Ka Hui ʻApelika Kelemānia Mahele 2

Nā mea

I kēia manawa ʻaʻole wale ʻo Deutsches Afrikakorps, akā ʻo Panzerarmee Afrika pū kekahi, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kino, ua hoʻomaka e ʻeha ma hope o ka lanakila ʻana. ʻAʻole naʻe ʻo Erwin Rommel ka hewa, ua hana ʻo ia i ka mea hiki iā ia, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea nui a ʻoi aku ka mana, e hakakā nei me nā pilikia logistical hiki ʻole ke noʻonoʻo ʻia, ʻoiai ua hakakā ʻo ia me ke akamai, me ka wiwo ʻole a hiki i kekahi ke ʻōlelo ua lanakila ʻo ia. Eia nō naʻe, mai poina kākou ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "effective" pili wale i ka tactical level.

PzKpfw IV Ausf. ʻO G ka pahu pahu maikaʻi loa i loaʻa i ka DAK. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau kaʻa mai ka hāʻule o 1942, ʻoiai ʻo nā pahu mua o kēia hoʻololi i hōʻea i North Africa i ʻAukake 1942.

I kēia manawa ʻaʻole wale ʻo Deutsches Afrikakorps, akā ʻo Panzerarmee Afrika pū kekahi, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kino, ua hoʻomaka e ʻeha ma hope o ka lanakila ʻana. ʻAʻole naʻe ʻo Erwin Rommel ka hewa, ua hana ʻo ia i ka mea hiki iā ia, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea nui a ʻoi aku ka mana, e hakakā nei me nā pilikia logistical hiki ʻole ke noʻonoʻo ʻia, ʻoiai ua hakakā ʻo ia me ke akamai, me ka wiwo ʻole a hiki i kekahi ke ʻōlelo ua lanakila ʻo ia. Eia nō naʻe, mai poina kākou ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "effective" pili wale i ka tactical level.

Ma ka pae hana, ʻaʻole maikaʻi nā mea. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻonohonoho i kahi pale paʻa ma muli o ka makemake ʻole o Rommel i nā hana kūlana a me kona makemake i nā kaua maʻalahi. Ua poina ka mākaʻi Kelemania he hiki i kahi pale i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia ke uhaʻi i kahi ʻenemi ikaika loa.

Eia naʻe, ma ka pae hoʻolālā, he pōʻino maoli. He aha kā Rommel i hana ai? Ma hea ʻo ia i makemake ai e hele? Ma hea ʻo ia e hele ai me kāna mau māhele ʻehā piha ʻole? Ma hea ʻo ia e hele ai ma hope o kona lanakila ʻana iā ʻAigupita? Sudan, Somalia a me Kenya? A i ʻole Palestine, Suria a me Lebanona, a hiki i ka palena ʻo Tureke? A mai laila mai ʻo Transjordan, Iraq a me Saudi Arabia? A i ʻole, ʻo Iran a me India Pelekane? E hoʻopau anei ʻo ia i ke kaua Burmese? A i ʻole e hoʻonohonoho ʻo ia i kahi pale ma ka Sinai? No ka mea, e hoʻonohonoho ka poʻe Pelekania i nā pūʻali koa e pono ai, e like me kā lākou i hana ai ma mua, ma El Alamein, a e hāʻawi iā ia i kahi hahau make.

ʻO ka hoʻihoʻi piha ʻana o nā pūʻali ʻenemi mai nā ʻāina Pelekania i hōʻoia i ka hopena hope loa i ka pilikia. A ʻo nā waiwai a i ʻole nā ʻāina i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, aia ma lalo o ka mana o ka pūʻali koa Pelekania, ua hoʻonui ʻia i nā Ganges a ma waho aʻe ... ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻehā mau māhele lahilahi, he mau mahele wale nō ma ka inoa, a ʻo nā pūʻali koa o ka hui ʻItalo-Aferika. aole hiki ole.

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ʻo Erwin Rommel i ka "mea e hana ai ma hope." Ua kamaʻilio mau ʻo ia no ke kahawai ʻo Suez ke kumu nui o ka hana ʻino. Me he mea lā ua pau ka honua i kēia aʻa kamaʻilio koʻikoʻi, akā ʻaʻole ia he mea hoʻoholo no ka lanakila ʻana o ka poʻe Pelekania ma ka Middle East, Middle East a i ʻole Africa. ʻAʻohe mea i hāpai i kēia pilikia ma Berlin. Ma laila i loaʻa ai iā lākou kekahi pilikia - ka hakakā koʻikoʻi ma ka hikina, nā hakakā koʻikoʻi e uhaʻi i ke kua o Stalin.

He koʻikoʻi ko ka Australian 9th DP i nā kaua a pau ma ka ʻāina ʻo El Alamein, ʻelua o ia mau mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ke Kaua Mua a me ʻElua o El Alamein a ʻo kekahi i kapa ʻia ʻo ke Kaua ʻo Alam el Halfa Ridge. Ma ke kiʻi: ʻO nā koa Australia ma ka Bren Carrier i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā limahana limahana.

ʻO ka hewa hope

I ka pau ʻana o ke kaua ʻo El-Gazal a ma ka Hikina Hikina, ua hoʻouka ka poʻe Kelemania i kahi hoʻouka kaua kūʻē iā Stalingrad a me nā ʻāina waiwai nui o ka Caucasus, ma Iune 25, 1942, ua loaʻa i nā pūʻali koa Kelemania ma ʻApelika ʻĀkau he 60 mau kaʻa kaʻa me 3500 mau pūʻali koa kipi. nā pūʻali (ʻaʻole me ka pū, logistic, reconnaissance a me nā kamaʻilio), a he 44 mau kaʻa i hiki ke lawelawe ʻia e nā Italia, he 6500 mau pūʻali koa i loko o nā pūʻali koa (ʻaʻole hoʻi nā koa o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe). Me nā koa Kelemania a me Italia a pau, aia ma kahi o 100 o lākou i nā hoʻonohonoho āpau, akā ua maʻi kekahi o lākou a ʻaʻole hiki ke hakakā, 10 XNUMX. ʻO ka infantry, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka poʻe i hiki ke hakakā maoli i loko o kahi pūʻulu pēpē me ka pū ma ka lima.

Ma ka lā 21 o Iune, 1942, ua hōʻea ʻo Field Marshal Albert Kesserling, ka luna o OB Süd, i ʻApelika e hui me Field Marshal Erwin Rommel (hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia i kēia kūlana ma ka lā hoʻokahi) a me General of the Army Ettore Bastico, ka mea i loaʻa ka mace a ka ilamuku ma. ʻAukake 1942. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ke kumuhana o kēia hālāwai ka pane i ka nīnau: he aha ka mea e hiki mai ana? E like me kāu e hoʻomaopopo ai, makemake ʻo Kesserling lāua ʻo Bastico e hoʻoikaika i ko lākou mau kūlana a hoʻomākaukau i ka pale ʻana o Libya ma ke ʻano he waiwai Italia. Ua hoʻomaopopo lāua ʻelua i ka wā i kū ai nā hakakā hoʻoholo ma ka Hikina Hikina, ʻo ia ka hoʻoholo kūpono loa. Ua helu ʻo Kesserling inā e hoʻokō ʻia kahi hoʻoholo hope ma ka hikina ma o ka ʻoki ʻana i nā Lūkini mai nā ʻāina lawe aila, e hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā pūʻali koa no nā hana ma ʻApelika ʻĀkau, a laila ʻoi aku ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana iā ʻAigupita. I kekahi hihia, e hiki ke hoomakaukau ia methodically. Akā naʻe, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo Rommel i ka emi ʻana o ka pūʻali koa ʻEwalu Pelekane a e hoʻomaka koke ka ʻimi ʻana. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hiki i nā kumuwaiwai i loaʻa ma Tobruk ke hoʻomau i ka huakaʻi i ʻAigupita, a ʻaʻohe hopohopo e pili ana i ke kūlana logistic o Panzerarmee Afrika.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao Pelekāne, i ka lā 25 o Iune, 1942, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo General Claude J. E. Auchinleck, ka luna o nā pūʻali koa Pelekania ma ʻAigupita, ka Levant, Saudi Arabia, Iraq a me Iran (Middle East Command), i hoʻokuʻu i ka luna o ka pūʻali koa 8, ʻo Lutenant General Neil M. .Ritchie. Ua hoʻi ka hope i Beretania Nui, a ma laila ʻo ia i alakaʻi ai i ka 52nd Infantry Division "Lowlands", i.e. ua hoʻemi ʻia ʻelua pae hana. Eia naʻe, i ka makahiki 1943, ua lilo ʻo ia i alakaʻi no ka XII Corps, a ua hakakā ʻo ia ma Western Europe i ka makahiki 1944-1945, a ma hope ua lilo ʻo ia i alakaʻi o ka Scottish Command a, i ka hopena, i ka makahiki 1947, ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka Far East Command of the Ground Forces a hiki i ka makahiki 1948. Ua hoʻomaha ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1942, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua lilo hou ʻo ia i alakaʻi o ka pūʻali koa, a ua loaʻa iā ia ke kūlana o ka "full" general. I ka pau ʻana o Iune 8, ua lawe pono ʻo General Auchinleck i ke alakaʻi o ka pūʻali koa XNUMX, e hana ana i nā hana ʻelua i ka manawa like.

Kaua o Marsa Matruh

Ua pale aku nā pūʻali koa Pelekāne ma Marsa Matruh, he kūlanakauhale awa liʻiliʻi ma ʻAigupita, 180 km komohana o El Alamein a me 300 km komohana o Alexandria. Ua holo ke alanui hao i ke kulanakauhale, a ma ka hema o ia wahi e hele ai ka hoomau ana o ka Via Balbia, oia hoi ke alanui e holo ana ma kahakai a hiki i Alekanederia ponoi. Aia ka mokulele ma ka hema o ke kūlanakauhale. ʻO ka 10th Corps (Lt. Gen. William G. Holmes) ke kuleana no ka pale ʻana i ka wahi o Marsa Matruh, nona ke kauoha i hoʻoili ʻia mai Transjordan. ʻO ka hui pū kekahi me ka 21st Indian Infantry Brigade (24th, 25th and 50th Indian Infantry Brigades), ka mea i mālama pono i ka pale ma ke kūlanakauhale a me kona mau wahi a puni, a ma ka hikina o Mars Matruh, ka mahele ʻelua o ke kino, ka British 69th dp "Northumbrian " (150. BP, 151. BP a me 20. BP). Ma kahi o 30-10 km hema o ke kūlanakauhale he awāwa palahalaha 12-XNUMX km ākea, ma kahi ala e holo ai mai ke komohana a i ka hikina. Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke awāwa, kahi kūpono no ka hoʻokele ʻana, he ʻaʻe pōhaku, a ukali ʻia e kahi wao akua kiʻekiʻe, pōhaku ʻuʻuku, ākea.

Ma kahi o 30 km hema o Marsa Matruh, ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka escarpment, ʻo ia ke kauhale o Minkar Sidi Hamza, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka 5th Indian DP, i kēlā manawa he hoʻokahi wale nō, ʻo ka 29th BP. Ma ka hikina iki, aia ka CP 2 o Aotearoa (mai ka CP 4 a me 5, koe nae ka CP 6, i unuhiia ma El Alamein). A ʻo ka hope loa, ma ka hema, ma kahi puʻu, aia ka Mahele Panzer 1 me kāna pūʻali koa 22nd Armoured, ka 7th Armoured Brigade a me ka 4th Motorized Rifle Brigade mai ka 7th Infantry Division. ʻO ka Dpanc mua he 1 mau pahu kaʻa wikiwiki, me 159 o nā pahu M60 Grant hou loa me kahi pū 3 mm ma ka hull sponson a me kahi pū anti-tank 75 mm ma ka turret. Eia hou, ua loaʻa i nā Pelekane he 37 mau pūʻali koa ukali. ʻO nā pūʻali koa ma ka ʻāina ʻo Minkar Sidi Hamza (ʻo nā mahele o nā keiki wāwae i pau a me ka 19st Armored Division) he ʻāpana o ka 1th Corps ma lalo o ke kauoha a Lutenant General William H.E. "Strafera" Gott (make i ka ulia mokulele 7 ʻAukake 1942).

Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā kūlana Pelekane ma ke ahiahi o Iune 26. E kū'ē i nā kūlana o ka 50th DP Northumbarian hema o Marsa Matruh, ua neʻe ka 90th Light Division, nāwaliwali i hiki ke hoʻopaneʻe koke ʻia, me ke kōkua nui mai ke ahi maikaʻi o ka British 50th Infantry Division. Ma ka hema o ia wahi, ua haki ka German 21st Panzer Division ma kahi ʻāpana pale nāwaliwali ma ka ʻākau o nā pūʻali koa ʻelua o New Zealand o ka 2nd DP a ma ka ʻāpana Minkar Caim ma ka hikina o nā laina Pelekane ua huli ka māhele Kelemania i ka hema, e ʻoki ana i ka hoʻi hope ʻana o ko New Zealanders. He neʻe i manaʻo ʻole ʻia kēia, no ka mea, ua hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻia nā laina pale kaua o ka Mokuna 2nd New Zealand Infantry Division a hiki ke pale pono iā ia iho. Eia naʻe, i ka ʻoki ʻia ʻana mai ka hikina mai, ua hopohopo nui ka luna koa o New Zealand, ʻo Lutenant General Bernard Freyberg. I kona hoʻomaopopo ʻana he kuleana ʻo ia no ka pūʻali koa o Aotearoa i ke aupuni o kona ʻāina, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka māhele i ka hikina. Me ka ʻaoʻao hema loa o Kelemania 15th Armored Division i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka wao nahele ākea e ka 22nd British Armistice, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi hana hikiwawe.

ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o ka 21st Armored Division ma hope o nā laina Pelekane i makaʻu nui iā General Auchinleck. Ma kēia kūlana, i ke awakea o Iune 27, ua haʻi aku ʻo ia i nā luna o nā pūʻali ʻelua ʻaʻole pono lākou e hoʻopilikia i ka nalowale o nā pūʻali koa lalo i mea e mālama ai i ko lākou kūlana ma Marsa Matruh. Ua hoʻopuka ʻia kēia kauoha ʻoiai ua hoʻomau ka British 1st Armored Division i ka 15th Panzer Division, i kēia manawa i hoʻoikaika hou ʻia e ka Italian 133rd Armored Division "Littorio" o ka Italian 27th Corps. Ma ke ahiahi o Iune 8, ua kauoha ʻo General Auchinleck i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o nā pūʻali koa āpau o ka 50th Army i kahi kūlana pale hou ma ka ʻāina ʻo Fuca, ma lalo o XNUMX km i ka hikina. No laila, emi hope nā koa Pelekāne.

ʻO ka mea paʻakikī loa, ʻo ia ka New Zealand 2nd Infantry Division, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka German 21st Infantry Division. Eia naʻe, ma ka pō o ka lā 27/28 Iune, ua lanakila ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana a ka 5th BP o New Zealand ma nā kūlana o ka pūʻali koa kaʻa Kelemania. Ua paʻakikī loa nā kaua, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka hakakā ʻana ma kahi mamao loa. Nui nā koa Kelemania i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ko Aotearoa. Ma hope o ka BP 5, ua haki ka 4th BP a me nā māhele ʻē aʻe. Ua mālama ʻia ka DP lua o Aotearoa. Ua ʻeha ʻo Lutanela Kenerala Freiberg i ka hana, akā ua hoʻokō ʻo ia e pakele. ʻO ka huina, he 2 ka poʻe o Aotearoa i make, ʻeha a pio. ʻO ka mea pōʻino loa naʻe, ʻaʻole i kauoha ʻia ka 800nd New Zealand Infantry Division e haʻalele i nā kūlana Fuca, a ua hōʻea kona mau mea i El Alamein.

ʻAʻole i hiki ke kauoha no ka haʻalele ʻana i ke alakaʻi o ka 28th Corps, ʻo ia i ke kakahiaka o Iune 90 i hoʻokuʻu aku i kahi hoʻouka kaua kūʻē i ka hema no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻokuʻu i ka 21st Corps, kahi ... ʻaʻole i laila. I ke komo ʻana o ka poʻe Pelekania i ke kaua, ua ʻike lākou i kahi pīhoihoi maikaʻi ʻole, no ka mea ma kahi o ke kōkua ʻana i ko lākou mau hoalauna, ua holo koke lākou i nā pūʻali koa Kelemania a pau ma ia wahi, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka 21st Light Division a me nā mea o ka 90th Panzer. Māhele. Ua ʻike koke ʻia ua huli ka 28th Panzer Division i ka ʻākau a ʻoki i kona mau ala pakele ma ka hikina o X Corps. Ma kēia kūlana, kauoha ʻo General Auchinlek e hoʻokaʻawale i ke kino i mau kolamu a hoʻouka i ka hema, e wāwahi i ka ʻōnaehana 29th dlek nāwaliwali i ka ʻaoʻao pālahalaha ma waena o Marsa Matruh a me Minkar Sidi Hamzakh, kahi i huli ai nā kolamu X Corps i ka hikina a i ka pō. o ka la 29 a hiki i ka la 7 o Iune i pakele ai na Kelemania ma ke ala o Fuka. Ma ke kakahiaka o Iune 16, ua hopu ʻia ʻo Marsa Matruh e ka 6000th Bersaglieri Regiment o ka XNUMXth "Pistoia" Infantry Regiment, ua hopu ʻia nā Italia ma kahi o XNUMX mau ʻĀina a me nā Pelekane.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā pūʻali koa Kelemania ma Fuka. Ua ho'āʻo ka Indian 29th CP o ka Indian 5th Infantry Regiment e hoʻonohonoho i kahi pale ma ʻaneʻi, akā ua hoʻouka ʻia e ka German 21st PDN ma mua o ka pau ʻana o nā hoʻomākaukau. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ua komo ka Italia 133rd division "Littorio" i ke kaua, a ua pio loa ka pūʻali India. ʻAʻole i hana hou ʻia ka brigade, a i ka wā i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ai ka ʻĀina 5 Infantry Division i Iraq i ka hopena o ʻAukake 1942, a laila hoʻoneʻe ʻia i India i ka hāʻule o 1942 e kaua ma Burma i ka makahiki 1943-1945, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo 123 i hoʻonoho ʻia ma ka māhele India. . Hoʻohui. ʻO BP e pani i ka 29th BP i haki Luna o ka 29th BP brig. Ua lawe pio ʻia ʻo Denis W. Reid ma Iune 28, 1942 a waiho ʻia i loko o kahi hoʻomoana POW Italia. Ua mahuka ʻo ia i Nowemapa 1943 a hiki i ka pūʻali koa Pelekania ma Italia, kahi i 1944-1945 ua kauoha ʻo ia i ka Indian 10th Infantry Division me ke kūlana o ka general general.

No laila, koi ʻia nā pūʻali koa Pelekāne e hoʻi i El Alamein, ua pepehi ʻia ʻo Fuka. Ua hoʻomaka kekahi mau hakakā, kahi i hopu ʻia ai nā Kelemania a me nā Italia.

Kaua Mua o El Alamein

ʻO ke kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi kahakai ʻo El Alamein, me kona kahua kaʻaahi a me ke alanui kahakai, aia i kahi mau kilomita ma ke komohana o ke kihi komohana o nā ʻāina mahiʻai uliuli o ka Nile Delta. He 113 km mai El Alamein ke alanui kahakai a hiki i Alexandria. Aia ma kahi o 250 km mai Cairo, aia ma ka Nile ma ke kumu o ka delta. Ma ka pālākiō o ka hana wao nahele, ʻaʻole nui kēia. Akā eia ka wao nahele e pau ai - ma ka triangle o Cairo ma ka hema, El Hamam ma ke komohana (ma kahi o 10 km mai El Alamein) a me ka Canal Suez ma ka hikina aia ka Nile Delta ʻōmaʻomaʻo me kāna ʻāina mahiʻai a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe i uhi ʻia me ka palahalaha. mea kanu. Holo ka Nile Delta i ke kai no 175 km, a ma kahi o 220 km laula. Aia ʻelua mau lālā nui o ka Nile: ʻo Damietta a me Rosetta me ka nui o nā kahawai kūlohelohe liʻiliʻi a me nā kahawai, nā loko kahakai a me nā lagoons. ʻAʻole ʻo ia ka wahi maikaʻi loa e hana ai.

Eia naʻe, he wao nahele nō ʻo El Alamein ponoʻī. Ua koho mua ʻia kēia wahi no ka mea he hōʻemi maoli ia o ka wahi kūpono no ke kaʻa kaʻa - mai ke kahakai a hiki i ke kīʻaha ʻawaʻawa hiki ʻole ke komo ʻia o Qattara. Ua ʻō aku ʻo ia ma kahi o 200 km i ka hema, no laila ʻaneʻane hiki ʻole ke hele a puni ma ka wao nahele ākea mai ka hema.

Ke hoʻomākaukau nei kēia wahi no ka pale i ka makahiki 1941. ʻAʻole i hoʻoikaika ʻia ma ke ʻano ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka huaʻōlelo, akā ua kūkulu ʻia nā pā kula ma ʻaneʻi, a i kēia manawa pono e hoʻonui ʻia a, inā hiki, e hoʻonui ʻia. Ua akamai loa ʻo General Claude Auchinleck i ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka pale i ka hohonu, ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo i nā pūʻali holoʻokoʻa ma nā kūlana pale, akā ua hana ʻia nā wahi mālama manuverable a me kahi laina pale ʻē aʻe aia ma kahi mau kilomita ma hope o ka laina nui kokoke i El Alamein. Ua waiho pū ʻia nā minefield ma nā wahi i mālama ʻole ʻia. ʻO ka hana a ka lālani pale mua, ʻo ia ke alakaʻi i ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻenemi ma o kēlā mau lua maina, i pale pū ʻia e nā pū kī nui. Ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia o nā pūʻali koa infantry i hana i nā kūlana pale ("nā pahu kuʻuna no ʻApelika") i ʻelua mau pūʻali koa ma ke ʻano he kākoʻo, a ʻo nā pūʻali koa i koe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā hui me nā pūʻali koa a me nā pūʻali koa. ʻO ka hana a kēia mau pūʻulu, ʻo ia ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā hoʻouka ahi ikaika ma luna o nā kolamu ʻenemi e komo hohonu ana i nā laina pale Pelekane. He mea nui nō hoʻi ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pūʻali koa 8 hou i nā pū anti-tank 57-mm 6-paona, i hōʻike ʻia i ka maikaʻi loa a ua hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia a hiki i ka hopena o ke kaua.

I kēia manawa, ʻekolu mau pūʻali koa i ka ʻEwalu. Ua lawe ʻo XXX Corps (Lt. Gen. C. Willoughby M. Norrie) i nā pale mai El Alamein i ka hema a me ka hikina. Ua loaʻa iā ia ka 8th Australian Infantry Regiment ma ka laina mua, nāna i hoʻonoho i ʻelua pūʻali koa hele wāwae ma ka laina mua, ʻo ka 9th CP ma waho o ke kahakai a me ka 20th CP ma kahi iki aku ma ka hema. ʻO ke kolu o ka pūʻali koa, ʻo ka Australian 24th BP, aia ma kahi o 26 km mai El Alamein, ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina, kahi e kū ai nā hale hoʻokipa nani i kēia lā. Ua hoʻonoho ʻia ka 10th South Africa Infantry Regiment ma ka hema o ka 9th Australian Infantry Division me ʻekolu brigades ma ka laina mua akau-hema: 1st CT, 3rd CT a me 1st CT. A ʻo ka hope loa, ma ka hema, ma ka hui ʻana me ka 2nd Corps, ʻo ka Indian 9th BP o ka Indian 5th Infantry Division i lawe i ka pale.

Ma ka hema o XXX Corps, XIII Corps (Lutena Kenerala William H. E. Gott) i mālama i ka laina. Aia kona 4th Indian Infantry Division ma ke kahua o Ruweisat Ridge me kona 5th and 7th CPs (Indian), aʻo kona 2nd New Zealand 5th CP i ka hema iki, me ka New Zealand 6th and 4th -m BP ma nā papa; ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia kāna 4th BP i ʻAigupita. ʻElua wale nō pūʻali koa o ka ʻĀpana 11 o India, ua pio kona CP 132 ma Tobruk ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina ma mua. ʻO ka British 44th CU, 4th "Home Districts" Infantry, e pale ana i ka ʻākau o ka 2nd Indian Infantry, ua hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia i ka 4th Infantry New Zealand, ʻoiai aia ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka XNUMXth Indian Infantry.

Ma hope o nā kūlana pale nui ʻo X Corps (Lt. Gen. William G. Holmes). Ua komo i loko o ka 44th "Home County" Rifle Division me ke koena 133rd Rifle Division (ka 44th Rifle Division a laila he ʻelua mau pūʻali koa; ma hope, i ke kauwela o 1942, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka 131st Rifle Division), kahi i noho i nā kūlana ma ke kualono o ʻO Alam el Halfa, ka mea i māhele i nā pāpū ma ʻō aku o El Alamein i ka hapalua, ʻo kēia kuapo mai ke komohana a i ka hikina. Ua loaʻa pū i kēia pūʻali koa kahi pale kaua ma ke ʻano o ka 7th Panzer Division (4th bpk, 7th bzmot) i hohola ʻia i ka hema o ka ʻēheu hema o ka 10th corps, a me ka 8th pd (loaʻa wale nō ka XNUMXth bpk) e noho ana i nā kūlana. ma ke kualono o Alam el-Khalfa.

ʻO ka pūʻali koa Kelemania-Italia nui i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Iulai 1942, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka German African Corps, ka mea, ma hope o ka maʻi (a hopu ʻia i ka lā 29 o Mei, 1942) ʻo Ludwig Krüwel i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ua kauoha ʻia e ka pūʻali koa kaua Walter Nehring. . I loko o kēia manawa, ʻekolu mau māhele ka DAK.

ʻO ka 15th Panzer Division, ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Konela W. Eduard Krasemann, ʻo ia ka 8th Tank Regiment (ʻelua bataliona, ʻekolu hui o nā kaʻa māmā PzKpfw III a me PzKfpw II a me kahi hui o nā kaʻa medium PzKpfw IV), ka 115th Motorized Rifle Regiment (ʻekolu battalion, ʻehā hui kaʻa i kēlā me kēia), 33 Regiment (ʻekolu mau pūʻali koa, ʻekolu pahu howitzer i kēlā me kēia), 33rd Reconnaissance Battalion (hui pūʻali koa, hui mākaʻikaʻi kaʻa, hui kaumaha), 78th Anti-Tank Squadron (anti-tank Battalion and self -propelled anti-tank battery), 33rd communications battalion, 33rd sapper and logistical service battalion. E like me kāu e manaʻo ai, ʻaʻole i piha ka māhele, a i ʻole, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku kona ikaika kaua ma mua o kahi regiment i hoʻoikaika ʻia.

O ka Mahele Panzer 21, malalo o ke alakai ana a Lutanela Kenerala Georg von Bismarck, he hui like no ia, a o kona heluna regimen a me na bataliona penei: 5 Panzer Regiment, 104th Motorized Rifle Regiment, 155th Artillery Regiment, 3rd reconnaissance battalion, 39th pūʻali pahu pahu, 200th engineer battalion. a me ka 200th battalion communications. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi e pili ana i ka regiment puʻupuʻu o ka mahele ʻo ia ma ka mahele ʻekolu i loko o ʻelua mau pākahi he 150-mm howitzers ponoʻī ma luna o ka chassis o nā mea lawe lawe Lorraine Farani - 15cm sFH 13-1 (Sf) auf GW Lorraine Schlepper. (e). Ua nāwaliwali ka 21st Panzer Division i nā kaua a he 188 mau luna, 786 mau luna ʻole a me 3842 mau koa, he 4816 kūʻē i nā kānaka maʻamau (atypical no ia) 6740 poʻe. ʻOi aku ka ʻino me nā lako, no ka mea, he 4 PzKpfw II, 19 PzKpfw III (37 mm), 7 PzKpfw III (50 mm), hoʻokahi PzKpfw IV (puʻupuʻu pōkole) a me hoʻokahi PzKpfw IV (lōʻihi lōʻihi), 32 pahu pahu i ka hana.

ʻO ka 90th Light Division, i alakaʻi ʻia e Armored General Ulrich Kleemann, ʻelua mau pūʻali koa kaʻa o ʻelua mau bataliona i kēlā me kēia: ʻo ka 155th Infantry Regiment a me ka 200th Infantry Regiment. ʻO kekahi, 361st, ua hoʻohui wale ʻia ma ka hopena o Iulai 1942. ʻO ka hope he poʻe Kelemania i lawelawe ma ka French Foreign Legion a hiki i 1940. E like me kāu e hoʻomaopopo ai, ʻaʻole ia he mea kanaka. Ua loaʻa i ka māhele ka pūʻali koa 190th me nā howitzer ʻelua (ua ʻike ʻia ke kolu o ka māhele ma ʻAukake 1942), a ʻo ke kolu o ka pākaukau o ka mahele ʻelua he ʻehā 10,5 cm Kanone 18 105 mm, 580 mau pū ma kahi o howitzers. squadron regiment, 190th communications battalion a me ka pūʻali ʻenekinia 190.

Eia kekahi, ua komo ka DAK i nā hoʻokumu: ʻo ka 605th anti-tank squadron, ka 606th a me 609th anti-aircraft squadron.

He kolamu o nā kaʻa kaʻa wikiwiki Crusader II i kāhiko ʻia me kahi pūkuniahi 40 mm, i hoʻolako ʻia me nā pūʻali koa kaua o nā māhele kaua Pelekane.

ʻEkolu mau pūʻali koa Italia o Panzerarmee Afrika. ʻO ka 17th corps (corps general Benvenuto Joda) ka 27th dp "Pavia" a me ka 60th dp "Brescia", ka 102nd corps (general of the corps Enea Navarrini) - mai ka 132nd dp "Sabrata" a me 101- dpzmot "Trento " a ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hui kaʻa XX (corps general Ettore Baldassare) nona: 133rd DPanc "Ariete" a me 25th DPZmot "Trieste". Ma lalo o ke kauoha a ka pūʻali koa ʻo ka XNUMXth Infantry Division "Littorio" a me ka XNUMXth Infantry Division "Bologna". ʻO ka poʻe Italia, ʻoiai ua hahai lākou i ka poʻe Kelemania, ua loaʻa pū kekahi i nā poho nui a ua hoʻopau loa ko lākou hoʻokumu ʻana. He mea pono ke hoikeia maanei, o na mahele Italia a pau, he elua regiment, aole ekolu regiment a ekolu pu raifela, e like me ka nui o na puali kaua o ka honua.

Ua hoʻolālā ʻo Erwin Rommel e hoʻouka i nā kūlana ma El Alamein i ka lā 30 o Iune, 1942, akā ʻo nā pūʻali koa Kelemania, ma muli o ka pilikia o ka lawe ʻana i ka wahie, ʻaʻole i hiki i nā kūlana Pelekane a hiki i kahi lā ma hope. ʻO ka makemake e hoʻouka i ka hikiwawe, ʻo ia ka mea i hana ʻia me ka ʻike ʻole kūpono. No laila, ʻike ʻole ʻia ka 21st Panzer Division me ka 18th Indian Infantry Brigade (Indian 10th Infantry Brigade), i hoʻouna ʻia mai Palesetina mai, a ua lawe i nā kūlana pale ma ka ʻāina Deir el-Abyad ma ke kumu o ka puʻu ʻo Ruweisat, e māhele ana i ka manawa ma waena o ka kapakai a me El Alamein, a me ke kaumaha o Qattara, aneane mahele like i ka hapalua. Ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ka brigade me 23 25-paona (87,6 mm) howitzers, 16 anti-tank 6-paona (57 mm) pū a me ʻeiwa mau pahu pahu Matilda II. Ua hoʻoholo ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka 21st DPunk, akā ua hoʻokūpaʻa ka poʻe India i ke kūʻē paʻakikī, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike i ka hakakā. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma ke ahiahi o Iulai 1, ua lanakila loa ka India 18th BP (a ʻaʻole i hana hou ʻia).

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka 15th Armored Division, ka mea i kāʻalo i ka India 18th BP mai ka hema, akā ua nalowale nā māhele ʻelua he 18 o kā lākou mau pahu hoʻohana he 55, a ma ke kakahiaka o Iulai 2 hiki iā lākou ke hoʻouka i 37 mau kaʻa kaua. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ke hele nei nā hana koʻikoʻi ma nā papa hana kula, a hāʻawi ʻia nā mīkini hoʻoponopono i ka laina i kēlā me kēia manawa. ʻO ka mea nui naʻe, ʻo ia ka nalo ʻana o ka lā holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai ʻo General Auchinleck e hoʻoikaika nei i nā pale i ke ala o ka hoʻouka kaua nui o Kelemania. Eia kekahi, ua hoouka aku ka 90th Light Division i na kulana pale o ka South Africa 1st Infantry Division, oiai nae ka manao o Geremania e oi aku mamua o na kulana Beritania ma El Alamein mai ka hema mai a oki aku i ke kulanakauhale ma ka hoohuli ana i ke kai a hiki i ka hikina. Ma ka ʻauinalā wale nō o ka lā 90, ua lanakila ʻo Dlek e haʻalele i ka ʻenemi a hoʻāʻo e hōʻea i kahi hikina o El Alamein. Eia hou, ua nalowale ka manawa makamae a me nā poho. Ua hakakā ka 15th Panzer Division i ka British 22nd Armored Division, ka 21st Panzer Division i hakakā i ka 4th Panzer Division, ka 1st 7th Armored Division a me ka XNUMXth Armored Division.