Moʻokūʻauhau metala ʻo Coalbrookdale

He wahi kūikawā ʻo Coalbrookdale ma ka palapala mōʻaukala. Ma ʻaneʻi no ka manawa mua: ua hoʻoheʻe ʻia ka hao me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie mineral - coke, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ala hao mua, ua kūkulu ʻia ke alahaka hao mua, a ua hana ʻia nā ʻāpana no nā ʻenekini mahu. Ua kaulana ia wahi no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā alahaka, ka hana ʻana i nā ʻenekini mahu a me ka hoʻolei kiʻi. Ua pili kekahi mau hanauna o ka ʻohana Darby e noho nei i ko lākou ola me ka metallurgy.

ʻIke ʻeleʻele o ka pilikia ikehu

I nā kenekulia i hala, ʻo ke kumu ikehu ka ʻiʻo o ke kanaka a me nā holoholona. I ka Middle Ages, ua laha nā huila wai a me nā wili makani ma ʻEulopa, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana o ka makani pā a me ka wai kahe. Hoʻohana ʻia ka wahie no ka hoʻomehana ʻana i nā hale i ka hoʻoilo, ke kūkulu hale a me nā moku.

ʻO ia hoʻi ka mea maka no ka hana ʻana i ka lanahu, i hoʻohana ʻia i nā lālā he nui o ka ʻoihana kahiko - ka mea nui no ka hana ʻana i ke aniani, ka hoʻoheheʻe metala, ka hana pia, ka pena a me ka hana pū. Ua ʻai ka Metallurgy i ka nui o ka lanahu, ʻoi aku hoʻi no ka hana kaua, akā ʻaʻole wale.

Ua kūkulu mua ʻia nā mea hana mai ke keleawe, a laila mai ka hao. I nā kenekulia XNUMXth a me XNUMXth, ua hoʻopau ka noi nui no nā pūkuniahi i nā ululāʻau ma nā wahi o nā kikowaena. mea hao. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka ʻāina hou no ka ʻāina mahiʻai i kōkua i ka luku ʻana i nā ululāʻau.

Ua ulu ka ululāʻau, a me he mea lā ua kū mua nā ʻāina e like me Sepania a me ʻEnelani i kahi pilikia nui ma muli o ka pau ʻana o nā kumu ulu lāʻau. ʻO ka manaʻo, hiki i ke kuleana o ka lanahu ke lawe i ka lanahu.

Eia nō naʻe, pono kēia i ka manawa nui, nā loli ʻenehana a me ka noʻonoʻo, a me ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā ala waiwai e lawe ai i nā mea maka mai nā kīʻaha mining mamao. Aia i ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua hoʻomaka ka lanahu i nā umu kīhini, a laila no nā kumu hoʻomehana ma ʻEnelani. Pono ia i ke kūkulu hou ʻana i nā kapuahi a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kapuahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma mua.

I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 1, aia wale nō ma kahi o 3/XNUMX/XNUMX o ka lanahu paʻakikī i ʻeli ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana i ʻike ʻia i kēlā manawa a me ka hoʻololi pono ʻana i ka lanahu me ka lanahu, ʻaʻole hiki ke honi i ka hao o ka maikaʻi maikaʻi. I ka makahiki XNUMX, ua piʻi wikiwiki ka lawe ʻana mai o ka hao i ʻEnelani mai Suetena, mai kahi ʻāina me ka nui o nā ululāʻau a me nā waihona hao hao.

Hoʻohana i ka coke e hana i ka hao puaʻa

Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Abraham Darby I (1678-1717) i kāna ʻoihana ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he haumāna i ka hana ʻana i nā mea wili malt ma Birmingham. A laila neʻe ʻo ia i Bristol, kahi āna i hana mua ai i kēia mau mīkini a laila neʻe i ka hana keleawe.

1. Nā mea kanu ma Coalbrookdale (kiʻi: B. Srednyava)

Malia paha, ʻo ia ka mea mua i hoʻololi i ka lanahu me ka lanahu i ke kaʻina hana. Mai ka makahiki 1703 ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana i nā ipu hao a ʻaʻole koke i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kāna ʻano hana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mole one.

I ka makahiki 1708 ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hana ma Colebrookdale, a laila he hale hoʻoheheʻe i haʻalele ʻia ma ka muliwai Severn (1). Ma laila ʻo ia i hoʻoponopono ai i ka umu ahi a hoʻokomo i nā bellow hou. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, i ka makahiki 1709, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka lanahu me ka coke a ua loaʻa ka hao maikaʻi.

Ma mua, ʻaʻole i kūleʻa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lanahu ma kahi o ka wahie. No laila, he hana ʻenehana ia epochal, i kapa ʻia i kekahi manawa ʻo ka hoʻomaka maoli o ka makahiki ʻoihana. ʻAʻole ʻo Darby i patent i kāna mea i hana ai, akā ua hūnā ʻia ia.

ʻO ka holomua ma muli o kona hoʻohana ʻana i ka coke i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua o ka lanahu paʻa mau, a he haʻahaʻa ka lanahu kūloko i ka sulfur. Eia naʻe, i loko o nā makahiki ʻekolu e hiki mai ana, ua hakakā ʻo ia me ka emi ʻana o ka hana ʻana e kokoke ana kāna mau hoa ʻoihana e haʻalele i ke kālā.

No laila ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Darby, hui ʻo ia i ka lanahu me ka coke, lawe mai ʻo ia i ka lanahu a me ka coke mai Bristol, a ʻo ka lanahu ponoʻī mai South Wales. Hoʻonui mālie ka hana. No laila, i ka makahiki 1715, ua kūkulu ʻo ia i ka lua o ka smelter. ʻAʻole wale ʻo ia i hana i ka hao puaʻa, akā hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā ipu kīhini hao, nā ipu a me nā kīʻaha.

Ua kūʻai ʻia kēia mau huahana ma ka ʻāina a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ko lākou maikaʻi ma mua o ka wā ma mua, a i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka ʻoihana e hana maikaʻi loa. Ua ʻeli a hoʻoheheʻe ʻo Darby i ke keleawe e pono ai ke hana keleawe. Eia kekahi, ʻelua kāna mau forges. Ua make ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1717 i ke 39 o kona mau makahiki.

loko o ke ʻano

Ma waho aʻe o ka hana ʻana o ka hao a me nā kīhini kīhini, ua ʻeono makahiki ma hope o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka mīkini mokuahi Newcomen atmospheric mua i ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka (e nānā: МТ 3/2010, p. 16) ma 1712, ma Colebrookdale hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana no ia. He hana ʻāina ia.

2. ʻO kekahi o nā loko, ʻo ia kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻōnaehana waihona no ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka bellow umu ahi. Ua kūkulu ʻia ke ala kaʻaahi ma hope (kiʻi: M. J. Richardson)

I ka makahiki 1722, ua hana ʻia kekahi pahu hao no ia ʻenekini, a i nā makahiki ʻewalu e hiki mai ana, ua hana ʻia he ʻumi, a laila ua nui aku. Ua hana ʻia nā huila hao mua no nā kaʻaahi ʻenehana i nā makahiki 20.

I ka makahiki 1729, ua hana ʻia he 18 ʻāpana a hoʻolei ʻia ma ke ʻano maʻamau. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Abraham Darby II (1711-1763) e hana i nā hale hana ma Colebrookdale i ka makahiki 1728, ʻo ia hoʻi, he ʻumikumamākahi makahiki ma hope o ka make ʻana o kona makua kāne, i ka makahiki ʻumikūmāhiku. Ma nā kūlana climatic English, ua pio ka umu hoʻoheheʻe i ka pūnāwai.

Aneane ekolu o na malama wela loa, aole hiki iaia ke hana, no ka mea, ua hookele ia ka bellow e na huila wai, a i keia manawa o ka makahiki, ua lawa ole ka nui o ka ua no ka lakou hana. No laila, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka downtime no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana.

No ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana i ke ola hope o ka umu, ua kūkulu ʻia kekahi ʻano o nā pahu mālama wai e hoʻohana ana i kahi pamu i hoʻohana ʻia e nā holoholona e paila i ka wai mai ka pahu haʻahaʻa a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe (2).

I ka makahiki 1742-1743, ua hoʻololi ʻo Abraham Darby II i ka ʻenekini mahu lewa o Newcomen e paila i ka wai, no laila ʻaʻole koi ʻia ka hoʻomaha kauwela o ka metallurgy. ʻO kēia ka hoʻohana mua ʻana o ka ʻenekini mahu i ka metallurgy.

3. Alahaka hao, hoʻohana ʻia i ka makahiki 1781 (kiʻi na B. Srednyava)

I ka makahiki 1749, ma ka aina Colebrookdale Ua hana ʻia ke kaʻaahi ʻoihana mua. ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, mai ka 40s a hiki i ka 1790s, ua hana pū ka ʻoihana i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaua, a i ʻole, kahi ʻoihana.

He mea kāhāhā paha kēia, ʻoiai ʻo Darby no ka Religious Society of Friends, nona nā lālā i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo Quakers a ʻo kā lākou mau manaʻo pacifist i pale i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaua.

ʻO ka hoʻokō nui loa o Abraham Darby II ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka coke i ka hana ʻana i ka hao puaʻa, kahi i loaʻa ai ka hao ductile. Ua ho'āʻoʻo ia i kēia kaʻina hana ma ka huliʻana o nā makahiki 40 a me 50. ʻAʻole maopopo i keʻano o ka loaʻaʻana o ka hopena i makemakeʻia.

ʻO kekahi mea o ke kaʻina hana hou, ʻo ia ke koho ʻana i ka hao hao me ka liʻiliʻi o ka phosphorus. I ka wā i kūleʻa ai ʻo ia, ua koi ka ulu ʻana o ka noi iā Darby II e kūkulu i nā umu ahi hou. I ka makahiki 50 hoʻi, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻolimalima i ka ʻāina kahi āna i ʻeli ai i ka lanahu a me ka hao hao; Ua hana pū ʻo ia i ʻenekini mahu e hoʻokahe i ka lua. Ua hoʻonui ʻo ia i ka ʻōnaehana wai. Ua kūkulu ʻo ia i ka wai hou. Ua lilo ia i ka nui o ke kālā a me ka manawa.

Eia kekahi, ua hoʻomaka ʻia kahi kaʻaahi ʻoihana hou ma kahi o kēia hana. Ma ka la 1 o Mei, 1755, ua loaa mai ka hao hao mua mai loko mai o ka lua i maloo mahu, a elua pule mahope mai, ua hoohana hou ia kekahi kapuahi puhipuhi, he 15 mau tona hao puaa i ka pule hookahi, oiai he mau pule ia i hanaia ai. hiki ke piʻi i ka 22 tons.

Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka umu coke ma mua o ka umu lanahu. Ua kūʻai ʻia ka hao hao i ka poʻe ʻeleʻele kūloko. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ke kaua ʻehiku makahiki (1756-1763) i ka metallurgy a ua hoʻolimalima ʻo Darby II, me kāna hoa ʻoihana ʻo Thomas Goldney II, i ʻāina hou aʻe a kūkulu i ʻekolu mau kapuahi hou me kahi ʻōnaehana wai.

ʻO John Wilkinson kaulana kona hui kila ma kahi kokoke, e hana ana i ka ʻāina i ke kikowaena kila koʻikoʻi o Pelekane i ke kenekulia 51. Ua make ʻo Abraham Darby II i ka makahiki 1763 i ka XNUMX.

ʻO ka pua nui loa

Ma hope o 1763, ua lawe ʻo Richard Reynolds i ka hui. ʻElima makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Abraham Darby III (1750-1789) he ʻumikumamāwalu makahiki e hana. He makahiki ma mua, i ka makahiki 1767, ua hoʻomoe ʻia nā alahao no ka manawa mua, ma Colebrookdale. I ka makahiki 1785, ua kūkulu ʻia he 32 km o lākou.

4. Alahaka Hao - ʻāpana (kiʻi na B. Srednyava)

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana a Darby III, ʻekolu mau mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia ma kona aupuni - ʻo ka huina o ʻehiku mau kapuahi pahū, forges, koʻu mahina a me nā mahiʻai i hoʻolimalima ʻia. Ua loaʻa pū i ka luna hou nā ʻāpana o ka mokuahi Darby, nāna i lawe mai i ka lāʻau mai Gdansk a i Liverpool.

Ua hiki mai ke kolu o ka boom nui loa o Darby i ka makahiki 70 a me ka 80 mua i kona kuai ana i na umu ahi a me kekahi o na kapuahi tar mua. Ua hana ʻo ia i nā kapuahi coke a me ke kākā a lawe ʻo ia i kahi hui o nā lua lanahu.

Ua hoʻonui ʻo ia i ka pā i loko Colebrookdale a ma kahi o 3 km i ka ʻākau, ua kūkulu ʻo ia i kahi smithy ma Horshey, kahi i hoʻolako ʻia ma hope aku me kahi enekini mahu a hana ʻia nā huahana i ʻōwili ʻia. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pā aʻe ma 1785 ma Ketley, he 4 km ʻē aʻe i ke kūkulu ʻākau, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ʻelua mau hale paʻa ʻo James Watt.

Ua pani ʻo Colebrookdale i ka ʻenekini mokuahi Newcomen i ʻōlelo ʻia ma waena o 1781 a me 1782 me kahi enekini mahu Watt, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Decision" ma hope o ka moku o Kāpena James Cook.

Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻenekini mokuahi nui loa i kūkulu ʻia ma ke kenekulia 1800. He mea pono ke hoʻohui ʻia aia ma kahi o ʻelua haneli mau ʻenekini mahu e hana ana ma Shropshire i XNUMX. Ua wehe ʻo Darby a me nā hoa i nā mea kūʻai nui, incl. ma Liverpool a me Ladana.

Ua hana pū lākou i ka ʻili ʻili pōhaku. ʻO kā lākou mau mahiʻai i hoʻolako i nā alahao me nā lio, ulu i ka palaoa, nā kumu hua, hānai pipi a hipa. Ua hana ʻia ia mau mea a pau ma ke ʻano hou no ia manawa.

Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā ʻoihana a Abraham Darby III a me kāna mau hoa i lilo i ke kikowaena nui loa o ka hana hao ma Great Britain. ʻO ka mea kānalua, ʻo ka hana kupanaha a me ka mōʻaukala a Abraham Darby III ʻo ke kūkulu ʻana i ke alahaka hao mua o ka honua (3, 4). Ua kūkulu ʻia kahi hale 30 mika ma kahi kokoke Colebrookdale, hui i na kapa o ka muliwai Severn (e nana MT 10/2006, p. 24).

ʻEono makahiki i hala ma waena o ka hālāwai mua o nā mea kuleana a me ka wehe ʻana o ke alahaka. ʻO nā mea hao me ke kaumaha o 378 tons i hoʻolei ʻia i loko o nā hana a Abraham Darby III, ʻo ia ka mea nāna i kūkulu a me ka puʻukū o ka papahana holoʻokoʻa - ua uku ʻo ia no ke alahaka mai kāna ʻeke ponoʻī, ka mea i hoʻopilikia i ka palekana kālā o kāna mau hana.

5. ʻO Shropshire Canal, Coal Pier (kiʻi: Crispin Purdy)

Ua hoʻouna ʻia nā huahana o ke kikowaena metallurgical i ka poʻe loaʻa ma ke kahawai ʻo Severn. Ua komo pū ʻo Abraham Darby III i ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā alanui ma ia wahi. Eia hou, ua hoʻomaka ka hana ma ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ala kaola waʻa ma nā kapa o ka Severn. Akā naʻe, ua loaʻa ka pahuhopu ma hope o iwakālua mau makahiki.

E hoʻohui kākou ʻo ke kaikunāne o ʻAberahama III ʻo Samuel Darby he mea kuleana, a ʻo William Reynolds, ka moʻopuna a ʻAberahama Darby II, ka mea nāna i kūkulu ke kahawai ʻo Shropshire, kahi ala wai nui ma ka ʻāina (5). He kanaka naʻauao ʻo Abraham Darby III, hoihoi ʻo ia i ka ʻepekema, ʻoi aku ka ʻike honua, he nui kāna mau puke a me nā mea hana ʻepekema, e like me ka mīkini uila a me ka kamera obscura.

Ua hālāwai ʻo ia me Erasmus Darwin, he kauka a me ka mea ʻike hua lāʻau, ke kupuna kāne o Charles, a ua hui pū ʻo ia me James Watt lāua ʻo Matthew Boulton, nā mea hana i nā ʻenekini mokumahu hou (e nānā i MT 8/2010, p. 22 a me MT 10/2010, p. 16).

Ma ka metallurgy, kahi āna i ʻike ai, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻike i kekahi mea hou. Ua make ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1789 i ke 39 o kona mau makahiki. ʻO Francis, kāna hiapo, ʻeono makahiki ia manawa. I ka makahiki 1796, ua make ke kaikaina o Aberahama, o Samuela, a koe kana keiki 14 makahiki o Edmund.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia ʻumikumamāwalu a me ka ʻumikumamāiwa

6. Philip James de Lutherbourg, Coalbrookdale ma ka Po, 1801

7. Ke Alahaka Hao ma Sydney Gardens, Bath, hoʻolei ʻia ma Coalbrookdale i ka makahiki 1800 (kiʻi: Plumbum64)

Ma hope o ka make ʻana o ʻAberahama III a me kona kaikunāne, ua pau nā ʻoihana ʻohana. Ma nā leka mai Boulton & Watt, ua hoʻopiʻi ka poʻe kūʻai i ka lohi o ka lawe ʻana a me ka maikaʻi o ka hao i loaʻa iā lākou mai ka wahi o Ironbridge ma ka muliwai Severn.

Ua hoʻomaka ke kūlana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka huli ʻana o ke kenekulia (6). Mai ka makahiki 1803, ua holo ʻo Edmund Darby i kahi hana hao kūikawā i ka hana ʻana i nā alahaka hao. I ka makahiki 1795, he waikahe wale no ma ka muliwai Severn i holoi i na alahaka a pau ma keia muliwai, o ke alahaka hao wale no Darby i ola.

ʻO kēia ka mea i kaulana ai ʻo ia. hoolei i na alahaka iloko Colebrookdale ua kau ʻia ma UK (7), Netherlands a me Jamaica. I ka makahiki 1796, ua kipa aku ʻo Richard Trevithick, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka ʻenekini mahu kiʻekiʻe, i ka hale hana (MT 11/2010, p. 16).

Ua hana ʻo ia ma ʻaneʻi, i ka makahiki 1802, he ʻenekini mahu hoʻokolohua e hana ana ma kēia kumu. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ua kūkulu ʻo ia i ka locomotive mokuahi mua ma ʻaneʻi, ʻaʻole naʻe i hoʻokomo ʻia. I ka makahiki 1804 in Colebrookdale ua hoʻomohala i kahi ʻenekini mahu kiʻekiʻe no ka hale hana lole ma Macclesfield.

I ka manawa like, ua hana ʻia nā ʻenekini o ke ʻano Watt a me ke ʻano Newcomen kahiko. Eia kekahi, ua hana ʻia nā mea hoʻolālā, e like me nā pā hao hao no ka hale aniani a i ʻole nā ​​​​papa puka makani neo-Gothic.

Loaʻa i ka hāʻawi kahi ākea ākea o nā huahana hao e like me nā ʻāpana no nā mines tin Cornish, nā palau, nā paʻi huaʻai, nā papa moe, nā unahi uaki, nā pahu a me nā umu, e inoa wale nō.

Ma kahi kokoke, ma ka Horsehey i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, he ʻano ʻokoʻa loa ka hana. Ua hana lākou i ka hao hoʻoheheʻe, i hana mau ʻia ma ke kahua i loko o kahi paʻi, i mau kaola a me nā ʻāpana, a ua kūkulu ʻia nā ipu hao - ua kūʻai ʻia ke koena o ka hao i nā kalana ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka manawa o nā kaua Napoleonic, i kēlā manawa, ʻo ia ka lā kiʻekiʻe o ka metallurgy a me nā hale hana ma ia wahi. Colebrookdaleme ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i komo ʻo Edmund Darby, ma ke ʻano he lālā o ka ʻAhahui Hoʻomana o nā Hoa, i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaua. Ua make ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1810.

8. Halfpenny Bridge, Dublin, hoʻolei ʻia ma Coalbrookdale i ka makahiki 1816.

Ma hope o nā kaua Napoleonic

Ma hope o ka Congress of Vienna i ka makahiki 1815, ua pau ka manawa o ka loaʻa kālā kiʻekiʻe o ka metallurgy. AT Colebrookdale Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, akā mai ka hao hao i kūʻai ʻia. Ua hana pū ka hui i nā alahaka i nā manawa a pau.

9. ʻO ke alahaka ʻo Macclesfield ma Lākana, i kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1820 (kiʻi na B. Srednyava)

ʻO ka kolamu kaulana loa ʻo ia ke kolamu ma Dublin (8) a me nā kolamu o ke Alahaka ʻo Macclesfield ma luna o ke Canal Regent ma Lākana (9). Ma hope o Edmund, ua mālama ʻia nā hale hana e Francis, ke keiki a ʻAberahama III, me kona kaikoʻeke. I ka hopena o nā makahiki 20, ʻo ia ka manawa o ʻAberahama IV lāua ʻo Alfred, nā keiki kāne a Edmund.

I ka makahiki 30, ʻaʻole ia he mea kanu ʻenehana, akā ua hoʻolauna nā mea hou i nā kaʻina hana hou i kaulana i nā kapuahi a me nā kapuahi, a me nā mīkini mahu hou.

I kēlā manawa, no ka laʻana, ua hana ʻia ma ʻaneʻi he 800 mau tona o ka hao no ka hull o ka moku ʻo Beretania Nui, a ʻaʻole koke ka hao hao no ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā kaʻa kaʻa māmā ma ke ala mai Lākana a Croydon.

Mai ka makahiki 30, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo St. Colebrookdale nā mea hana kiʻi hao - nā ʻūhā, nā monuments, nā kumu hoʻomaha, nā pūnāwai (10, 11). ʻO ka hale hana hou i hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo ia ka mea nui loa ma ka honua i ka makahiki 1851, a i ka makahiki 1900 ua hoʻohana ia i hoʻokahi tausani limahana.

Ua komo maikaʻi nā huahana mai ia mea i nā hōʻikeʻike honua. AT Colebrookdale i ka makahiki 30, ua hoʻomaka pū ʻia ka hana ʻana i nā pōhaku lepo a me nā tile no ke kūʻai aku, a he 30 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua ʻeli ʻia ka pālolo, kahi i hana ʻia ai nā ipu, nā ipu a me nā ipu.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua kūkulu mau ʻia nā lako kīhini, nā ʻenekini mahu a me nā alahaka. Mai ka waena o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa, ua mālama ʻia nā hale hana e nā poʻe ma waho o ka ʻohana Darby. ʻO Alfred Darby II, ka mea i hoʻomaha i ka makahiki 1925, ʻo ia ka mea hope loa i ka ʻoihana e nānā i ka ʻoihana.

Mai ka makahiki 60 mai, ua nalowale ka nui o na kiln uwapo hao, e like me na kikowaena hoohehee hao ma Shropshire. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokūkū hou me nā ʻoihana o kēia ʻoihana e kū nei ma kahakai, i hoʻolako ʻia me nā mea hao i lawe ʻia mai nā moku.

10. ʻO ka Peacock Fountain, i hoʻolei ʻia ma Coalbrookdale, ke kū nei i Christchurch, New Zealand, i kēia lā (kiʻi na Johnston DJ)

11. ʻIkepili o ka Punawai Peacock (kiʻi: Christoph Mahler)