻenehana loea e like me Apple a me Samsung, no laila ʻaʻole lākou i hāʻawi ʻia i ka mea nui, e alakaʻi ana i nā pilikia hou aʻe.

ʻAʻole i kōkua ʻia ke kūlana e ke ahi ma kekahi o nā mea hana kīpē Iapana nui loa i Malaki o kēia makahiki. Ma muli o ka pōʻino o ka hale hana, ua pani ʻia ka hana ʻana no kahi mahina, e hōʻemi hou ana i nā moku honua.

He aha ka hopena o kēia i ka ʻoihana kaʻa?

Ua hoʻopilikia ka hapa semiconductor i kēlā me kēia mea hana kaʻa, ʻoiai paʻakikī ke kuhikuhi pololei i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka pilikia. ʻO ka mea a mākou e ʻike ai, ua hoʻopilikia kēia i ka hiki o ka hapa nui o nā hōʻailona e hana i nā kaʻa a e hoʻomau i ka hoʻokau ʻana i nā mea paʻa no kekahi manawa e hiki mai ana.

ʻAʻole pale ʻia nā mea hana nui loa: ʻO Volkswagen Group, Ford, General Motors, Hyundai Motor Group a me Stellantis e koi ʻia e lohi i ka hana a puni ka honua.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo CEO ʻo Volkswagen Herbert Diess ʻaʻole hiki i kāna hui ke kūkulu ma kahi o 100,000 mau kaʻa ma muli o ka hapa o nā semiconductor.

Ma mua o kēia makahiki, ua koi ʻia ʻo General Motors e pani i nā hale hana ma US, Kanada a me Mexico, ʻaʻole i hoʻi hou kekahi o lākou i ka hana. I kekahi manawa, ua wānana ka pilikua ʻAmelika e lilo kēia pilikia iā ia he $ 2 biliona.

Ua koho ka hapa nui o nā hōʻailona e nānā i nā mea semiconductors hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa i nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa; no ka laʻana, ke hoʻomaka nei ʻo GM i ka hana ʻana i kāna mau kaʻa pickup a me nā SUV nui ma mua o nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi a me nā huahana niche e like me Chevrolet Camaro, i pau i ka hana ʻana mai Mei a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻomaka a hiki i ka hopena o ʻAukake.

ʻO kekahi mau hōʻailona, ​​hopohopo e pili ana i ka hemahema o ka chip i loko o ka makahiki, ke noʻonoʻo nei i kēia manawa e hana i nā hana koʻikoʻi. Ua ʻae ʻo Jaguar Land Rover i kēia manawa e noʻonoʻo ana ʻo ia e wehe i kekahi mau ʻāpana o nā mea hoʻohālike i mea e kūkulu ai i ke koena o ke kaʻa.

ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka poʻe kūʻai aku e hoʻoholo inā makemake lākou e kiʻi koke i kā lākou kaʻa hou a hoʻololi i ka ʻōlelo kikoʻī, a i ʻole e hoʻomanawanui a kali a pau ka hapa o ka chip i hiki ke hoʻāla ʻia nā lako āpau.

ʻO kahi hopena ʻaoʻao o kēia lohi o ka hana ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻolako ʻana a me ka lohi o ka lawe ʻana. Ma Australia, ua lohi mua ka hapa mua o 2020 ma muli o ke kaʻe ʻana ua hoʻonui ʻia, a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka maʻi maʻi maʻi.

ʻOiai aia nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana ma Australia i ka hoʻi ʻana o ke kūʻai aku i nā pae pre-pandemic, ke kū nei nā kumukūʻai kaʻa ma mua o ka awelika no ka mea ua kaupalena ʻia nā mea kūʻai aku i ka waihona i hiki iā lākou ke hoʻolako.

Ahea e pau ai?

Aia ia i ka mea āu e hoʻolohe ai: wānana kekahi ua ʻike mākou i ka hapa nui loa, aʻo kekahi e ʻōlelo aku e hiki ke hoʻomau a hiki i 2022.

ʻO ke poʻo o ke kūʻai ʻana o Volkswagen, ʻo Murat Axel, i haʻi aku iā Reuters i Iune ua wānana ʻo ia e pau ka manawa ʻino loa i ka hopena o Iulai.

I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, i ka manawa paʻi, hōʻike nā loea ʻoihana ʻē aʻe e hiki ke piʻi aʻe ka hemahema o ka lako i ka hapa lua o 2021 a hoʻoulu hou i ka lohi o ka hana no nā mea hana. 

Ua haʻi aku ka luna o Stellantis ʻo Carlos Tavares i nā mea hoʻolaha i kēia pule ʻaʻole ia e manaʻo e hoʻi nā moku i nā pae pre-pandemic ma mua o 2022.

Pehea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻonui i ka lako a pale i kēia mai ka hana hou ʻana?

ʻIke wau he pūnaewele automotive kēia, akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ka semiconductor shortage he pilikia geopolitical paʻakikī e koi ana i ke aupuni a me ka ʻoihana e hana pū i nā pae kiʻekiʻe e loaʻa ai kahi hopena.

Ua hōʻike ka pilikia i ka hana semiconductor i Asia - e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, ʻo ka hapa nui o kēia mau chips i hana ʻia ma Taiwan, Kina a me South Korea. He mea paʻakikī kēia i ke ola no nā mea hana kaʻa ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika, no ka mea e kaupalena ana i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻonui i ka lako i loko o kahi ʻoihana hoʻokūkū nui loa. 

ʻO ka hopena, ua lele nā ​​alakaʻi o ka honua i kēia pilikia semiconductor a hoʻohiki e kōkua i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hopena.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Pelekikena ʻAmelika ʻo Joe Biden e hoʻōki kona ʻāina i ka hilinaʻi nui ʻana i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe a pono e hoʻopaʻa i kāna kaulahao lako i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO ke ʻano o kēia ʻano paʻakikī ke helu, no ka mea, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana ʻana o nā huahana ʻenehana e like me semiconductors ʻaʻole ia he ʻoihana koke.

I Pepeluali, ua kauoha ʻo Pelekikena Biden i kahi loiloi 100 mau lā o nā kaulahao lako honua e hoʻāʻo e ʻimi i kahi hopena i ka hemahema semiconductor.

I ʻApelila, hui ʻo ia me nā alakaʻi ʻoihana he 20 e kūkākūkā i kāna hoʻolālā e hoʻolilo i ka US $ 50 biliona i ka hana semiconductor, me Mary Barry o GM, Jim Farley a me Tavares o Ford, a me Sundar Pichai o Alphabet (ka hui makua o Google). . ) a me nā ʻelele mai Taiwan Semiconductor Company a me Samsung.

ʻAʻole ʻo ka Peresidena o ʻAmelika ʻo ia wale nō i kāna hopohopo. I Mei, ua haʻi aku ʻo Chancellor Kelemania ʻo Angela Merkel i kahi hui hou e hoʻoweliweli ʻo ʻEulopa i kāna mau ʻoihana koʻikoʻi inā ʻaʻole ia e pale i kāna kaulahao lako.

"Inā ʻaʻole hiki i kahi bloc nui e like me ka EU ke hana i nā chips, ʻaʻole wau hauʻoli i kēlā," wahi a Chancellor Merkel. "He ʻino inā he lāhui kaʻa ʻoe a ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i nā ʻāpana kumu."

Kuhi ʻia ʻo Kina i ka hana ʻana a hiki i ka 70 pakeneka o nā microchips e pono ai no kāna ʻoihana ponoʻī i hana ʻia i loko o nā makahiki ʻelima e hiki mai ana e hōʻoia i ka mea e pono ai.

Akā ʻaʻole wale nā ​​​​aupuni e hana i nā hana, ke alakaʻi nei kekahi mau mea hana kaʻa i kā lākou hana palekana. I ka mahina i hala aku nei, ua hōʻike ʻo Reuters ua kūkākūkā ʻo Hyundai Motor Group me nā mea hana chipmakers South Korea i kahi hopena lōʻihi e pale ai i ka pilikia mai ka hoʻi hou ʻana.