ʻO Lisa Meitner
ʻO ia ka wahine - ʻo Lise Meitner ka mea mua i wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka palaho nuklea. No kona kumu paha? He Iudaio ʻo ia a ua hana ʻo ia ma Kelemania - ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o ke Kōmike Nobel a i ka makahiki 1944 ua loaʻa iā Otto Hahn ka Nobel Prize for nuclear fission.
I ka hapa lua o nā makahiki 30, ua hana pū ʻo Lisa Meitner, Otto Hahn a me Fritz Strassmann i kēia pilikia ma Berlin. He chemists nā keonimana, a he physicist ʻo Lisa. I ka makahiki 1938, ua holo ʻo ia mai Kelemānia a i Suedena mai ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana o Nazi. No nā makahiki, mālama ʻo Hahn i ka loaʻa ʻana ma luna o nā hoʻokolohua kemika ma hope o Meitner haʻalele iā Berlin. Eia naʻe, ma hope o kekahi manawa, ua hoʻololi mau ka poʻe ʻepekema i nā leka me kekahi, a i loko o lākou i kā lākou mau hopena ʻepekema a me nā ʻike. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Strassmann ʻo Lise Meitner ke alakaʻi naʻauao o ka hui i nā manawa a pau. Ua hoʻomaka ia i ka makahiki 1907 i ka wā i neʻe ai ʻo Lise Meitner mai Vienna a i Berlin. I kēlā manawa he 28 ona makahiki. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka radioactivity me Otto Hahn. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana i loaʻa i ka makahiki 1918 ka protactinium, kahi mea radioactive kaumaha. He poʻe ʻepekema kaulana lāua a he mau polopeka ma ke Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft fur Chemie. Ua alakaʻi ʻo Lise i ke keʻena kūʻokoʻa o ka physics, a ʻo Otto ke poʻo radiochemistry. Ma laila lākou i hoʻoholo pū ai e wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka radioactivity. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i mahalo nui ʻia ka hana a Lise Meitner i nā makahiki. I ka makahiki 1943 wale nō, ua kono ʻia ʻo Lisa Meitmer i Los Alamos, kahi i hoʻomaka ai ka noiʻi e hana i kahi pōkā atomika. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hele. I ka makahiki 1960 ua neʻe ʻo ia i Cambridge, ʻEnelani a make i laila i ka makahiki 1968 i ka makahiki 90, ʻoiai ua puhi ʻo ia i ka paka a hana pū me nā mea radioactive i kona ola a pau. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i kākau i kahi autobiography, ʻaʻole hoʻi i ʻae i nā moʻolelo e pili ana i kona ola i kākau ʻia e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.
Eia naʻe, ʻike mākou ua hoihoi ʻo ia i ka ʻepekema mai kona wā kamaliʻi a makemake e loaʻa ka ʻike. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 1901, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia nā kaikamahine e hele i nā hale haʻuki, no laila pono ʻo Lisa e ʻoluʻolu me ke kula aupuni (Bürgerschule). Ma hope o kona puka 'ana, ua a'o 'o ia i nā mea e pono ai no ka ho'okolokolo matriculation, a ua hala i ka makahiki 22, i ka makahiki 1906, ma ka hale ha'uki kula ma Vienna. I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e aʻo i ka physics, ka makemakika a me ke akeakamai ma ke Kulanui o Vienna. Ma waena o kāna mau polopeka, ʻo Ludwig Boltzmann ka mana nui loa iā Lisa. Aia i kona makahiki mua, ua hoihoi 'o ia i ka pilikia o ka radioactivity. I ka makahiki 1907, ʻo ia ka lua o ka wahine ma ka mōʻaukala o ke Kulanui o Vienna, ua loaʻa iā ia kāna kauka kauka ma ka physics. ʻO ke kumuhana o kāna dissertation ʻo "Thermal Conductivity of Inhomogeneous Materials". Ma hope o ka pale ʻana i kāna kauka kauka, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hoʻomaka e hana no Skłodowska-Curie ma Palisa. Ma hope o ka hōʻole ʻana, ua hana ʻo ia ma ka Institute for Theoretical Physics ma Vienna. I ka makahiki 30, ua neʻe ʻo ia i Berlin e hoʻolohe i nā haʻi ʻōlelo a Max Planck. Ma laila ʻo ia i hui ai me ka ʻōpio ʻo Otto Hahn āna i hana pū ai me nā hoʻomaha pōkole no nā makahiki XNUMX e hiki mai ana.
