M1 Abrams

ʻO Prototype o ka pahu MVT-70 me nā mea hoʻohenehene i hoʻokomo ʻia o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomalu ahi a me kahi pū hope me ka ʻole o ka injector supercharger, me kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe kinoea pneumatic.

I ka wā o ke Kaua anu, ʻo ka M48 Patton ka pahu nui ʻAmelika a me ka nui o kāna mau hoa pili, a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka M60. ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ua hāpai ʻia nā ʻano kaʻa kaua ʻelua e like me nā kaʻa hoʻololi e hoʻololi koke ʻia e nā hoʻolālā pahuhopu, ʻoi aku ka hou, i kūkulu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana maikaʻi loa. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hiki mai kēia, a i ka manawa i kali ʻia ai ka "target" M1 Abrams i ka manawa i hōʻike ʻia i ka XNUMXs, ua aneane pau ka Cold War.

Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua manaʻo ʻia nā pahu M48 he hopena pōkole ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, no laila ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomaka koke i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi pahu hoʻohiki hou. I ke kauwela o 1951, ua kauoha ʻia ia mau haʻawina e ka Luna Nui o nā Weapons, Tanks and Vehicle Technology, Ordnance Tank and Vehicle Command (OTAC), aia ma Detroit Arsenal, Warren kokoke i Detroit, Michigan. I kēlā manawa, aia kēia kauoha ma lalo o ke kauoha a ka US Army Ordnance Command, aia ma Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, akā ua kapa hou ʻia ʻo US Army Materiel Command ma 1962 a ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia i Redstone Arsenal kokoke i Huntsville, Alabama. Ua noho ʻo OTAC ma Detroit Arsenal a hiki i kēia lā, ʻoiai i ka makahiki 1996 ua hoʻololi ʻo ia i kona inoa i ke poʻo o nā mea kaua, nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa - US Army Tanks and Weapons Command (TACOM).

Ma laila i hana ʻia ai nā hoʻonā hoʻolālā no nā pahu hou ʻAmelika, a ma laila e hāʻawi pinepine ʻia ai nā mea hoʻolālā i nā hoʻolālā kikoʻī a me nā hoʻonā e pili ana i ka noiʻi i hana ʻia ma aneʻi. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā pahu i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa loa ma mua o ka laʻana, mokulele. Ma keʻano o nā hale mokulele, ua ho'ākākaʻia nā koi e pili ana i ka hana i makemakeʻia a me nā mana hakakā, akā naʻe, ua waihoʻia nā mea hoʻolālā mai nā hui kūikawā me ka nui o ka lumi wiggle i ke kohoʻana i kahi pūnaewele hoʻolālā, nā mea i hoʻohanaʻia a me nā kiko'ī. nā hoʻonā. I ka hihia o nā kaʻa, ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā hoʻolālā mua no nā kaʻa kaua ma ka Armaments, Tanks and Vehicles Headquarters (OTAC) ma Detroit Arsenal a lawe ʻia e nā ʻenekinia ʻenehana mai nā lawelawe ʻenehana o ka US Army.

ʻO ka manaʻo studio mua ka M-1. ʻAʻole pono e huikau me ka M1 Abrams hope loa, ʻoiai ʻokoʻa ka track record. I ka hihia o ka papahana, ua kākau ʻia ka inoa ʻo M-1 ma o kahi dash, a i ka hihia o kahi pahu i lawe ʻia no ka lawelawe, ua ʻae ʻia ke komo ʻana i ʻike ʻia mai ka US Army arms nomenclature - M me ka helu ʻole a me ka ʻole. he hoomaha, a he hakahaka paha, e like me ka makou e olelo nei i keia la.

ʻO ʻAukake 1 nā kiʻi o ke kumu hoʻohālike M-1951. He aha ka mea hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i loko o ka pahu? Hiki iā ʻoe ke hāʻawi iā ia i nā mea kaua ikaika a me nā mea kaua ikaika. Akā ma hea kahi e alakaʻi ai? ʻAe, lawe pololei kēia iā mākou i ka "Mouse" Kelemania kaulana, kahi hoʻolālā ʻano ʻano Panzerkampfwagen VIII Maus, ʻo ke kaupaona ʻana he 188 mau tona. he uhi holo, aole he pahu. No laila, pono e hana i ka mea hiki ʻole - e kūkulu i kahi pahu me nā mea kaua ikaika a me nā mea kaua, akā me ke kaumaha kūpono. Pehea e loaʻa ai iaʻu? Ma muli wale nō o ka emi nui o nā ana o ka pahu. Akā, pehea e hana ai i kēia, me ka manaʻo e hoʻonui mākou i ke anawaena o ka turret mai 44 m no ka M55 a i 128 m no ka mīkini hou, i komo ai nā mea kaua ikaika i kēia turret? A ua loaʻa nā hopena kūpono, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia - e kau i ka hale kiaʻi ma kahi o ka mea hoʻokele.

Ma ka papahana M-1, ua uhi ka mua o ka turret i ka fuselage mua, e like me ka Soviet IS-3. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia kaʻina hana ma ka IS-3. Me ke anawaena nui o ka hale kiai, ua hoonee ia aku ke kalaiwa i mua, ua kanuia ma ka waena, a ua haalele ia ka pu mikini hull, e kaupalena ana i na ohua i na kanaka eha. E noho ana ka mea hoʻokele i loko o ka "grotto" i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i mua, no laila ua hoʻemi ʻia ka lōʻihi o nā ʻaoʻao o ka pahu a me ka lalo, kahi i hoʻemi ai i ko lākou kaumaha. A i loko o ka IS-3, e noho ana ka mea hoʻokele i mua o ka pā. Ma ka manaʻo ʻAmelika, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia e peʻe ma hope o ke alo o ka hale kiaʻi a nānā i ka wahi ma o nā periscopes i ka fuselage ma ka lihi o ka pepa mua, a lawe i kona wahi, e like me ke koena o ka poʻe holo, ma o nā hatches i loko. ka halekiai. Ma ke kūlana i hoʻopaʻaʻia, pono e hoʻohuliʻia ka hale kiaʻi i hope, a ma kaʻokiʻoki ma lalo o ka hope o ka hale kiaʻi he puka wehe, i ka wā i weheʻia ai, hāʻawi i ka mea hoʻokele i ka nānā pololei i ke alanui. ʻO ka pale kaua mua he 102 mm ka mānoanoa a aia ma kahi kihi o 60 ° i ke kūpaʻa. ʻO ka mea kaua o ka pahu i ka pae hoʻomohala e like me ka mea kaua o nā prototypes T48 (ma hope o M48), ʻo ia hoʻi, pono ia me kahi pū rifled 139 mm T90 a me kahi pū mīkini coaxial 1919 mm Browning M4A7,62. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia nā pōmaikaʻi o ke anawaena nui o ke kumu o ka hale kiaʻi, akā i ka wā e hiki mai ana hiki ke kau ʻia nā mea kaua ikaika ma luna.

Hōʻike ke kiʻi i kekahi o nā prototypes ʻehā o ka pahu T95 i hoʻohiki ʻia ma kona ʻano kumu me kahi pū 208-mm T90 smoothbore.

Ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokele ʻia ka pahu e ka Continental AOS-895 engine. He ʻenekini pahu pahu 6-cylinder paʻa loa ia me ka peʻahi e hoʻopuʻi i ka ea maʻalili ma luna pono. Ma muli o ka ʻoluʻolu o ka ea, ua liʻiliʻi ka wahi. He 14 cm669 wale nō ka nui o kāna hana, akā hoʻomaikaʻi i ka supercharging maikaʻi, hiki i ka 3 hp. ma 500 rpm. Pono e hoʻohui ʻia ka ʻenekini me kahi pahu pahu pahu pahu pahu pahu pahu pahu pahu pahu pahu pahu ʻelua ʻokoʻa me ka mana ʻokoʻa ma nā huila ʻelua, ʻo ia hoʻi. me kahi mīkini hoʻokele i hoʻohui ʻia (i kapa ʻia ʻo Cross-drive). ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēlā ʻano mana mana, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi ʻenekini me ka hoʻoili a me ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoili mana, i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka M2800 Walker Bulldog light tank a me ka M500 Duster self-propelled anti-aircraft gun i hana ʻia ma ke kumu. Koe wale ka M41 i emi iho ma mua o 42 tons, e hana ana i ka mīkini 41 hp. hāʻawi iā ia i ka mana nui loa, a e like me ka helu ʻana, pono ke kaupaona ʻana o ka M-24 i 500 tons, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻole ʻia ʻoi aku ka nui. ʻO ka German PzKpfw V Panther he 1 tons, a me ka mīkini 40 hp. hāʻawi iā ia i ka wikiwiki o 45 km / h ma ke alanui a me 700-45 km / h ma ke kula. Pehea ka wikiwiki o kahi kaʻa ʻAmelika ʻoi aku ka māmā me ka mīkini 20 hp?

No ke aha i hoʻolālā ʻia ai ka ʻenekini AOC-895 e hoʻohana ʻia ma kahi o ka mīkini 12-cylinder Continental AV-1790 mai ka pahu M48 me 690 hp? ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka mana diesel o ka AVDS-1790, hiki i kēia engine ke 750 hp. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka mīkini AOC-895 ka liʻiliʻi a me ka māmā, ʻo kona kaumaha he 860 kg me 1200 kg no ka mana 12-cylinder. ʻO ka mīkini liʻiliʻi i hiki ke hoʻopōkole i ka hull, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻemi hou i ke kaumaha o ka pahu. Eia naʻe, i ka hihia o M-1, ʻaʻole hiki ke hopu ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana maikaʻi loa. E nānā kākou i kēia koho. ʻO ka German PzKpfw VI Tiger nona ke kaumaha he 57 tons ua like ka mīkini 700 hp me ka PzKpfw V Panther. I kona hihia, ʻo ka ukana mana ma kahi o 12,3 hp. no ke tona. No ka hoʻolālā M-1, ʻo ka mana hoʻouka helu ʻia he 12,5 hp. no ke tona, ua aneane like. Hoʻokumu ka tiger i ka wikiwiki o 35 km / h ma ke ala nui, a hiki i 20 km / h ma ke alanui. Manaʻo ʻia nā ʻāpana like ʻole mai ka papahana M-1, e loaʻa i kēia mīkini kahi hemahema mana like loa.

I Malaki 1952, ua mālama ʻia ka hālāwai kūkā mua, codenamed "Question Mark", ma Detroit Arsenal, ka mea i manaʻo i nā pono a me nā pōʻino o nā hopena like ʻole i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā pahu hoʻohiki. ʻElua mau papahana ʻē aʻe, ʻo M-2 a me M-3, he 46 tons a me 43 tons, ua hōʻike mua ʻia ma ka ʻaha kūkā.