ʻO nā kūlanakauhale nui a me nā slums

ʻO ka noho aupuni honua ʻana o nā wahi metropolitan ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika kahi mea i poina loa. No ka laʻana, e like me ka helu helu helu kanaka o ka US Census Bureau, i loko o nā mahina he ʻumikumamālua a hiki i Iulai 2018, he mau kūlanakauhale hema wale nō i ulu ma US, aʻo ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka ma nā wahi metropolitan kahiko o New York, Chicago, a me Los Angeles.

Wahi a ka Global Cities Institute, e lilo nā agglomerations ʻApelika i nā kūlanakauhale nui loa ma 2100. He mau wahi metropolitan nui kēia, ʻaʻole i ʻike nui ʻia e like me nā wahi nani i piha i ka hoʻolālā maikaʻi a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ke ola, akā ʻo nā moana nui o nā slums i hala lōʻihi i nā kūlanakauhale slum kahiko e like me ʻO Mexico City (1).

1. Nā nalu o nā wahi moe o kekahi kūlanakauhale nui ma Mexico City

kapikala o Nigeria, Lagos (2) kekahi o ka wikiwiki loa. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻaʻohe mea iʻike i ka nui pololei o kona heluna kanaka. Ua manaʻo ka UN he 2011 miliona ka poʻe i noho ma laila i ka makahiki 11,2, akā hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai ua hōʻike ʻo The New York Times e pili ana ia. ma kahi o 21 miliona. Wahi a ka Global Cities Institute, hiki i ka heluna kanaka o ke kūlanakauhale i ka hopena o kēia kenekulia. 88,3 milionaʻo ia ka metropolitan nui loa ma ka honua.

Ke kapikala o ka Lepupalika Demokarata o Congo Kinshasa, he mau makahiki i hala aku nei he hui o na kauhale lawaia. Ua ʻoi aku ʻo ia i kēia manawa Palikaa ua wānana ʻo GCI e 2100 ka lua o ka honua ma hope o Lagos, me 83,5 miliona kānaka. Manaʻo nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe ma 2025, 60% o ka 17 miliona mau kānaka e noho ana ma lalo o ka ʻumikūmāwalu makahiki, i manaʻo ʻia e hana like me ka hū ma nā steroids.

Wahi a kēia mau wānana, pono e lilo ʻo Tanzanian i ke kolu o ke kūlanakauhale ma ka honua ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia. Dar es Salaam z 73,7 miliona kānaka. Ua wānana ka poʻe Demographers e hoʻopiha ʻia ʻo ʻApelika Hikina i nā makahiki he kanawalu me nā megacities multimillion-dollar, a ʻo nā kūlanakauhale e noho ana i nā megacities he ʻumi i kēia mau makahiki he ʻumi, ʻo ka hapa nui o ʻAsia, e pani ʻia e nā wahi ʻike liʻiliʻi i kēia lā, e like me Blantyre City, Lilongwe i Lusaka.

Wahi a nā wānana GCI, ma 2100 wale nō nā wahi metropolitan India e like me Poma (Mumbai) – 67,2 milionaи ʻO Delhi i Heluheluʻelua ma hope ma mua o 50 miliona kamaaina.

Hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia mau kūlanakauhale gig me nā hopena i ʻae ʻole ʻia. Aia he iwakāluakūmālua o nā agglomerations haumia loa o ka honua. Wahi a kahi hōʻike a Greenpeace a me AirVisual, ʻo nā kūlanakauhale he ʻumi o ka honua me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka haumia o ka ea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ʻehiku ma India.

Ua alakaʻi nā kūlanakauhale Kina i kēia māhele kaulana, akā ua ʻike lākou i ka holomua maikaʻi. Ke alakaʻi nei i ke kūlana ʻO Gurugram, kahi kaona o ke kapikala o Inia, New Delhi, ke kūlanakauhale haumia loa ma ka Honua. I ka makahiki 2018, ua aneane ʻekolu manawa kiʻekiʻe ka helu o ka maikaʻi o ka ea ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e ka US Environmental Protection Agency he pōʻino olakino.

ʻO ka moeʻuhane Kina no ka hippos metropolitan

I ka makahiki 1950, i ka wā i hōʻiliʻili mua ʻia ai nā ʻikepili kūpono, ua loaʻa ka iwakālua o nā wahi metropolitan nui loa he kanakolu, e ʻōlelo kākou, ma nā ʻāina o ka honua mua. ʻO ke kūlanakauhale nui loa ma ka honua ia manawa ʻo New York City, me ka heluna kanaka he 12,3 miliona. ʻO ka lua ma ka papa inoa Tokyo, aia he 11,3 miliona. ʻAʻohe kūlanakauhale hou me ka heluna kanaka ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 miliona mau kānaka (a i ʻole, e ʻoi aku ka pololei, nā agglomerations kūlanakauhale, ʻoiai ʻaʻole mākou e noʻonoʻo i nā palena hoʻokele o nā kūlanakauhale i kēia hihia).

He iwakāluakūmāwalu o lākou i kēia manawa! Ua manaʻo ʻia ma ka makahiki 2030 ʻehā wale nō megacities mai nā ʻāina i manaʻo ʻia i hoʻomohala ʻia i kēia lā e noho i ka papa inoa o nā agglomerations nui loa he kanakolu o ka honua. Pono lākou Tokyo i Osaka ʻO Odraz NY i ʻo Los Angeles. Eia naʻe, ʻo Tokyo wale nō (3) i manaʻo ʻia e noho i ka ʻumi kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi, a hiki i ka hopena o nā makahiki he ʻumi e hiki mai ana, e paʻa pū ke kapikala o Iapana i ke poʻo inoa o ka metropolis nui loa ma ka honua, ʻoiai ʻaʻole e ulu hou ana ka heluna kanaka ma laila (e like me nā kumu like ʻole, mai 38 a hiki 40 miliona).

Ua hui pū ʻia ka poʻe Pākē i ka papa o nā kūlanakauhale nui loa. Hoʻopilikia ʻia e kekahi ʻano megalomania, hana lākou i nā hoʻolālā a hana maoli i nā mea hoʻokele nui i lilo a i ʻole hiki ke lilo i mau wahi metropolitan nui loa o ka honua.

I kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua heluhelu mākou e pili ana i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale nui ma ke Aupuni Waena me kahi ʻāina ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o Uruguay a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o Kelemania, aia i kēia manawa ma kahi o 80 miliona mau kānaka. E kū mai ana kēlā hana inā hoʻokō nā luna Kina i kā lākou hoʻolālā e hoʻonui i ke kapikala o Beijing me nā ʻāina nui o ka panalāʻau ʻo Hebei a hui pū me ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Tianjin i kēia hale. Wahi a nā hoʻolālā kūhelu, ʻo ka hana ʻana o ia mea nui o ke kūlanakauhale e hoʻēmi i ka smog-choking a me ka smog-holed Beijing a me nā hale no ka poʻe e hiki mai ana mai nā panalāʻau.

Jing-Jin-Ji, no ka mea, ʻo ia ka inoa o kēia papahana e hōʻemi i nā pilikia maʻamau o ke kūlanakauhale nui ma o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kūlanakauhale ʻoi aku ka nui, pono iā 216 tausani. km². Pono ka heluna kanaka i manaʻo ʻia 100 ka melin, ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale nō ka ʻāina metropolitan nui loa, akā he mea ola i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lehulehu ma mua o ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina o ka honua - ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hypothetical Lagos ma 2100.

ʻO ka hoʻāʻo paha o kēia manaʻo ʻo ia ke "kūlanakauhale". Chongqing , i ʻike ʻia ʻo Chongqing, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā papa inoa o nā wahi metropolitan nui loa o ka honua, ʻoi aku Shanghai, Pekina, Lagos, Mumbai a me Tokyo kekahi. No Chongqing, ʻo ka heluna o nā kānaka o ke "kūlanakauhale maoli" i hōʻike ʻia ma ka helu helu 31 miliona kānaka a aneane ʻehā manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka "agglomeration".

ʻO ka ʻāpana nui (4) e hōʻike ana he kamaʻāina nui kēia, i lilo i kūlanakauhale. Ma ke aupuni, ʻo ia kekahi o ʻehā mau kūlanakauhale Kina ma lalo o ke aupuni kikowaena pololei (ʻo nā ʻekolu ʻē aʻe ʻo Beijing, Shanghai, a me Tianjin) a ʻo ia wale nō ke kaona o ka Celestial Empire kahi mamao loa mai ke kahakai. ʻO ke kuhiakau e hoʻāʻo nei nā luna Kina i ka hana ʻana o kēia mau mea ola ma mua o ka hana ʻana i kahi behemoth kūlanakauhale ma ke kūkulu ʻākau ʻaʻole paha he kumu ʻole.

4. Palapala 'āina o Chongqing e kū ana i ke kua o Kina a pau.

Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia aia kekahi huikau i ka pae a me ka ʻikepili i ka nui o nā kūlanakauhale. I kekahi manawa, noʻonoʻo ka poʻe kākau moʻolelo i ka nui o nā kūlanakauhale ponoʻī, ʻo ia hoʻi - ma muli o ke ʻano o nā kūlanakauhale hoʻokele i koho ʻia - ua manaʻo pinepine ʻia he hōʻailona maikaʻi ʻole. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka ʻikepili agglomeration, akā i kēia mau hihia, mau ka wai o nā palena a aia nā wehewehe like ʻole o ka mea i kapa ʻia. nā wahi metropolitan.

Eia kekahi, aia ka pilikia o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā kikowaena kūlanakauhale nui, ka mea i kapa ʻia. nā wahi metropolitanme nā kikowaena he nui ʻole me ka mana o hoʻokahi "kūlanakauhale". Manaʻo wau he mea like kēia Guangzhou (Canton), e like me ka German site citypopulation.de, pono e loaʻa ma ka liʻiliʻi loa 48,6 miliona kānaka - ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kūlanakauhale nui a pau e pili ana, incl. Hong Kong, Makau a me Shenzhen.

ʻAʻole ka nui, ʻaʻole ka nui, akā ka maikaʻi

ʻO ka manaʻo Kina e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia o nā megacities ma ke kūkulu ʻana i nā megacities nui aʻe i ʻike ʻia ma Kina wale nō. I nā ʻāina Komohana i hoʻomohala ʻia, ke neʻe nei ia i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa loa. Ma kahi o, no ka laʻana, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ʻāina no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka wahi o ka ʻāina mahiʻai a i ʻole nā ​​ululāʻau, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hoʻonā kūlanakauhale akamai, ka maikaʻi o ke ola a me ka ecology.ka manaʻo no ka pilikia ʻole i ke kaiapuni a me ka poʻe e noho ana i loko.

Aia kekahi poʻe makemake e hoʻi i ka wā i hala, e hoʻihoʻi i ke ʻano o ke kanaka i nā kūlanakauhale a ... Hoʻolālā nā luna o Hamburg e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka 40% o ke kūlanakauhale mai nā kaʻa kaʻa i nā makahiki he iwakālua e hiki mai ana.

Ka Hui Kamali'i Charles ma ka huli ʻana, hana hou ʻo ia i nā kūlanakauhale holoʻokoʻa e like me nā medieval - me nā ʻāpana, nā alanui haiki a me nā lawelawe āpau ʻelima mau minuke mai ka home. Hoʻi hou nā hana i nā kumu Yana Gela, He mea kākau Denemaka i hanaʻole i nā papahana nui hou, akā e hoʻihoʻi i ka "kānaka kanaka" i nā kūlanakauhale. Hoʻomaopopo ka mea kākau kiʻi ʻeono o nā kūlanakauhale he ʻumi i helu ʻia ma ka honua e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ke ola ua hala mua i ke kaʻina hana "humanization" i hoʻomohala ʻia e kāna hui. ʻO Copenhagen, ʻO ke kūlanakauhale hānau o Gel, ke kūlana mua ma kēia hui - aia ma ʻaneʻi i ka makahiki 60 ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e aʻo i ka ʻano o nā kānaka o ke kūlanakauhale.

No laila, ʻo ka wā e hiki mai ana o ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale ma ka honua e like me kēia: ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, ʻoi aku ka maʻemaʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kanaka a me ke kaiapuni i nā kūlanakauhale ma ke kūkulu ʻākau, a nunui, hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā palena ʻike ʻole, haumia e nā mea a pau a ke kanaka e hana ai. nā wahi moe. hohonu ma ka hema.

I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka maikaʻi o ke ola a me ka hana o nā kamaʻāina ma kēlā me kēia apana, nā kūlanakauhale akamaika hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana holomua e like me ka hale akamai. Wahi a kēia manaʻo, pono e noho maikaʻi ka poʻe noho a ʻoi aku ka ʻoluʻolu, a i ka manawa like, pono e haʻahaʻa nā kumukūʻai o ka hana ʻana o ke ola o ke kūlanakauhale holoʻokoʻa.

I ka 2018 Smart Cities Index, i paʻi ʻia ma 2017, i.e. ʻO ke kūlana o nā kūlanakauhale akamai loa o ka honua i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e EasyPark Group e hoʻomalu ʻia e nā "addresses" ʻEulopa, me Copenhagen, Stockholm i Zurich ma ke alo.

Eia nō naʻe, ke ulu nei nā kūlanakauhale akamai ʻo ʻAsia, e ulu wikiwiki ana. Ma ka ʻāina, ʻo ka papa inoa o nā kūlanakauhale akamai loa he 57: 18 agglomerations mai ʻEulopa, 14 mai Asia, 5 mai ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, 5 mai ʻAmelika Hema, XNUMX mai Australia a hoʻokahi mai ʻApelika.

ʻO kahi manaʻo koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala kūlanakauhale hou ʻo ia ka maikaʻi o ke ola, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻano like ʻole he nui a, ʻokoʻa paha ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana o kēlā me kēia. No kekahi, ʻo ia ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa o ka noho ʻana, nā hale kūpono a me ka mālama ola kino, no nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka pollution, kaʻa a me ka hewa. Hāʻawi ʻo Numbeo, kahi ʻikepili i hoʻohana ʻia e ka mea hoʻohana honua, i ka ʻikepili o ke ola no nā kūlanakauhale a puni ka honua. Ma muli o lākou, ua hana ʻia kahi pae honua.

Maikaʻi loa ʻo Australia ma laila. Aia nā kūlanakauhale ma kahi mua - Canberra (5), ʻehā (Adelaide) a ʻo ka ʻehiku (Brisbane). ʻEhā mau ʻelele o ʻAmelika i ka ʻumi kiʻekiʻe a ʻaʻole ia ka metropolis nui loa. Mai ʻEulopa mai, hele mai ka Dutch i ka lua. Eindhovena ʻo Zurich ma ka ʻelima. Ma ko mākou ʻāina, pili maoli ka maikaʻi o ke ola i ka waiwai, inā wale nō ma muli o nā kumukūʻai waiwai.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki i ka maikaʻi o ke ola a me ke kaiapuni ke hoʻololi nui i nā kūlanakauhale waiwai o ka ʻĀkau inā makemake nā poʻo slums hema, kahi e hiki ʻole ai ke ola, e hele mai iā lākou.

Akā, he kumuhana kēlā no kekahi moʻolelo.