E hoʻololi ka hydrogen metallic i ka helehelena o ka ʻenehana - a hiki i ka evaporates

I nā hana o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kila a i ʻole ka titanium a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻohui o nā mea ʻano honua. I nā anvils daimana o kēia mau lā me ka ʻulaʻula metala i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo ke kinoea paʻakikī loa ...

Aia ka hydrogen i ka papaʻaina ma luna o ka hui mua, aia nā metala alkali wale nō, ʻo ia hoʻi, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium a me francium. ʻAʻole he mea kupanaha, ua noʻonoʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema inā loaʻa iā ia kona ʻano metala. I ka makahiki 1935, ʻo Eugene Wigner lāua ʻo Hillard Bell Huntington ka mea mua i hāpai i nā kūlana hiki ke lilo ka hydrogen i mea metala. I ka makahiki 1996, ua hōʻike ʻo William Nellis, Arthur Mitchell, a me Samuel Weir ma Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, ʻo ka physicists ʻAmelika, ua hana ʻia ka hydrogen ma ka moku metala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pū kinoea. I ʻOkakopa 2016, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Ranga Diaz lāua ʻo Isaac Silvera ua lanakila lāua i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hydrogen metallic ma ke kaomi o 495 GPa (ma kahi o 5 × 10.⁶ atm) a ma kahi mahana o 5,5 K i loko o kahi keʻena daimana. Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole i hana houʻia ka hoʻokolohua e nā mea kākau aʻaʻole i hōʻoia kūʻokoʻa. ʻo ka hopena, nīnau kekahi hapa o ke kaiāulu ʻepekema i nā manaʻo hoʻoholo.

Aia nā manaʻo e hiki ke hana i ka hydrogen metala ma ke ʻano wai ma lalo o ke kaomi umekaumaha kiʻekiʻe. maloko o na hokele kinoea nunuie like me Jupiter a me Saturn.

I ka pau ʻana o Ianuali o kēia makahiki, he pūʻulu prof. Ua hōʻike ʻo Isaac Silveri o ke Kulanui ʻo Harvard ua hana ʻia ka hydrogen metala i loko o ka lab. Hāʻawi lākou i ka hāpana i ke kaomi o 495 GPa i nā "anvils" daimana, ʻo nā molekala i hana i ke kinoea H.₂ ʻānai ʻia, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻano metala mai nā mana hydrogen. Wahi a nā mea kākau o ka hoʻokolohua, ka hoʻolālā hopena metastableʻo ia hoʻi, e mau ana ka metala ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kaomi koʻikoʻi.

Eia hou, e like me ka poʻe ʻepekema, ʻoi aku ka hydrogen metallic kiʻekiʻe wela superconductor. I ka makahiki 1968, ua wānana ʻo Neil Ashcroft, he physicist ma Cornell University, he superconductive ka māhele metala o ka hydrogen, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻokele i ka uila me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka wela a me nā mahana ma luna o 0°C. ʻO kēia wale nō ka mea e mālama ai i ka hapakolu o ka uila i nalowale i kēia lā i ka hoʻouna ʻana a ma muli o ka hoʻomehana ʻana o nā mea uila āpau.

Ma lalo o ke kaomi maʻamau i loko o ke kinoea, ka wai a me ke kūlana paʻa (ʻo ka hydrogen condenses ma 20 K a paʻa i ka 14 K), ʻaʻole e alakaʻi kēia mea i ka uila no ka mea ua hui pū nā ʻātoma hydrogen i mau pālua mole a hoʻololi i kā lākou mau electrons. No laila, ʻaʻole lawa nā electrons manuahi, i loko o nā metala e hana i kahi hui conduction a he mau mea lawe i kēia manawa. ʻO kahi kaomi ikaika wale nō o ka hydrogen i mea e hoʻopau ai i nā mea paʻa ma waena o nā atoms theoretically hoʻokuʻu i nā electrons a hana i ka hydrogen i mea hoʻokele uila a me kahi superconductor.

Hoʻopili ʻia ka hydrogen i ke ʻano metala ma waena o nā daimana

Hiki ke lawelawe ʻia kahi ʻano hydrogen hou wahie rocket me ka hana okoa. "Pono ka nui o ka ikehu no ka hana ʻana i ka hydrogen metala," i wehewehe ai ke kumu. Kālā kala. "Ke hoʻololi ʻia kēia ʻano hydrogen i loko o ke kinoea molecular, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka nui o ka ikehu, e lilo ia i ʻenekini rocket ikaika loa i ʻike ʻia e ke kanaka."

He 1700 kekona ka mana'o o ka enekini e holo ana ma keia wahie. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana mau ʻia ka hydrogen a me ka oxygen, a ʻo ka manaʻo kikoʻī o ia mau mīkini he 450 kekona. Wahi a ka mea ʻepekema, ʻo ka wahie hou e ʻae i kā mākou mokulele e hiki i ka orbit me kahi rocket pae hoʻokahi me ka uku nui a hiki iā ia ke hōʻea i nā planeta ʻē aʻe.

I ka huli ʻana, hiki i kahi superconductor hydrogen metallic e hana ana ma ka lumi wela e hiki ai ke kūkulu i nā ʻōnaehana kaʻa kiʻekiʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka levitation magnetic, e hoʻonui i ka pono o nā kaʻa uila a me ka pono o nā mea uila. E loaʻa pū kekahi kipi i ka mākeke mālama ikehu. No ka loaʻa ʻole o ka pale ʻana o nā superconductor, hiki ke mālama i ka ikehu i nā kaapuni uila, kahi e holo ai a pono.

E akahele me keia hoihoi

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo loa kēia mau manaʻolana ʻālohilohi, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i hōʻoia ka poʻe ʻepekema i paʻa ka hydrogen metallic ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau o ke kaomi a me ka mahana. ʻO nā lunamakaʻāinana o ke kaiāulu ʻepekema, ka poʻe i hoʻokokoke ʻia e ka media no ka manaʻo, he kānalua a i ʻole, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, mālama ʻia. ʻO ka postulate maʻamau e hana hou i ka hoʻokolohua, no ka mea, ʻo ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he kūleʻa ... he kūleʻa wale nō.

I kēia manawa, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi ʻāpana metala liʻiliʻi ma hope o nā anvil daimana ʻelua i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, i hoʻohana ʻia e kaomi i ka hydrogen wai ma nā mahana ma lalo o ka hau. ʻO ka wānana a prof. E hana maoli anei ʻo Silvera a me kāna mau hoa hana? E ʻike kākou i ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe hoʻokolohua e hoʻemi mālie i ke kaomi a hoʻonui i ka mahana o ka hāpana e ʻike ai. A i ka hana ʻana pēlā, manaʻolana lākou ʻaʻole e mahuka ka hydrogen.