Nā metamaterial hou: ka mālamalama i lalo o ka mana

ʻO ka nui o nā hōʻike e pili ana i nā "metamaterials" (ma nā kaha puʻupuʻu, no ka mea e hoʻomaka ana ka wehewehe) e noʻonoʻo mākou iā lākou e like me kahi panacea no nā pilikia a pau, nā ʻeha a me nā palena a ke ao nei o ka ʻenehana. ʻO nā manaʻo hoihoi loa e pili ana i nā kamepiula optical a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli.

i kahi pilina nā lolouila hypothetical o ka wā e hiki mai anama keʻano he laʻana, hiki i kekahi ke haʻi i ka noiʻi o nā loea mai ke Kulanui TAU Israeli ma Tel Aviv. Ke hoʻolālā nei lākou i nā nanomaterials multilayer e hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā kamepiula optical. I ka huli ʻana, ua kūkulu nā mea noiʻi mai ka Swiss Paul Scherrer Institute i kahi mea ʻekolu-phase mai kahi piliona miniature magnets hiki ke hana. e hoʻohālike i ʻekolu mau mokuʻāina hui, ma ka hoohalike ana me ka wai.

He aha ia e hoʻohana ai? Makemake ka ʻIseraʻela e kūkulu. Ke kamaʻilio nei ka Swiss e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻikepili a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, a me ka spintronics ma ka laulā.

ʻO kahi metamaterial ʻekolu ʻāpana i hana ʻia me nā minimagnets e hoʻohālike i nā mokuʻāina ʻekolu o ka wai.

Nā kiʻi kiʻi ma ke koi

ʻO ka noiʻi ʻana e ka poʻe ʻepekema ma Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ma ke Keʻena ʻOihana hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kamepiula optical e pili ana i nā metamaterial. Manaʻo lākou e hana i kahi ʻano o ka laser framework e hiki ke hopu i kekahi mau pūʻulu o nā atom ma kahi wahi, e hana ana i kahi hoʻolālā paʻa, hoʻomalu ʻia. ʻano māmā māmā. Ua like ia me nā kristal maoli. Me ka ʻokoʻa hoʻokahi - ʻaneʻane maikaʻi loa, ʻaʻohe hemahema i ʻike ʻia i nā mea kūlohelohe.

Manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopaʻa paʻa i ke kūlana o nā pūʻulu o nā ʻātoma i kā lākou "māmā kukui", akā hoʻoikaika ikaika i ka ʻano o kēlā me kēia atom me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi laser (kokoke i ka laulā infrared). E hana lākou iā lākou, no ka laʻana, ma ke koi ʻana e hoʻopuka i kekahi ikehu - ʻo kahi photon hoʻokahi, i ka wā e hoʻoneʻe ʻia ai mai kahi wahi i loko o ke aniani, hiki ke hana i kahi ʻātoma i paʻa i kahi ʻē aʻe. He ʻano hoʻololi maʻalahi o ka ʻike.

ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻokuʻu koke i kahi photon ma ke ʻano kaohi a hoʻoili iā ia me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi mai kekahi atom a i kekahi, he hana koʻikoʻi kaʻina hana ʻike no ka computing quantum. Hiki i kekahi ke noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūʻulu holoʻokoʻa o nā kiʻi hoʻomalu e hana i nā helu paʻakikī - ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kamepiula hou. Hiki i nā ʻātoma i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke aniani kikino ke lele mai kekahi wahi a i kekahi. I kēia hihia, lilo lākou i mea lawe ʻike i loko o kahi kamepiula quantum a i ʻole hiki ke hana i kahi sensor quantum.

Ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema he kūpono nā atom rubidium no kā lākou hana. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hopu ʻia ka barium, calcium a i ʻole cesium atoms e kahi aniani laser artificial no ka mea he like ko lākou pae ikehu. No ka hana ʻana i ka metamaterial i manaʻo ʻia i hoʻokolohua maoli, pono ka hui noiʻi e hopu i kekahi mau ʻātoma i loko o ka lattice crystal artificial a mālama iā lākou ma laila ʻoiai ke hauʻoli nei i nā mokuʻāina kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli me ka ʻole o nā hemahema ʻike

Hiki i nā metamaterials ke loaʻa i nā noi kūpono i kahi ʻenehana hoʻomohala ʻē aʻe -. Nui nā palena like ʻole i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā hemahema o nā optics i ʻike ʻia e mākou. ʻAʻole hiki ke kūkulu i kahi ʻōnaehana optical maikaʻi loa, no ka mea, aia mau nā aberrations i kapa ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi. ka ʻaleʻale ma muli o nā kumu like ʻole. Ua ʻike mākou i nā aberrations spherical a me chromatic, astigmatism, coma a me nā hopena ʻino ʻē aʻe he nui o ka optics. ʻO kēlā me kēia mea i hoʻohana i nā hoʻonohonoho ʻoiaʻiʻo virtual pono e hana i kēia mau ʻano. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻolālā i nā optics VR maʻalahi, hoʻopuka i nā kiʻi kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻohe anuenue ʻike ʻia (chromatic aberrations), hāʻawi i kahi ākea nui o ka nānā ʻana, a kūʻai aku. He mea maoli ole keia.

ʻO ia ke kumu e hoʻohana ai nā mea hana VR ʻo Oculus a me HTC i nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Fresnel lens. ʻAe kēia iā ʻoe e hōʻemi i ke kaumaha, hoʻopau i nā aberrations chromatic a loaʻa ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea no ka hana ʻana o ia mau lens). ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo nā apo refractive ke kumu w Nā leka uila Fresnel he hāʻule nui i ka ʻokoʻa a me ka hana ʻana i kahi kukui centrifugal, kahi i ʻike nui ʻia i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hiʻohiʻona (ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele).

Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻomohala nā ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui ʻo Harvard, alakaʻi ʻia e Federico Capasso lens lahilahi a palahalaha me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā metamaterial. ʻOi aku ka lahilahi o ka papa nanostructure ma ke aniani ma mua o ka lauoho kanaka (0,002 mm). ʻAʻole wale ia i nā drawbacks maʻamau, akā hāʻawi pū kekahi i ka maikaʻi kiʻi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā ʻōnaehana optical pipiʻi.

ʻO ka lens Capasso, ʻaʻole like me nā lens convex maʻamau e kūlou a hoʻopuehu i ka mālamalama, hoʻololi i nā waiwai o ka nalu māmā ma muli o nā hale microscopic e puka mai ana mai ka ʻili, waiho ʻia ma ke aniani quartz. Hoʻololi ʻokoʻa kēlā me kēia ʻaʻe i ka mālamalama, hoʻololi i kona ʻaoʻao. No laila, he mea nui e puunaue pono i ia ano nanostructure (palani) i hoʻolālā ʻia a hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano like me nā mea hana kamepiula. ʻO ia ke ʻano hiki ke hana ʻia kēia ʻano lens i nā hale hana like me ka wā ma mua, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻina hana ʻike. Hoʻohana ʻia ka Titanium dioxide no ka sputtering.

He mea kūpono ke haʻi ʻana i kahi hopena hou o "meta-optics". hyperlenses metamateriallawe ʻia ma ke Kulanui ʻAmelika ma Buffalo. ʻO nā mana mua o nā hyperlenses i hana ʻia i ke kālā a me kahi mea dielectric, akā ua hana wale lākou i kahi ʻano haiki loa o nā lōʻihi hawewe. Ua hoʻohana ka poʻe ʻepekema Buffalo i kahi hoʻonohonoho concentric o nā koʻokoʻo gula i loko o kahi pahu thermoplastic. Hana ia ma ka laulā hawewe māmā ʻike. Hōʻike nā mea noiʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻonā ʻana mai ka hopena hou e hoʻohana ana i kahi endoscope olakino ma ke ʻano he laʻana. Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ia i nā mea a hiki i ka 10 nanometers, a ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā hyperlenses, "hāʻule" ia i lalo i ka 250 nanometers. Ua lanakila ka hoʻolālā i ka pilikia o ka diffraction, kahi hanana e hōʻemi nui ai i ka hoʻonā ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana optical - ma kahi o ka distortion nalu, ua hoʻololi ʻia lākou i nā nalu i hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā mea optical hope.

Wahi a kahi paʻi ma Nature Communications, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano ma nā wahi he nui, mai ka lāʻau lapaʻau a hiki i ka nānā ʻana i ka mole. He kūpono ke kali ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e pili ana i nā metamaterial. E ʻae paha lākou i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo virtual e hoʻokō i ka kūleʻa maoli. E pili ana i nā "kamepiula optika", he mau mea mamao loa kēia. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ...