Māhele Metala Mahele 3 - Nā Mea ʻē aʻe
Ma hope o ka lithium, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hoʻokele waiwai hou, a me ka sodium a me ka potassium, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea koʻikoʻi i ka ʻoihana a me ka honua ola, ua hiki mai ka manawa no ke koena o nā mea alkaline. Ma mua o mākou he rubidium, cesium a me franc.
Ua like loa nā mea hope ʻekolu i kekahi i kekahi, a i ka manawa like he mau waiwai like me ka potassium a hui pū me ia i kahi subgroup i kapa ʻia he potassium. No ka mea ʻaneʻane hiki ʻole iā ʻoe ke hana i nā hoʻokolohua me ka rubidium a me ka cesium, pono ʻoe e ʻoluʻolu iā ʻoe iho me ka ʻike e hana ai lākou e like me ka pālolo a ua like ka solubility o kā lākou pūhui me kāna mau pūhui.
1. Na makua o ka spectroscopy: Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811-99) ma ka hema, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-87) ma ka akau
ʻO nā holomua mua i ka spectroscopy
ʻO ke ʻano o ke kala ʻana i ka lapalapa me nā pūhui o kekahi mau mea i ʻike ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i ke ahi ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana i ka mokuʻāina manuahi. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa, ua aʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema i nā laina kikoʻī i ʻike ʻia i ka mālamalama o ka Lā a hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā pūhui kemika wela. I ka makahiki 1859, ʻelua mau kānaka physicists Kelemania - ʻO Robert Bunsen i Gustav Kirchhoff - kūkulu i mea hana no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke kukui i hoʻopuka ʻia (1). He hoʻolālā maʻalahi ka spectroscope mua: he prisma ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale i ka mālamalama i nā laina kikoʻī a maka maka me ka leki no ka lakou nana ana (2). Ua ʻike koke ʻia ka pono o ka spectroscope no ka nānā ʻana i nā kemika: ua haki ka mea i nā ʻātoma i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wela o ka lapalapa, a ʻo kēia mau laina emit i ke ʻano o lākou wale nō.
2. G. Kirchhoff ma ka spectroscope
3. ʻO ka cesium metallic (http://images-of-elements.com)
Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Bunsen lāua ʻo Kirchhoff i kā lāua noiʻi ʻana a hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻoheheʻe lāua i 44 tons wai mineral mai kahi pūnāwai ma Durkheim. Ua ʻike ʻia nā laina i ka spectrum sediment ʻaʻole hiki ke pili i kekahi mea i ʻike ʻia i kēlā manawa. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Bunsen (ʻo ia kekahi mea kemika) i ka chloride o kahi mea hou mai ka sediment, a hāʻawi i ka inoa i ka metala i loko. MA O ma muli o nā laina polū ikaika i kona kiko (Latin = blue) (3).
I kekahi mau mahina ma hope mai, i ka makahiki 1861, ua nānā nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka kikoʻī o ka waihona paʻakai a ʻike i ke ʻano o kekahi mea i loko. Ua hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i kāna chloride a hoʻoholo i kona nui atomika. No ka mea ua ʻike maopopo ʻia nā laina ʻulaʻula i ka spectrum, ua kapa ʻia ka metala lithium hou rubid (mai Latin = ʻulaʻula ʻeleʻele) (4). ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ʻelua mau mea ma o ka nānā ʻana spectral i hoʻomaopopo i nā chemists a me nā physicists. I nā makahiki ma hope mai, ua lilo ka spectroscopy i kekahi o nā mea hana noiʻi nui, a ua like nā mea i ʻike ʻia e like me ka cornucopia.
4. Metal rubidium (http://images-of-elements.com)
Rubid ʻAʻole ia e hana i kāna mau mineral ponoʻī, a ʻo ka cesium hoʻokahi wale nō (5). ʻO nā mea ʻelua. Aia ka papa honua i ka 0,029% rubidium (kahi 17 ma ka papa inoa o nā mea waiwai nui) a me 0,0007% cesium (kahi 39). ʻAʻole lākou he bioelements, akā mālama kekahi mau mea kanu i ka rubidium, e like me ka paka a me ke kō. Mai ka manaʻo physicochemical, ʻo nā metala ʻelua he "potassium on steroids": ʻoi aku ka palupalu a me ka fusible, a ʻoi aku ka reactive (no ka laʻana, e hoʻā wale lākou i ka lewa, a hiki ke hoʻopili me ka wai me kahi pahū).
через ʻo ia ka mea "metallic" nui loa (ma ka kemika, ʻaʻole ma ke ʻano colloquial o ka huaʻōlelo). E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, ua like nā waiwai o kā lākou pūhui me nā pūhui potassium analogous.
5 ʻO Pollucite wale nō ka Cesium Mineral (USGS)
metala rubidium a loaʻa ka cesium ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i kā lākou mau pūhui me ka magnesium a i ʻole ka calcium i loko o kahi hakahaka. No ka mea pono lākou e hana i kekahi mau ʻano o nā pūnaewele lā (e hoʻokuʻu maʻalahi ke kukui i nā electrons mai ko lākou mau ʻili), ʻo ka hana makahiki o rubidium a me ka cesium aia ma ke kauoha o nā haneli kilokani. ʻAʻole hoʻohana nui ʻia kā lākou hui.
E like me ka potassium, ʻO kekahi o nā isotopes o rubidium he radioactive. ʻO Rb-87 ka hapalua o ke ola o 50 biliona makahiki, no laila ua haʻahaʻa loa ka radiation. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia isotope i nā pōhaku. ʻAʻole loaʻa iā Cesium nā isotopes radioactive kūlohelohe, akā ʻO CS-137 ʻO ia kekahi o nā huahana fission o ka uranium i loko o nā reactor nuklea. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ia mai nā lāʻau wahie i hoʻopau ʻia no ka mea ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia isotope ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka g-radiation, no ka laʻana, no ka luku ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi ʻaʻai.
No ka hanohano o Farani
6. Ka mea i ʻike i ka ʻōlelo Palani - Marguerite Perey (1909-75)
Ua ʻike mua ʻo Mendeleev i ke ola o ka metala lithium i ʻoi aku ke kaumaha ma mua o ka cesium a hāʻawi iā ia i inoa hana. Ua ʻimi ka poʻe kemika iā ia ma nā mineral lithium ʻē aʻe no ka mea, e like me ko lākou ʻohana, pono ia ma laila. Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau manawa, ʻoiai he hypothetically, ʻaʻole naʻe i loaʻa.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 87, ua ʻike ʻia he radioactive ka mea 1914. I ka makahiki 227, kokoke loa ka ʻike physicists o Austrian. Ua ʻike ʻo S. Meyer, W. Hess, a me F. Panet i kahi hoʻokuʻu alpha nāwaliwali mai ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka actinium-89 (me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻāpana beta huna ʻia). No ka mea, ʻo ka helu atomic o actinium he 87, a ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o kahi ʻāpana alpha ma muli o ka "hōʻemi" o ka mea i ʻelua mau wahi o ka papaʻaina, ʻo ka isotope me ka helu atomic 223 a me ka helu nui XNUMX, ʻo ia nō naʻe. ʻO nā ʻāpana alpha o ka ikehu like (ua ana like ka nui o nā ʻāpana i ka ea i ko lākou ikehu) hoʻouna pū i kahi isotope o protactinium, ua ʻōlelo nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka lāʻau.
Ua hoʻomaka koke ke kaua a poina nā mea a pau. I ka makahiki 30, ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā mea hoʻokele waiwai a loaʻa nā mea artificial mua, e like me ka astatium i kali lōʻihi ʻia me ka helu atomic 85. I ka hihia o ka element 87, ʻaʻole i ʻae ka pae o ka ʻenehana o ia manawa i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka nui e pono ai. mea no ka hookui ana. Ua lanakila ʻo Farani physicist me ka manaʻo ʻole Marguerite Perey, haumana a Maria Sklodowska-Curie (6). Ua aʻo ʻo ia, e like me nā Austrians i ka hapahā o ka makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka palaho o actinium-227. ʻO ka holomua ʻenehana i hiki ai ke loaʻa kahi hoʻomākaukau maʻemaʻe, a i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe mea kānalua ua ʻike hope ʻia. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia e ka mea mākaʻikaʻi Palani no ka hanohano o ko lakou aina hanau. ʻO ka Element 87 ka mea hope loa i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā minerala, a ua loaʻa nā mea ma hope mai i mea hana.
från ua hoʻokumu 'ia i loko o ka 'aoʻao lala o ka radioactive moʻo, i loko o ke kaʻina hana me ka haʻahaʻa pono a, oi aku, he pōkole loa. ʻO ka isotope ikaika loa i ʻike ʻia e Mrs. Perey, Fr-223, ʻoi aku ka hapalua o ke ola ma mua o 20 mau minuke (ʻo ia hoʻi he 1/8 wale nō o ka nui kumu i koe ma hope o hoʻokahi hola). Ua helu ʻia ʻo ka honua holoʻokoʻa he 30 grams wale nō o ka franc (ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi equilibrium ma waena o ka isotope palaho a me ka isotope hou i hana ʻia).
ʻOiai ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka ʻāpana ʻike ʻia o nā pūhui franc, ua aʻo ʻia kona mau waiwai, a ua ʻike ʻia aia i ka hui alkaline. No ka laʻana, ke hoʻohui ʻia ka perchlorate i kahi hopena i loaʻa nā ion franc a me ka pālolo, e radioactive ka precipitate, ʻaʻole ka hopena. Hōʻike kēia ʻano i ka FrClO4 hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe iki ʻia (hoʻoheheʻe me KClO4), a ua like ka waiwai o ka francium me ko ka potassium.
ʻO Farani, pehea ʻo ia ...
… Inā hiki iaʻu ke loaʻa kahi laʻana o ia mea i ʻike maka ʻia e ka maka? ʻOiaʻiʻo, palupalu e like me ka wax, a me kahi hue gula paha (ʻo ka cesium ma luna he palupalu loa a melemele ka waihoʻoluʻu). E hehee ia ma 20-25°C a e mahu ma kahi o 650°C (mana'o ma muli o ka 'ikepili mai ka mahele mua). Eia hou, e hana kemika loa ia. No laila, pono e mālama ʻia me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka oxygen a me ka makū a i loko o kahi pahu e pale ai i ka radiation. Pono e wikiwiki i nā hoʻokolohua, no ka mea, i loko o kekahi mau hola, ʻaʻohe Farani i koe.
Litium hanohano
E hoʻomanaʻo i nā pseudo-halogens mai ka pōʻai halogen o ka makahiki i hala? ʻO kēia nā ion e hana like me nā anion e like me Cl- ʻaʻole paha-. ʻO kēia mau mea, no ka laʻana, cyanides CN- a me nā mole SCN-, ka hana ʻana i nā paʻakai me ka solubility e like me ka hui 17 anions.
Loaʻa iā Lithuania kekahi mea hahai, ʻo ia ka ammonium ion NH. 4 + - he huahana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka amonia i ka wai (he alkaline ka hopena, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali ma mua o ke ʻano o ka alkali metala hydroxides) a me kāna pane ʻana me nā waikawa. Hoʻopili like ka ion me nā metala alkali ʻoi aku ka nui, a ʻo kona pilina pili loa me ka potassium, no ka laʻana, ua like ka nui me ka cation potassium a hoʻololi pinepine iā K+ i kāna mau pūhui maoli. ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa i nā metala Lithium e ka electrolysis o nā wai wai o nā paʻakai a me nā hydroxides. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka electrode mercury, loaʻa kahi hopena metala i loko o ka mercury (amalgam). Ua like loa ka ion ammonium me nā metala alkali a hana pū ia i amalgam.
I ka papa hana ʻōnaehana o ka nānā ʻana o L.nā mea ion magnesium ʻo nā mea hope loa i ʻike ʻia. ʻO ke kumu o ka solubility maikaʻi o kā lākou chlorides, sulfates a me sulfides, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma lalo o ka hana a nā reagents i hoʻohui mua ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoholo ai i ka hele ʻana o nā metala kaumaha i ka hāpana. ʻOiai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā paʻakai ammonium, ʻike ʻia lākou i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka loiloi, no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou e kū i ka hoʻomehana a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā hopena (hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka amonia). ʻIke ʻia ke kaʻina hana i nā mea a pau: ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi hopena o kahi kumu ikaika (NaOH a i ʻole KOH) i ka hāpana, kahi e hoʻokuʻu ai ka amonia.
Sam amonia ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻala a i ʻole ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi ʻāpana pepa āpau i hoʻomaʻū ʻia me ka wai ma ka ʻāʻī o kahi paipu hoʻāʻo. NH kinoea3 hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai a hoʻolilo i ka hopena i ka alkaline a hoʻololi i ka pepa i polū.
7. Ka ʻike ʻana i nā ion ammonium: ma ka ʻaoʻao hema, ua polū ke kaula hōʻike ma lalo o ka hana a ka amonia i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau, he hopena maikaʻi o ka hōʻike Nessler
I ka ʻike ʻana i ka amonia me ke kōkua o ka ʻala, pono ʻoe e hoʻomanaʻo i nā lula no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ihu i loko o ka hale hana. No laila, mai hilinaʻi ma luna o ka moku pane, e kuhikuhi i nā mahu iā ʻoe iho me ka neʻe ʻana o ka peʻahi o kou lima a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hanu i ka ea "piha piha", akā e hoʻokuʻu i ka ʻala o ka hui i kou ihu wale nō.
ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o nā paʻakai ammonium ua like ia me nā pūhui pāpaʻa like, no laila e hoʻāʻo paha e hoʻomākaukau i ka ammonium perchlorate NH.4ʻO ClO4 a me kahi hui paʻakikī me ka cobalt (no nā kikoʻī, e ʻike i ka māhele mua). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kūpono nā ʻano hana i hōʻike ʻia no ka ʻike ʻana i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka amonia a me nā ion ammonium i loko o kahi laʻana. I loko o nā laboratories, hoʻohana ʻia ka reagent a Nessler no kēia kumu, e hoʻoheheʻe a hoʻololi paha i ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻoiai ke alo o nā ʻāpana o NH.3 (7).
Eia nō naʻe, ke aʻo ikaika nei au i ka hana ʻana i kahi hoʻāʻo kūpono ma ka home, no ka mea pono e hoʻohana i nā pūhui mercury ʻona.
E kali a hiki i kou komo ʻana i loko o kahi keʻena ʻoihana ma lalo o ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻoihana a ke kumu aʻoaʻo. He mea hoʻonanea ke kemika, akā - no ka poʻe ʻike ʻole a mālama ʻole paha - hiki ke pilikia.
E nānā hoʻi:
