kahua lewa honua
Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Sergei Krikalov "ke kamaʻāina hope loa o ka USSR" no ka mea ma 1991-1992 ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i 311 mau lā, 20 mau hola a me 1 mau minuke ma luna o ke kahua mokulele Mir. Ua hoʻi ʻo ia i ka Honua ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka Soviet Union. Mai ia manawa, ua hele ʻo ia i ka International Space Station ʻelua. ʻO kēia mea (International Space Station, ISS) ʻo ia ka hale kaʻa kanaka mua i hana ʻia me ke komo ʻana o nā ʻelele o nā ʻāina he nui.
kahua lewa honua ʻO ia ka hopena o ka hui pū ʻana o nā papahana e hana i ke kahua ʻo Russian Mir-2, ka American Freedom a me ka European Columbus, nā mea mua i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka honua orbit i ka makahiki 1998, a ʻelua makahiki ma hope mai ua ʻike ʻia ka poʻe holo paʻa mua ma laila. Hāʻawi ʻia nā mea waiwai, nā kānaka, nā mea noiʻi a me nā mea hana i ke kahua e ka Russian Soyuz a me Progress spacecraft, a me nā moku ʻAmelika.
I ka makahiki 2011 no ka manawa hope loa e lele ana nā kaʻa kaʻa i ka ISS. ʻAʻole lākou i lele i laila no ʻelua a ʻekolu mau makahiki ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka moku mokulele ʻo Columbia. Ua makemake hoʻi nā ʻAmelika e hoʻōki i ke kālā i kēia papahana mai 3 mau makahiki. Ua hoʻohuli ka pelekikena hou (B. Obama) i nā hoʻoholo o kāna mea i hana mua a hōʻoia i ka 2016 i loaʻa i ka International Space Station ke kālā US.
Aia i kēia manawa he 14 mau modula nui (ma hope he 16) a hiki i ʻeono mau ʻauwaʻa mau i ka manawa like (ʻekolu a hiki i 2009). Hoʻohana ʻia ia e ka nui o ka lā (e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka lā) a ʻike ʻia lākou mai ka Honua ma ke ʻano he mea e neʻe ana ma ka lani (ma perigee ma 100% illumination) me ka mālamalama a hiki i -5,1 [1] a i ʻole - 5,9 [ 2] nui.
ʻO nā hui paʻa mua loa: ʻO William Shepherd, Yuri Gidzenko a me Sergei Krikalov. Aia lākou ma ka ISS no 136 lā 18 hola 41 minuke.
Ua kākau ʻia ʻo Shepherd ma ke ʻano he astronaut NASA i ka makahiki 1984. ʻO kāna hoʻomaʻamaʻa Navy SEAL mua i hōʻike ʻia he mea pono loa iā NASA i ka 1986 Challenger shuttle hoʻopakele misionari. Ua komo ʻo William Shepherd ma ke ʻano he loea i ʻekolu mau huakaʻi huakaʻi: ka STS-27 mikiona ma 1988, ka STS-41 mikiona ma 1990, a me ka STS-52 mikiona ma 1992. I ka makahiki 1993, ua koho ʻia ʻo Shepherd e hana i ka International Space Station (ISS). ) papahana. I ka huina, ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā lā he 159 ma ka lewa.
Ua ʻelua ʻo Sergey Konstantinovich Krikalov i loko o ka hui mau o ke kahua ʻo Mir, a ʻelua hoʻi i loko o ka hui mau o ke kahua ISS. Ua komo ʻo ia i ʻekolu manawa i ka lele ʻana o nā mokulele ʻAmelika. ʻEwalu manawa āna i hele ai i waho. Mālama ʻo ia i ka moʻolelo no ka nui o ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia ma ka lewa. ʻO ka huina, ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i 803 mau lā 9 hola 39 mau minuke ma ka lewa.
Ua lele mua ʻo Yuri Pavlov Gidzenko i ka lewa i ka makahiki 1995. I ka wā o ka huakaʻi, hele lākou i waho i kahi ākea ʻelua. ʻO ka huina, hoʻohana ʻo ia i 3 mau hola a me 43 mau minuke ma waho o ka moku. I Mei 2002, lele ʻo ia i ka lewa no ke kolu o ka manawa a no ka lua o ka manawa i MSC. ʻO ka huina, aia ʻo ia ma ka lewa no 320 mau lā 1 hola 20 minuke 39 kekona.
