Pehea ka nui o ke kanaka i pae i ka mahina?

Ma mua koke o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o NASA i ka misionari ʻo Apollo 11, ua hōʻea kahi leka i kona keʻena nui mai ka Persian Storytellers Union. Ua noi nā mea kākau e hoʻololi i ka papahana. Ua hopohopo lākou o ka pae ʻana i ka mahina e hoʻonele i ka honua i ka moeʻuhane, a ʻaʻohe mea e hana ai. ʻAʻole paha ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lele ʻana i ka Moon i ʻoi aku ka ʻeha o nā moeʻuhane honua, akā ʻo kona hopena koke.

Ua hāʻule hope loa ʻo ʻAmelika i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka heihei lewa. ʻO ka Soviet Union ka mea mua i hoʻokuʻu i kahi satelite Earth artificial i ka orbit, a laila hoʻouna i ke kanaka mua ma waho o ka Honua. He mahina ma hope o ka lele ʻana o Yuri Gagarin i ʻApelila 1961, ua hāʻawi ʻo Pelekikena John F. Kennedy i kahi haʻiʻōlelo e kāhea ana i ka poʻe ʻAmelika e lanakila i ka mahina. (1).

- - Ua'ōleloʻo ia.

Ua hoʻopau ʻo Congress i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka 5% o ka waihona kālā mokuʻāina no nā hana NASA i hiki iā ʻAmelika ke "hopu a lanakila" i ka USSR.

Ua manaʻo ka poʻe ʻAmelika ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ko lākou ʻāina ma mua o ka USSR. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema hae US i haki i ka atom a hana i ka mea kaua nuklea i hoʻopau i ke Kaua Honua II. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ua loaʻa i nā mokuʻāina hoʻokūkū ʻelua nā mea kaua nui a me nā pōkā lōʻihi, ua hoʻāla ka hopohopo o ka USSR space space e hoʻomohala ana i nā satelite hou, nā poʻo kaua nui, nā kahua mokulele, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻoweliweli iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Makaʻu i ke aupuni ʻO ke aupuni komunista kū'ē ka mea hoʻoikaika ikaika e hoʻoikaika nui i ka papahana lewa.

Ua hooweliweli pu ia. hanohano o ka honua o US e like me nā mana nui. I loko o ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma waena o ke ao kūʻokoʻa, i alakaʻi ʻia e ka US, a me nā ʻāina komunista, i alakaʻi ʻia e ka USSR, ʻaʻole ʻike ka nui o nā ʻāina ulu liʻiliʻi i ka ʻaoʻao e lawe ai. Ma ke ʻano, ke kali nei lākou e ʻike i ka mea e loaʻa ka manawa e lanakila ai a laila ʻaoʻao me ka mea lanakila. ʻO ka hanohano, a me nā pilikia waiwai.

Ua hoʻoholo kēia mau mea a pau i ka ʻae ʻana o ka ʻAhaʻōlelo ʻAmelika i kēlā mau lilo nui. He mau makahiki ma hope mai, ma mua o ka pae ʻana o ka ʻEto, ua maopopo mua e lanakila ana ʻo ʻAmelika i kēia wāwae o ka heihei lewa. Eia nō naʻe, ma hope koke o ka hiki ʻana i ka pahuhopu lunar, ua nalowale nā ​​​​mea nui i hoʻonohonoho ʻia, a ua hoʻemi ʻia nā kumuwaiwai kālā. A laila ua ʻoki mau ʻia lākou, i ka 0,5% o ka waihona kālā US i nā makahiki i hala. I kēlā me kēia manawa, ua hoʻolālā ka ʻoihana i nā hoʻolālā makemake nui e hoʻomaka hou i nā mokulele ma mua o ka honua orbit, akā ʻaʻole i ʻoluʻolu nā poʻe kālai'āina e like me ka makahiki 60.

I kēia manawa wale nō i loaʻa nā hōʻailona e loli paha ke kūlana. ʻO ke kumu o nā hoʻolālā wiwo ʻole hou ka politika, a i ka nui o ka pūʻali koa.

ʻElua makahiki ma hope o ka pōʻino

Iulai 20, 1969 ʻEwalu mau makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o Pelekikena John F. Kennedy i kahi hoʻolālā aupuni e kau i ke kanaka ma ka mahina ma ka hopena o nā makahiki 60, ʻo ka US astronauts Neil Armstrong lāua ʻo Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin ka mea mua i pae i laila ma ke ʻano o ka misionari Apollo 11. kanaka ma ka moolelo.

Ma kahi o ʻeono a me ka hapalua hola ma hope mai, ua lilo ʻo Armstrong i ka Homo sapiens mua i kau i ka wāwae ma ka honua. I kāna hana mua, ua haʻi ʻo ia i ka huaʻōlelo kaulana "he ʻanuʻu liʻiliʻi no ke kanaka, akā he ʻanuʻu nui no ke kanaka" (2).

2. ʻO kekahi o nā kiʻi kaulana loa i paʻi ʻia ma ka mahina e ka poʻe astronauts mua.

Ua wikiwiki loa ka wikiwiki o ka papahana. Mahalo nui mākou iā lākou i kēia manawa ke nānā nei mākou i nā papahana pau ʻole a me ka hoʻonui mau ʻana o NASA i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o kēlā mau hana paionia. ʻOiai ʻo ka hihiʻo mua o ka pae ʻana o ka mahina i kēia lā e like me kēia (3), i ka makahiki 1966 - ʻo ia hoʻi, ma hope o ʻelima mau makahiki o ka hana ʻana e kahi hui honua o nā ʻepekema a me nā ʻenekinia - ua hoʻokō ka ʻoihana i ka misionari Apollo unmanned mua, e hoʻāʻo ana i ka ka paʻa o ka hoʻonohonoho o nā mea hoʻolaha i manaʻo ʻia a.

3. Kiʻi hoʻohālike o ka pae ʻana i ka mahina, i hana ʻia e NASA i ka makahiki 1963.

I kekahi mau mahina ma hope mai, ma Ianuali 27, 1967, ua loaʻa kahi pōʻino ma Kennedy Space Center ma Cape Canaveral i Florida i kēia lā me he mea lā e hoʻolōʻihi i ka papahana no nā makahiki. I ka wā o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka mokulele ʻo Apollo a me ka rocket Saturn, ua ʻā ke ahi. ʻEkolu mau mokulele i make - Virgil (Gus) Grissom, Edward H. White a me Roger B. Chaffee. I ka makahiki 60, ua make elima mau astronauts ʻAmelika ma mua o ko lākou holo ʻana, akā ʻaʻole pili pono kēia i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka papahana ʻo Apollo.

He mea pono ke hoʻohui ʻia i ka manawa like, ma ka liʻiliʻi e like me ka ʻikepili kūhelu, ʻelua wale nō cosmonauts Soviet i manaʻo ʻia e make. ʻO ka make wale nō i hoʻolaha ʻia i kēlā manawa Vladimir Komarov - i ka makahiki 1967 i ka lele orbital o ka mokulele Soyuz-1. Ma mua, i ka wā o nā hoʻokolohua ma ka Honua, ua make ʻo Gagarin ma mua o ka lele Valentine Bondarienko, akā ua hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka makahiki 80 wale nō, a i kēia manawa, aia nō nā moʻolelo e pili ana i nā pōʻino he nui me kahi hopena make o nā cosmonauts Soviet.

James Oberg Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻo ia iā lākou a pau ma kāna puke Space of the Pioneers. ʻEhiku cosmonauts e make ma mua o ka lele ʻana o Yuri Gagarin, ʻo kekahi o lākou, ʻo Ledovsky ka inoa, i ka makahiki 1957! A laila ua nui aku ka poʻe i hoʻopilikia ʻia, me ka make ʻana o ka lua ʻO Valentina Tereshkova wahine i ka lewa i ka makahiki 1963. Ua hōʻike ʻia ma hope o ka pōʻino pōʻino o Apollo 1, ua hōʻike ka naʻauao ʻAmelika i ʻelima mau pōʻino make o nā pūʻali Soviet ma ka lewa a me ʻeono mau mea make ma ka Honua. ʻAʻole kēia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka ʻike, akā ma muli o ke "kulekele ʻike" kikoʻī o ka Kremlin, manaʻo mākou ʻoi aku ka nui o kā mākou ʻike. Manaʻo mākou ua lawe ka USSR i ka gauntlet i ka heihei, akā ʻehia ka poʻe i make ma mua o ka ʻike ʻana o ka poʻe kālai'āina ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke holo i mua o ka US? ʻAe, he mea pohihihi paha kēia a mau loa aku.

"Ua pae ka aeto"

ʻOiai nā pilikia mua a me nā pōʻino, ua hoʻomau ka papahana ʻo Apollo. I ʻOkakopa 1968 Apollo 7, ka mikiona kanaka mua o ka papahana, a ua ho'āʻo maikaʻi i nā ʻōnaehana holomua e pono ai e lele a pae i ka mahina. I Dekemaba o ia makahiki hookahi, Apollo 8 Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo ia i ʻekolu astronauts i ka orbit a puni ka mahina, a ma Malaki 1969 Apollo 9 Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka module lunar ma ka orbit Earth. I ka mahina o Mei, ekolu astronauts Apollo 10 Ua lawe lākou i ka Apollo piha mua a puni ka mahina ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka misionari aʻo.

I ka hopena, ma Iulai 16, 1969, ua haʻalele ʻo ia mai ka Kennedy Space Center. Apollo 11 (4) me Armstrong, ʻo Aldrin a me ke kolu, a laila kali lākou iā lākou ma ka orbit lunar - Michael Collins. Ma hope o ka huakaʻi 300 76 km i 19 mau hola, ua komo ka moku i ka orbit Silver Globe ma Iulai 13. I ka lā aʻe, ma ka hola 46:16 ET, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻEle lander me Armstrong a me Aldrin ma luna o ka moku mai ka module nui o ka moku. ʻElua hola ma hope mai, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻEto i kona iho ʻana i ka ʻili o ka mahina, a ma ka hola 17, hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia ma ke kihi komohana hema o ke Kai o ka Maluhia. Ua hoʻouna koke ʻo Armstrong i kahi leka uila iā Mission Control ma Houston, Texas: "Ua pae ka ʻaeto."

4. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Apollo 11 rocket

Ma ka hola 22:39, ua wehe ʻo Armstrong i ka pā o ka module lunar. I kona iho ʻana i ke alapiʻi module, ua hoʻopaʻa ka pahu kiʻi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o ka moku i kona holomua a hoʻouna i kahi hōʻailona e nānā ana nā haneli miliona o ka poʻe ma kā lākou kīwī. Ma ka hola 22:56 pm, iho ʻo Armstrong i ke alapiʻi a kau i kona wāwae i lalo. Ua hui pū ʻo Aldrin me ia he 19 mau minuke ma hope mai, a paʻi pū lāua i ke kiʻi ʻana i ka wahi, hāpai i ka hae ʻAmelika, holo i kekahi mau hoʻokolohua ʻepekema maʻalahi, a kamaʻilio pū me Pelekikena Richard Nixon ma Houston.

Ma ka hola 1:11 i ka lā 21 o Iulai, ua hoʻi nā astronau ʻelua i ka module lunar, e pani ana i ka puka ma hope o lākou. Ua hala lākou i nā hola aʻe i loko, aia nō ma ka ʻili o ka mahina. Ma ka hola 13:54, hoʻomaka ʻo Orzel e hoʻi i ka module kauoha. Ma ka hora 17:35 p.m., ua ku pono o Armstrong a me Aldrin i ka moku, a ma ka hora 12:56 p.m. o Iulai 22, ua hoomaka ka Apollo 11 i kona huakai hoi i ka home, me ke komo maluhia ana i ka moana Pakipika elua la mahope.

He mau hola ma mua o ka haʻalele ʻana o Aldrin, Armstrong, a me Collins i kā lākou misionari, he mau haneli mau kilomita mai kahi i pae ai ka ʻEto, hāʻule ʻo ia i ka mahina. ʻO ka ʻimi Soviet Luna-15, ma ke ʻano he papahana i hoʻomaka ʻia e ka USSR i ka makahiki 1958. Ua holomua kekahi huakaʻi ʻē aʻe - ʻo "Luna-16" ka loiloi robotic mua i pae i ka mahina a hoʻihoʻi i nā laʻana i ka Honua. Ua hoʻonoho nā mikiona Soviet i ʻelua mau lunar rovers ma ka Silver Globe.

ʻO ka huakaʻi mua o Aldrin, Armstrong a me Collins i ukali ʻia e ʻelima mau pae ʻana i ka mahina (5) a me hoʻokahi misionari pilikia - ʻo Apollo 13, kahi i pae ʻole ai. ʻO nā astronauts hope e hele ma ka mahina ʻO Eugene Cernan lāua ʻo Harrison Schmitt, mai ka misionari Apollo 17 - haʻalele i ka ʻili o ka mahina i ka lā 14 o Dekemaba, 1972.

5. Nā pae pae no nā mokulele mokulele i ka papahana ʻo Apollo

$7-8 no hoʻokahi kālā

Ua komo ʻo ia i ka papahana ʻo Apollo. e pili ana i 400 tausani engineers, technicians and scientistsa o ka huina o ke kumu kuai $ 24 biliona (kokoke $100 biliona i ka waiwai o kēia lā); ʻoiai i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui. Nui nā kumukūʻai, akā ma nā helu he nui nā pōmaikaʻi - ʻoi aku ka nui o ka holomua a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻenehana i ka ʻoihana - ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka mea maʻamau. Eia kekahi, hoʻomau lākou e hui. ʻO ka hana a nā ʻenekinia NASA i kēlā manawa he hopena nui i ka uila a me nā ʻōnaehana kamepiula. Me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka R&D a me ke kālā aupuni nui i kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole hiki i nā hui e like me Intel ke kū ʻole, a ʻaʻole paha e hoʻolilo nui ke kanaka i ka manawa ma nā kamepiula a me nā kelepona, Facebook a me Twitter i kēia lā.

Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻepekema NASA e hoʻopili pinepine i nā huahana i hoʻomohala ʻia ma nā kahua o ka robotics, ʻenehana kamepiula, aeronautics, ka halihali a me ka mālama olakino. Wahi a Scott Hubbard, ka mea i lilo i iwakālua mau makahiki ma NASA ma mua o ka lilo ʻana i hoa ma ke Kulanui ʻo Stanford, ʻo kēlā me kēia kālā a ke aupuni US e hoʻokomo ai i ka hana a ke keʻena e unuhi ʻia i $7-8 o nā waiwai a me nā lawelawe e kūʻai ʻia ana i ka wā lōʻihi.

ʻO Daniel Lockney, ka luna hoʻoponopono o Spinoff, ka hoʻolaha makahiki a NASA e wehewehe ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana NASA i ka ʻoihana pilikino, ʻae ʻo ka holomua i hana ʻia ma ka misionari ʻo Apollo.

"Ua loaʻa nā ʻike kupaianaha ma nā ʻano ʻepekema, uila, mokulele a me ka ʻenekinia, a me ka ʻenehana rocket," kākau ʻo ia. "He mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo ia kekahi o nā hana ʻenekinia a ʻepekema nui loa o nā manawa āpau."

Ua haʻi ʻo Lockney i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i ka misionari Apollo ma kāna ʻatikala. ʻO ka polokalamu i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻomalu i nā ʻōnaehana paʻakikī ma luna o nā capsules space ka kupuna o ka polokalamu i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa ma nā mokulele. mea hoʻoponopono kāleka hōʻaiʻē ma ke kuai kuai ana. Hoʻohana nā mea hoʻokele kaʻa a me nā mea puhi ahi i kēia lā lole hooluu wai ma muli o nā mea hana i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā astronauts Apollo e ʻaʻahu ma lalo o nā lole lewa. Nā huahana Sublimated i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā astronauts ʻo Apollo e hānai ʻia ma ka lewa, ua hoʻohana ʻia ia i kēia manawa i nā ʻai kahua kaua i ʻike ʻia ʻo MREs a ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o nā mea hana pilikia. A ʻo kēia mau hoʻoholo, ma hope o nā mea āpau, he mea liʻiliʻi ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana kaapuni hoʻohui a me nā hui ʻo Silicon Valley i pili loa me ka papahana ʻo Apollo.

ʻO Jack Kilby (6) mai Texas Instruments ua kūkulu ʻo ia i kāna kaapuni hoʻohui hana mua no ka US Department of Defense a me NASA. Wahi a Lockney, ua hoʻoholo ka ʻoihana ponoʻī i nā ʻāpana e pono ai o kēia ʻenehana, hoʻoponopono iā lākou i kāna mau koi ponoʻī. Pono ʻo ia i nā mea uila māmā a me nā lolouila liʻiliʻi no ka mea ʻo ka nui ma ke ākea ke kumu kūʻai. A ma muli o kēia kikoʻī, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Kilby i kāna hoʻolālā. I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua loaʻa iā ia ka Nobel Prize in Physics. ʻAʻole anei e hele kekahi o ka hōʻaiʻē i ka papahana lewa?

6. ʻO Jack Kilby me ka prototype circuit circuit

ʻO ka papahana Apollo i hoʻoikaika politika. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke kulekele i wehe mua i nā pā lewa nona ma ka waihona kālā US ʻo ia ke kumu i haʻalele ai i ka papahana lunar i ka makahiki 1972. Ua ʻae ʻia ka hoʻoholo e hoʻopau i ka papahana e ka Pelekikena Richard Nixon. Ua unuhi ʻia ma nā ʻano he nui, akā maʻalahi ka wehewehe ʻana. ʻAmelika ua hoʻokō i kāna pahuhopu politika. A no ka mea, ʻo ka politika, ʻaʻole ka ʻepekema, no ka laʻana, ka mea nui loa, ʻaʻohe kumu maoli e hoʻomau i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumukūʻai nui ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻana i kā mākou pahuhopu. A ma hope o ka hele ʻana o nā ʻAmelika, ua pau ka hoʻohiwahiwa ʻana i ka politika no ka USSR. No nā makahiki he nui e hiki mai ana, ʻaʻohe kanaka i loaʻa i ka ʻenehana a i ʻole ke kālā e hoʻokō i ka luʻi o ka mahina.

Ua hoʻi hou mai ke kumuhana o ka hoʻokūkū mana i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, me ka ulu ʻana o nā mana a me nā manaʻo o Kina. ʻO kēia hou e pili ana i ka hanohano, a me ka hoʻokele waiwai a me nā ʻano koa. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka pāʻani e pili ana i ka mea mua e kūkulu i kahi paʻa ma luna o ka mahina, nāna e hoʻomaka i ka huki ʻana i kāna waiwai, ka mea e hiki ke hana i kahi pono hoʻolālā ma luna o nā mea hoʻokūkū ma ke kumu o ka mahina.