Hou a mau loa. ʻO kēia mau ʻāpana e koho ʻia i nā kaʻa hou. Hooponopono

ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻaʻole pili nā ʻenekini hou me ka lōʻihi. Hoʻohana ʻia nā haʻina paʻakikī i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ia mau mea i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka wahie a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka haumia o ke kaiapuni, akā i nā manawa he nui ʻaʻohe pili o ko lākou ola me nā mea maʻalahi ma mua. Akā naʻe,ʻaʻole i nā manawa a pau. Eia 4 mau mīkini liʻiliʻi i loaʻa i nā kaʻa hou hiki iā ʻoe ke koho me ka hilinaʻi. 

Toyota 1.0 P3

ʻOiai ke makemake nei ʻo Toyota e ʻike ʻia no kāna mau hoʻokele hybrid, loaʻa nō hoʻi iā ia nā ʻāpana petrol kūleʻa. ʻO ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa ma ka hāʻawi ʻEulopa ma lalo o 1 lita i hoʻomohala ʻia e Daihatsu, nona kēia brand Iapana, akā ʻike mākou i ka motika 1KR-FE me ka hana maikaʻi i nā hiʻohiʻona Aygo a me Yaris. Mai kona hoʻomaka ʻana i ka makahiki 2005 Hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻia kahi mea hana i hana ʻia ma Iapana a me Polani., e hoʻolilo iā ia i ka ʻenekini maikaʻi loa ma lalo o ka 1L ʻehā mau manawa ma ke koho balota "Engine o ka Makahiki".

Loaʻa nā manaʻo maikaʻi mai nā manaʻo o nā mea hana, i loaʻa ka pahuhopu like me kēia mīkini: e mālama i ka maʻalahi e like me ka hiki. No laila, i loko o kahi hui 3-cylinder e kaupaona ana he 70 kg wale nō, ʻaʻohe supercharger, ʻaʻohe hoʻokele wahie pololei, ʻaʻohe kumu kaulike. ʻO ka abbreviation VVT-i i ka inoa e pili ana i nā ʻōnaehana manawa valve variable, akā ma ʻaneʻi lākou e hoʻokele wale ai i ka intake shaft.

Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia kekahi mau hopena mai ia mau manaʻo: track dynamics (ʻO ka mana kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 70 hp, pono e lawa, no ka laʻana, no ka Yaris me nā poʻe he nui ma luna o ka moku) a me ka moʻomeheu hana haʻahaʻa, ʻoiai ʻo ka mana haʻahaʻa. Ma kekahiʻaoʻao, loaʻa iā mākou kahi kumukūʻai kūʻai haʻahaʻa a me nā kumukūʻai mālama haʻahaʻa maʻaneʻi. ʻO ka waihona kumu i loko o ka laulā he mea waiwai nui (ʻo 5-5,5 l / 100 km, ma muli o ke kumu hoʻohālike) a aneane pilikia ʻole. Inā loaʻa kekahi mea i hāʻule i nā hiʻohiʻona Toyota me kēia mīkini, ʻo ia nā mea hoʻoili ʻē aʻe e like me ka clutch. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia nā pilikia e hōʻino i ka mea nona.

ʻO Peugeot/Citroen 1.2 PureTech

ʻO ka hōʻoia ola ʻaʻole e alakaʻi mau ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā mīkini "disposable". I mua o nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu hou, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka manaʻo Farani PSA i ka makahiki 2014 i kahi ʻāpana petrol liʻiliʻi 1.2 me 3 cylinders wale nō. Kūkulu ʻia ma ke kumu kūʻai nui engine - i kēia manawa - mālama i nā helu kiʻekiʻe. Mahalo i kona laulā mana ākea, ʻoluʻolu ka dynamics a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mīkini kaulana loa mai Farani i kēia lā. Mai ka makahiki 2019, ma hope o ka lawe ʻia ʻana o Opel e PSA, ua hana pū ʻia ma ka mea kanu o ka hui ma Tychy.

1.2 PureTech i hoʻomaka ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻenekini aspirated kūlohelohe (ʻano ʻano EB2)hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻokele, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe Peugeot 208 a i ʻole Citroen C3. Me ka mana o 75-82 hp. ʻaʻole ia he ʻāpana hoʻoikaika, akā maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi e hana. Eia naʻe, paipai mākou i ka koho turbocharged (EB2DT a me EB2DTS). Me 110 a me 130 hp Ua hele i nā kaʻa nui e like me ka Citroen C4 Cactus a i ʻole ka Peugeot 5008.

ʻOiai ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka hana ʻana o kahi ʻenekini hou e nā maʻamau o ke kinoea hoʻopau, ua hoʻāʻo nā mea hana e hana. paʻa a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻohana i ka kaʻa. I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, he ʻāpana paʻa kēia, kū i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Inā he mea pono e hana i kahi hana ma ka pūnaewele, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ke kumu kūʻai ma mua o kekahi mau haneli zlotys.

Eia naʻe, pono kēia ʻenekini i kahi mālama. Manaʻo ka mea hana e hoʻololi i ke kāʻei manawa i kēlā me kēia 180. km, ʻoiai i kēia lā ua ʻōlelo ka mechanics e hōʻemi i kēia manawa i 120 tausani. km. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia hemahema i ka pae hoʻolālā, a i kēia manawa ke kumukūʻai holoʻokoʻa ma mua o 700 PLN. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, pono e hoʻololi ʻia ka ʻaila ma ʻaneʻi. E hōʻoia i ka lōʻihi o ka lawelawe ʻana o ka turbocharger - ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i kēlā me kēia 10 tausani km.

Hyundai/Kia Gamma 1.6

ʻO ka ʻenekini ʻaila 1,6-lita o Korea i kēia manawa ka ʻenekini kumu kokoke wale nō i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻoi aku ka wela o Kia a me Hyundai, kahi i hele mai ai i kahi mana hou me ka hoʻokele wahie pololei a me ka turbocharging. Hana ʻia mai ka makahiki 2010, ʻo ka ʻāpana (e like me ka māhoe 1,4-lita liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi) i ka wā mua i loaʻa i nā derivatives maʻalahi.

I kēia manawa, i nā mea kūʻai kaʻa kaʻa, ka mea maʻalahi loa o lākou, i.e. me ka ʻole o ka supercharger a me ka multipoint injection, hiki ke loaʻa ma ka Hyundai ix20 wale nō. Ma laila, hoʻopuka mau ʻo ia i ka 125 hp ʻoluʻolu, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻai maʻamau i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea hoʻohana ma ka AutoCentrum.pl hoʻohana wahie hōʻike o kēia mana kaʻa ʻaʻole ia haʻahaʻa (6,6 l / 100 km).

ʻO ka hope naʻe, ʻo ke koho ʻana i kēia hāmeʻa e mālama mau iā ʻoe, no ka mea ʻaneʻane hewa ʻole kēia ʻenekini.. Ua kiʻekiʻe nā hoʻolālā ma hope mai ma ka waihona ʻo AutoCentrum, akā ʻo ka mana mua o ke kaʻa he hoʻokahi wale nō wahi nāwaliwali: ʻo ke kaulahao e hoʻokele i nā camshafts. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ʻaʻole i like ke kumukūʻai o kāna pani ʻana e like me ka nui o nā hoʻolālā paʻakikī (1200 PLN e lawa).

No kēia kumu, he koho maikaʻi kēia ʻenekini ma ke ʻano he kumu mana no kahi kaʻa Korea he mau makahiki. I loko o ka mea maoli aspirated mana, ma ka Hyundai ix20, ua ikeia no hoi i loko o ka māhoe kaulana i loko o Polani Kia Venga, Kia Soul mai 2009 a hiki i 2011, a me kekahi mau Hyundai i30 a me Kia cee'd kumu hoʻohālike.

Mazda Skyactiv-G

Ma lalo o ka inoa Skyactiv hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa nā hoʻolaha Mazda philosophy of building kaʻa. I kēia manawa, hana ʻia nā ʻāpana kaʻa āpau o kēia brand e like me ia a no laila ua loaʻa iā ia i ko lākou koho ʻana, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā leka like ʻole. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Diesel ʻo Skyactiv-D, ʻoiai ke kūʻai ʻia aku nei nā petrols hoʻopau iā ia iho (kahi hoʻonā Mazda proprietary hou) e like me Skyactiv-X. ʻOi aku ka kaulana o nā ʻāpana petrol kuʻuna Skyactiv-G ma mua o nā mea ʻelua.

ʻO lākou kahi kokoke loa i ka hoʻolālā a Skyactiv, kahi e manaʻo ai ke ʻimi nei i ka lōʻihi a me ka hana ma kahi hoʻolālā maʻalahi a me ka neʻe nui ʻana. Ke nānā nei i hope, hiki iā mākou ke ʻae me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hiki i nā mea hoʻolālā Iapana i kēia hihia ke hoʻokō i kēia pahuhopu. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua hana ʻia nā mīkini mai kēia laina mai 2011, no laila ua ʻike nui mākou iā lākou.

Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻoneʻe nui ʻana (1,3 lita no nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi, 2,0 a i ʻole 2,5 lita no nā mea ʻoi aku ka nui), ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻenekini i kahi kiʻekiʻe - no nā ʻenekini gasoline - compression ratio (14:1). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pili kēia i ko lākou lōʻihi, no ka mea ʻaʻohe pilikia nui i hōʻike ʻia i kēia manawa. Ma waho aʻe, ʻaʻohe mea nui e wāwahi ma ʻaneʻi. Loaʻa ka injection pololei me kahi kaomi hana kiʻekiʻe, akā ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoikaika i kekahi ʻano. Eia nō naʻe, inā e kū mai kekahi pilikia i kēia mau makahiki e hiki mai ana, e paʻakikī ana kā lākou hoʻoponopono ʻana ma muli o ka palena o ke komo ʻana i nā ʻāpana pani i hoʻolako ʻia mai Iapana.