Hōʻailona piston
Hana o nā mīkini

Hōʻailona piston

Hōʻailona piston hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokolokolo ʻaʻole wale i kā lākou mau ʻāpana geometric, akā ʻo nā mea hana hoʻi, ka ʻenehana hana, ka ʻae ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, ka hōʻailona o ka mea hana, ke kuhikuhi ʻana, a me nā mea hou aku. Ma muli o ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana o nā piston home a i lawe ʻia mai, i kekahi manawa ke kū nei nā mea kaʻa i ka pilikia o ka wehewehe ʻana i kekahi mau inoa. Loaʻa i kēia mea ka nui o ka ʻike e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke loaʻa ka ʻike e pili ana i nā māka ma ka piston a e noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano o nā helu, nā leka a me nā pua.

1 - Ka inoa inoa inoa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ka piston. 2 - Helu Serial o ka huahana. 3 - Hoʻonui ʻia ke anawaena e 0,5 mm, ʻo ia hoʻi, i kēia hihia he piston hoʻoponopono. 4 - Ka waiwai o ke anawaena o waho o ka piston, i mm. 5 - Ka waiwai o ka wela wela. I kēia hihia, ua like ia me 0,05 mm. 6 - He pua e hōʻike ana i ke kuhikuhi o ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka piston ma ke kuhikuhi o ka neʻe ʻana o ke kaʻa. 7 - Ka 'ike loea o ka mea hana (koi i ka wā e hoʻoponopono ai i nā ʻenekini puhi ahi).

ʻIke ma ka ʻili piston

Pono e hoʻomaka nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā māka ma nā piston me ka ʻike e kau ai ka mea hana i ka huahana ma ke ʻano ākea.

  1. Nui piston. I kekahi mau hihia, ma nā kaha ma lalo o ka piston, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā helu e hōʻike ana i kona nui, i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā haneli o ka millimeter. ʻO kahi laʻana he 83.93. ʻO kēia ka ʻike ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ke anawaena ma mua o ka waiwai i ʻōlelo ʻia, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka hoʻomanawanui (e kūkākūkā ʻia nā hui hoʻomanawanui ma lalo nei, ʻokoʻa lākou no nā ʻano mīkini like ʻole). Hana ʻia ke ana ma kahi mahana o +20 ° C.
  2. ʻAha kau ʻana. ʻO kona inoa ʻē aʻe ʻo ka wela (no ka mea hiki ke hoʻololi pū me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano wela o ka ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko). Loaʻa ka inoa - Sp. Hāʻawi ʻia ia ma nā helu hakina, ʻo ia hoʻi nā millimeters. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka māka ma ka piston SP0.03 e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i kēia hihia he 0,03 mm, e noʻonoʻo ana i ke kahua hoʻomanawanui.
  3. Palapala Kahiko. A i ʻole he hōʻailona. ʻAʻole ʻike wale nā ​​​​mea hana iā lākou iho ma kēia ʻano, akā hāʻawi pū i ka ʻike i nā haku e pili ana i nā palapala (nā huahana huahana) e hoʻohana ʻia i ke koho ʻana i kahi piston hou.
  4. Kuhikuhi hoʻokomo. Pane kēia ʻike i ka nīnau - he aha ke kuhikuhi ʻana o ka pua ma ka piston? 'Ōleloʻo ia i keʻano o ka hoʻoukaʻana i ka piston,ʻo ia hoʻi, hukiʻia ka pua ma ke kuhikuhi o ke kaʻa e neʻe i mua. Ma nā mīkini kahi i loaʻa ai ka ʻenekini puhi ahi ma hope, ma kahi o kahi pua, hōʻike pinepine ʻia kahi crankshaft hōʻailona me kahi lele lele.
  5. Helu hoolei. ʻO kēia nā helu a me nā leka e hōʻike ana i nā ana geometric o ka piston. ʻO ka maʻamau, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēlā mau inoa ma nā mīkini ʻEulopa kahi i hana ʻia ai nā mea hui piston e nā hui e like me MAHLE, Kolbenschmidt, AE, Nural a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ma ke kaulike, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hoʻohana liʻiliʻi ʻia ka hoʻolei ʻana i kēia manawa. Eia naʻe, inā pono ʻoe e ʻike i ka piston mai kēia ʻike, pono ʻoe e hoʻohana i ka pepa a i ʻole ka leka uila o kahi mea hana kikoʻī.

Ma waho aʻe o kēia mau inoa, aia kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe, a ʻokoʻa paha lākou mai ka mea hana i ka mea hana.

Aia ma hea ka hoailona piston?

Nui ka poʻe kaʻa e hoihoi i ka pane i ka nīnau o kahi e loaʻa ai nā hōʻailona piston. Aia i nā kūlana ʻelua - nā kūlana o kahi mea hana kūikawā a me kēia a i ʻole kēlā ʻike e pili ana i ka piston. No laila, paʻi ʻia ka ʻike nui ma kona ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa ("mua" ʻaoʻao), ma ka hub ma kahi o ka lua no ka pine piston, ma ka luna kaumaha.

Hōʻailona piston VAZ

Wahi a nā helu helu, ʻo ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana i nā pistons hoihoi pinepine i nā mea nona a i ʻole haku i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ʻenekini kūloko o nā kaʻa VAZ. e hāʻawi hou mākou i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā pistons like ʻole.

VAZ 2110

No ka la'ana, e lawe i ka 'enekini puhi ahi o ka VAZ-2110 ka'a. ʻO ka pinepine, hoʻohana ʻia nā pistons i hōʻailona ʻia i ka 1004015 i kēia ʻano hoʻohālike. Hana ʻia ka huahana ma AvtoVAZ OJSC. ʻIke ʻenehana pōkole:

  • anawaena piston nominal - 82,0 mm;
  • piston anawaena ma hope o ka hana mua - 82,4 mm;
  • piston anawaena ma hope o ka lua o ka hooponopono ana - 82,8 mm;
  • piston kiʻekiʻe - 65,9;
  • ke kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻi - 37,9 mm;
  • ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i loko o ka cylinder he 0,025 ... 0,045 mm.

aia ma ke kino piston hiki ke hoʻohana i nā ʻike hou aʻe. ʻo kahi laʻana:

  • "21" a me "10" ma kahi o ka lua no ka manamana lima - ke koho ʻana i ke kumu hoʻohālike (nā koho ʻē aʻe - "213" e hōʻike ana i ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko VAZ 21213, a no ka laʻana, "23" - VAZ 2123);
  • "VAZ" ma ke kapa o loko - ka inoa o ka mea hana;
  • nā leka a me nā helu ma ka ʻaʻahu ma loko - kahi inoa kikoʻī o nā mea hana (hiki ke wehewehe ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka palapala a ka mea hana, akā i ka hapa nui o kēia ʻike he mea ʻole);
  • "AL34" ma ke kapa o loko - ka inoa o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.

ʻO nā hōʻailona hōʻailona nui i pili i ka lei piston:

  • ʻO ka pua kahi hōʻailona kuhikuhi e hōʻike ana i ke kuhikuhi i ka pahu camshaft. Ma nā hiʻohiʻona VAZ i kapa ʻia ʻo "classic", i kekahi manawa ma kahi o kahi pua hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka leka "P", ʻo ia hoʻi "ma mua". Pēlā nō, pono e kuhikuhi ʻia ka ʻaoʻao kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai ka leka i ke ala o ka neʻe ʻana o ke kaʻa.
  • ʻO kekahi o kēia mau huaʻōlelo ʻo A, B, C, D, E. ʻO kēia nā hōʻailona papa anawaena e hōʻike ana i ka ʻae ʻana i ka waiwai OD. Aia ma lalo kahi papa me nā waiwai kiko'ī.
  • Nā hōʻailona pūʻulu piston. "G" - kaumaha maʻamau, "+" - hoʻonui i ke kaumaha e 5 grams, "-" - hoʻemi ʻia ke kaumaha e 5 grams.
  • ʻO kekahi o nā helu ʻo 1, 2, 3. ʻO kēia ka mākaʻina papa piston pin bore class a wehewehe i ka ʻae ʻana i ka anawaena o ka pahu piston pin. Ma waho aʻe o kēia, aia kahi code kala no kēia ʻāpana. No laila, hoʻohana ʻia ka pena i loko o ka lalo. Ka uliuli - papa 1, kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo - papa 2, kala ʻulaʻula - papa 3. hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻike hou aku.

Aia ʻelua mau inoa ʻokoʻa no nā pistons repair VAZ:

  • triangle - ka hoʻoponopono mua (ua hoʻonui ʻia ke anawaena e 0,4 mm mai ka nui nominal);
  • square - hoʻoponopono lua (hoʻonui ʻia ke anawaena e 0,8 mm mai ka nui nominal).
No nā mīkini ʻē aʻe, hoʻonui pinepine ʻia nā pistons e 0,2 mm, 0,4 mm a me 0,6 mm, akā me ka ʻole o ka haki ʻana e ka papa.

E ʻoluʻolu, no nā kaʻa like ʻole (me nā ICE like ʻole), pono ke nānā ʻia ka waiwai o ka ʻokoʻa o nā piston hoʻoponopono i ka ʻike kuhikuhi.

VAZ 21083

ʻO kekahi piston kaulana "VAZ" he 21083-1004015. Ua hana ʻia e AvtoVAZ. ʻO kona mau ʻenehana a me nā ʻāpana:

  • anawaena nominal - 82 mm;
  • anawaena ma hope o ka hana mua - 82,4 mm;
  • anawaena ma hope o ka lua o ka hooponopono ana - 82,8 mm;
  • piston pine anawaena - 22 mm.

Loaʻa iā ia nā inoa like me ka VAZ 2110-1004015. E noʻonoʻo hou kākou i ka papa o ka piston e like me ke anawaena o waho a me ka papa o ka puka no ka pine piston. Hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ka ʻike pili i nā papa.

Anawaena waho:

Papa piston ma ke anawaena o wahoABCDE
Piston anawaena 82,0 (mm)81,965-81,97581,975-81,98581,985-81,99581,995-82,00582,005-82,015
Piston anawaena 82,4 (mm)82,365-82,37582,375-82,38582,385-82,39582,395-82,40582,405-82,415
Piston anawaena 82,8 (mm)82,765-82,77582,775-82,78582,785-82,79582,795-82,80582,805-82,815

ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ua hana ʻia nā ʻano piston VAZ 11194 a me VAZ 21126 i ʻekolu mau papa - A, B a me C. I kēia hihia, pili ka nui o ka pae i 0,01 mm.

ʻO ka papa kuhikuhi o nā hiʻohiʻona piston a me nā hiʻohiʻona ICE (brands) o nā kaʻa VAZ.

Hoʻohālike ICE VAZkumu hoʻohālike piston
21012101121052121321232108210832110211221124211262112811194
2101
21011
2103
2104
2105
2106
21073
2121
21213
21214
2123
2130
2108
21081
21083
2110
2111
21114
11183
2112
21124
21126
21128
11194

Nā puka pine piston:

Piston pine bore papa123
ʻO ke anawaena o ka puka pine piston (mm)21,982-21,98621,986-21,99021,990-21,994

Hōʻailona piston ZMZ

ʻO kekahi ʻano o nā mea nona nā kaʻa makemake i ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana i nā pistons loaʻa iā lākou nā motika brand ZMZ. Hoʻokomo ʻia lākou ma nā kaʻa GAZ - Volga, Gazelle, Sobol a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. E noʻonoʻo i nā inoa i loaʻa ma kā lākou mau hihia.

ʻO ka inoa "406" ʻo ia ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ka piston no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko ZMZ-406. ʻElua mau inoa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma lalo o ka piston. Wahi a ka leka i hoʻopili ʻia me ka pena, ma ka poloka hou, hoʻokokoke ka piston i ka cylinder. I ka hoʻoponopono ʻana me ka cylinder boring, hoʻokō ʻia nā ʻae i koi ʻia i ke kaʻina hana o ka hōʻoluʻolu a me ka honing no nā pistons i kūʻai mua ʻia me ka nui i makemake ʻia.

Hōʻike ka helu Roma ma ka piston i ka pūʻulu pine piston i makemake ʻia. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā anawaena o nā puka i loko o nā bosses piston, ke poʻo o ke koʻokoʻo pili, a me nā anawaena o waho o ka pine piston i ʻehā mau pūʻulu i kahakaha ʻia me ka pena: I - keʻokeʻo, II - ʻōmaʻomaʻo, III - melemele, IV - ʻulaʻula. Ma nā manamana lima, hōʻike pū ʻia ka helu hui e ka pena ma ka ʻaoʻao o loko a i ʻole ma nā wēlau. Pono e kūlike me ka hui i hōʻike ʻia ma ka piston.

aia ma ke koʻokoʻo hoʻohui e hōʻailona like ʻia ka helu hui me ka pena. I kēia hihia, pono e kū like ka helu i ʻōlelo ʻia me ka helu o ka hui manamana lima. Hoʻomaopopo kēia koho i ka neʻe ʻana o ka pine lubricated me ka hoʻoikaika liʻiliʻi i ke poʻo koʻokoʻo hoʻohui, akā ʻaʻole e hāʻule i waho. ʻAʻole like me nā pistons VAZ, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai ke kuhikuhi e ka pua, ma nā piston ZMZ e kākau pololei ka mea hana i ka huaʻōlelo "FRONT" a i ʻole e kau wale i ka leka "P". I ka hui ʻana, pono e kūlike ka protrusion ma ke poʻo haʻahaʻa o ke koʻokoʻo pili i kēia palapala (ma ka ʻaoʻao like).

ʻElima mau pūʻulu, me kahi ʻanuʻu o 0,012 mm, i hōʻike ʻia e nā leka A, B, C, D, D. Ua koho ʻia kēia mau pūʻulu nui e like me ke anawaena o waho o ke kapa. Kūlike lākou:

  • A - 91,988 ... 92,000 mm;
  • B - 92,000 ... 92,012 mm;
  • B - 92,012...92,024 mm;
  • G — 92,024...92,036 mm;
  • D - 92,036 ... 92,048 mm.

Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka waiwai o ka hui piston ma lalo. No laila, ʻehā mau pūʻulu nui i hōʻailona ʻia me ka pena ma nā puʻupuʻu piston:

  • 1 - keʻokeʻo (22,0000 ... 21,9975 mm);
  • 2 - ʻōmaʻomaʻo (21,9975 ... 21,9950 mm);
  • 3 - melemele (21,9950 ... 21,9925 mm);
  • 4 - ʻulaʻula (21,9925 ... 21,9900 mm).

Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā hōʻailona pūʻulu manamana lima i ka lei piston ma nā helu Roma, me kēlā me kēia huahelu he kala ʻokoʻa (I - keʻokeʻo, II - ʻōmaʻomaʻo, III - melemele, IV - ʻulaʻula). Pono nā pūʻulu nui o nā piston i koho ʻia a me nā pine piston.

Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ZMZ-405 ICE ma ka GAZ-3302 Gazelle Business a me GAZ-2752 Sobol. ʻO ka ʻae ʻana i helu ʻia ma waena o ka piston skirt a me ka cylinder (no nā ʻāpana hou) he 0,024 ... 0,048 mm. Ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke anawaena cylinder haʻahaʻa a me ke anawaena piston skirt kiʻekiʻe. ʻElima mau pūʻulu, me kahi ʻanuʻu o 0,012 mm, i hōʻike ʻia e nā leka A, B, C, D, D. Ua koho ʻia kēia mau pūʻulu nui e like me ke anawaena o waho o ke kapa. Kūlike lākou:

  • A - 95,488 ... 95,500 mm;
  • B - 95,500 ... 95,512 mm;
  • B - 95,512...95,524 mm;
  • G — 95,524...95,536 mm;
  • D - 95,536 ... 95,548 mm.

Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka waiwai o ka hui piston ma lalo. No laila, ʻehā mau pūʻulu nui i hōʻailona ʻia me ka pena ma nā puʻupuʻu piston:

  • 1 - keʻokeʻo (22,0000 ... 21,9975 mm);
  • 2 - ʻōmaʻomaʻo (21,9975 ... 21,9950 mm);
  • 3 - melemele (21,9950 ... 21,9925 mm);
  • 4 - ʻulaʻula (21,9925 ... 21,9900 mm).

No laila, inā loaʻa i ka GAZ ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe i loko, no ka laʻana, ka leka B, a laila, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻoponopono hou ʻia ka ʻenekini hoʻomohala kūloko.

Ma ZMZ 409, aneane like nā ana a pau me ka ZMZ 405, koe naʻe kahi hoʻomaha (puddle), ʻoi aku ka hohonu ma mua o 405. Hana ʻia kēia i mea e hoʻopaʻa ai i ka lakio hoʻopiʻi, piʻi ka nui h ma nā pistons 409. Eia kekahi , ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe hoʻoemi o 409 he 34 mm, a no 405 - 38 mm.

Hāʻawi mākou i ka ʻike like no ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko ZMZ 402.

  • A - 91,988 ... 92,000 mm;
  • B - 92,000 ... 92,012 mm;
  • B - 92,012...92,024 mm;
  • G — 92,024...92,036 mm;
  • D - 92,036 ... 92,048 mm.

Nui pūʻulu:

"Ke koho koho" leka ma nā pistons

  • 1 - keʻokeʻo; 25,0000…24,9975 mm;
  • 2 - ʻōmaʻomaʻo; 24,9975…24,9950 mm;
  • 3 - melemele; 24,9950…24,9925 mm;
  • 4 - ʻulaʻula; 24,9925…24,9900 mm.

E ʻoluʻolu, mai ʻOkakopa 2005 ma nā pistons 53, 523, 524 (i hoʻokomo ʻia, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ma nā hiʻohiʻona he nui o ka ICE ZMZ), ua kau ʻia ka peʻa "Selective selection" ma lalo o lākou. Hana ʻia kēlā mau piston me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻenehana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, i wehewehe ʻia i loko o ka palapala ʻenehana no lākou.

ʻO ka pahu Piston ZMZHoʻohana ʻia ka inoaAuhea ka hoailonaʻano palapala
53-1004015-22; "523.1004015"; "524.1004015"; "410.1004014".Kaulana ZMZMa ka hub kokoke i ka puka pine pistonKe hoolei ana
Kuhikuhi kumu hoʻohālike pistonMa ka hub kokoke i ka puka pine pistonKe hoolei ana
"Ma mua"Ma ka hub kokoke i ka puka pine pistonKe hoolei ana
ʻO ke anawaena piston e hōʻailona ana iā A, B, C, D, D.Ma ka lalo o ka pistonEtts
Pepa BTCMa ka lalo o ka pistonHoʻohui
ʻO ke anawaena manamana lima (keʻokeʻo, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, melemele)Ma ka papa kaumahaHoʻohui

ʻIke like no ka piston 406.1004015:

ʻO ka pahu Piston ZMZHoʻohana ʻia ka inoaAuhea ka hoailonaʻano palapala
4061004015; "405.1004015"; "4061.1004015"; "409.1004015".Kaulana ZMZMa ka hub kokoke i ka puka pine pistonKe hoolei ana
"Ma mua"
Hoʻohālike "406, 405, 4061,409" (406-AP; 406-BR)
ʻO ke anawaena piston e hōʻailona ana iā A, B, C, D, DMa ka lalo o ka pistonPāhaʻi
ʻO ke anawaena manamana lima (keʻokeʻo, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, melemele, ʻulaʻula)Ma ka papa kaumahaHoʻohui
Mea hana "AK12MMgN"A puni ka puka pine pistonKe hoolei ana
Pepa BTCMa ka lalo o ka pistonpickling

E kaha ana i na pistons "Toyota"

Loaʻa i nā pistons ma Toyota ICE ko lākou mau inoa ponoʻī a me nā nui. No ka laʻana, ma kahi kaʻa Land Cruiser kaulana, ua koho ʻia nā pistons e nā leka Pelekane A, B a me C, a me nā helu mai 1 a 3. No laila, hōʻike nā leka i ka nui o ka lua no ka pine piston, a me nā helu. hōʻike i ka nui o ke anawaena piston ma ka ʻāpana "skirt". ʻO ka piston hoʻoponopono he +0,5 mm ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke anawaena maʻamau. ʻO ia hoʻi, no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, hoʻololi wale nā ​​koho o nā leka.

E ʻoluʻolu, i ka wā e kūʻai ai i kahi piston i hoʻohana ʻia, pono ʻoe e ana i ka ʻokoʻa wela ma waena o ka piston skirt a me ka paia cylinder. Pono ia ma ka laulā o 0,04 ... 0,06 mm. A i ʻole, pono ia e hoʻokō i nā diagnostics hou o ka mīkini hoʻopau kūloko a, inā pono, e hana i ka hoʻoponopono.

Pistons mai ka mea kanu Motordetal

Nui nā mīkini home a lawe ʻia mai e hoʻohana i nā piston hoʻoponopono i hana ʻia ma nā keʻena hana o ka hui piston Kostroma mea hana Motordetal-Kostroma. Hoʻopuka kēia hui i nā piston me ke anawaena o 76 a 150 mm. I kēia lā, ua hana ʻia nā ʻano piston penei:

  • hoʻolei paʻa;
  • me ka hoʻokomo thermostatic;
  • me kahi mea hoʻokomo no ke apo kaomi luna;
  • me ke alaea hooluu aila.

ʻO nā pistons i hana ʻia ma lalo o ka inoa inoa i kuhikuhi ʻia i kā lākou mau inoa ponoʻī. I kēia hihia, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻike (marking) i ʻelua ala - laser a me microimpact. No ka hoʻomaka ʻana, e nānā kākou i nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī o ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana i hana ʻia me ke kahakaha ʻana i ka laser:

  • EAL - ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā lula ʻenehana o ka hui kuʻuna;
  • Hana ʻia ma Rūsia - kahi hōʻike pololei o ka ʻāina kumu;
  • 1 - hui ma ke kaumaha;
  • H1 - hui ma ke anawaena;
  • 20-0305A-1 - helu huahana;
  • K1 (ma ka pōʻai) - ka hōʻailona o ke keʻena hoʻokele ʻenehana (QCD);
  • 15.05.2016/XNUMX/XNUMX - kahi hōʻike pololei o ka lā hana o ka piston;
  • Sp 0,2 - hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma waena o ka piston a me ka cylinder (ka wela).

I kēia manawa, e nānā kākou i nā inoa i hoʻohana ʻia me ke kōkua o ka micro-impact, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī:

  • 95,5 - ka nui holoʻokoʻa i ke anawaena;
  • B - hui ma ke anawaena;
  • III - hui e like me ke anawaena o ka manamana lima;
  • K (i loko o ka pōʻai) - hōʻailona OTK (ka mana maikaʻi);
  • 26.04.2017/XNUMX/XNUMX - kahi hōʻike pololei o ka lā hana o ka piston.

He mea kūpono hoʻi e ʻike ma aneʻi no ka hana ʻana i nā pistons like ʻole, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano alumini alumini me nā mea hoʻohui alloying. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hōʻike pololei ʻia kēia ʻike ma ke kino piston, akā ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma kāna palapala ʻenehana.

Pākuʻi i ka manaʻo hoʻopuka