ʻO wai ka ʻike? ʻO mākou a i ʻole manawa-manawa?

Metaphysics? Nui ka poʻe ʻepekema makaʻu ʻo nā kuhiakau e pili ana i ke ʻano quantum o ka noʻonoʻo a me ka hoʻomanaʻo no kēia kahua ʻepekema kaulana ʻole. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he aha, inā ʻaʻole ʻepekema, ʻo ka ʻimi ʻana i ke kino, me ka quantum, kumu no ka ʻike, ma kahi o ka ʻimi ʻana i nā wehewehe kupua?

1. Microtubules - ʻike maka

No ka ʻōlelo ʻana mai ka pukana o Dekemaba o New Scientist, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Arizona anesthetist Stuart Hameroff no nā makahiki he nui. microtubules - nā hale fibrous me ke anawaena o 20-27 nm, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma muli o ka polymerization o ka protein tubulin a me ka hana ʻana ma ke ʻano he cytoskeleton e hana ana i kahi cell, me kahi cell nerve (1) - aia i loko Quantum "superpositions"hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa ʻelua mau ʻano like ʻole i ka manawa like. Hoʻopili ʻia kēlā me kēia o kēia mau ʻano me ka nui o ka ʻike, kubitem, i kēia hihia e mālama ʻelua i ka nui o ka ʻikepili e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka ʻike kahiko o kēia ʻōnaehana. Inā mākou e hoʻohui i kēia ʻano qubit entanglement, 'o ia ho'i nā hui 'ana o nā 'āpana 'a'ole ma kahi kokoke, hō'ike kumu hoʻohālike o ka hana ʻana o ka lolo ma ke ʻano he computer quantumi wehewehe ʻia e ka physicist kaulana ʻo Roger Penrose. Ua hui pū ʻo Hameroff me ia, no laila e wehewehe ana i ka wikiwiki, ka maʻalahi a me ka versatility o ka lolo.

2. Stuart Hameroff a me Roger Penrose

ʻO ke ao ana o Planck

Wahi a ka poʻe kākoʻo o ke kumumanaʻo o ka quantum mind, pili ka pilikia o ka ʻike me ke ʻano o ka manawa-manawa ma ka pālākiō Planck. ʻO ka manawa mua kēia i kuhikuhi ʻia e nā ʻepekema i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna - ʻo Penrose lāua ʻo Hameroff (90) i kā lākou mau hana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 2. Wahi a lākou, inā makemake mākou e ʻae i ke kumumanaʻo quantum o ka ʻike, a laila pono mākou e koho i kahi e hana ai nā kaʻina quantum. Hiki iā ia ke lolo - mai ka manaʻo o ka quantum theory, he ʻehā-dimensional space-time i kona hale ponoʻī i loko o kahi unimaginably liʻiliʻi nui, o ke kauoha o 10-35 mika. (Planck lōʻihi). Ma ia mau mamao, ua like ka manawa-manawa me ka huahuakai, a he leo kona mau ohu

10-105 m3 (ʻaneʻane hoʻokahi haneli pākēneka kuantum vacuum kahi atom spatially). Wahi a ka ʻike o kēia wā, ʻo ia ʻano mānoanoa e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka paʻa o nā ʻātoma. Inā hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻike ma ka quantum vacuum, hiki iā ia ke hoʻololi i nā waiwai o ka mea.

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā microtubules i ke kuhiakau Penrose-Hameroff e hoʻololi i ka manawa-manawa kūloko. Ua "ʻike" ʻo ia iā mākou, a hiki iā ia ke hoʻohuli iā mākou ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mokuʻāina quantum i nā microtubules. Mai kēia, hiki ke huki i nā hopena exotic. No ka laʻana, penei ʻO nā hoʻololi a pau i ka hoʻolālā o ka mea i loko o kā mākou ʻāpana o ka manawa-manawa, i hana ʻia e ka ʻike, me ka ʻole o ka lohi o ka manawa, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma kekahi ʻāpana o ka manawa-manawa, no ka laʻana, i kekahi galaxy.

Hōʻike ʻia ʻo Hameroff i nā nīnau ninaninau he nui. manaʻo panpsychismma muli o ka manaʻo aia kekahi ʻano ʻike i nā mea āpau a puni ʻoe. He manaʻo kahiko kēia i hoʻihoʻi ʻia i ka makahiki XNUMXth e Spinoza. ʻO kekahi manaʻo i loaʻa panprotopsychizm - Ua hoʻolauna ʻo Philosopher David Chalmers. Ua koho ʻo ia i ka inoa no ka manaʻo aia he "ambiguous", hiki ke ʻike, akā ʻike maoli ʻia i ka wā e hoʻāla ʻia a māhele ʻia paha. No ka laʻana, i ka wā i hoʻāla ʻia ai ʻole i komo ʻia e ka lolo nā mea protoconscious, lilo lākou i ʻike a hoʻonui i nā kaʻina neural me ka ʻike. Wahi a Hameroff, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia nā mea panprotopsychic i kekahi lā ma ke ʻano o ka physics kumu i ke ao holoʻokoʻa (3).

Hiʻi liʻiliʻi a nui

ʻO Roger Penrose, ma muli o ke kumumanaʻo o Kurt Gödel, e hōʻike ana he hiki ʻole ke helu ʻia kekahi mau hana i hana ʻia e ka noʻonoʻo. Hōʻike i kēlā ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke wehewehe i ka manaʻo kanaka algorithmically, a no ka wehewehe ʻana i kēia incomputability, pono ʻoe e nānā i ka hāʻule o ka hana hawewe quantum a me ka umekaumaha quantum. I kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua noʻonoʻo ʻo Penrose inā hiki i kahi quantum superposition o nā neurons i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia e pili ana ka neuron me ka computer quantum i ka lolo. ʻO nā bits i loko o ka lolouila kahiko "on" a i ʻole "off", "zero" a i ʻole "hoʻokahi". Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hana nā kamepiula quantum me nā qubits i hiki i ka manawa hoʻokahi i kahi superposition o "zero" a me "hoʻokahi".

Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ʻo Penrose ua like ka nuipaʻa me ka curvature o spacetime. Ua lawa ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka manawa-manawa ma kahi ʻano maʻalahi e like me ka pepa pepa ʻelua. Hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā ana kikowaa ʻekolu ma ka axis-x, ʻoiai ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka manawa ma ke axis y. ʻO ka nuipa ma kahi kūlana he ʻaoʻao i ʻāwili ʻia ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, a ʻo ka nuipa ma kahi kūlana ʻē aʻe ua pio ma kekahi ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka laina lalo, ʻo ka nuipa, kūlana, a mokuʻāina paha e pili ana i kekahi curvature i loko o ka geometry kumu o ka lewa-manawa e hōʻike ana i ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma kahi ʻano liʻiliʻi. No laila, ʻo kekahi nuipa i ka superposition, ʻo ia ka curvature ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua a ʻoi aʻe paha i ka manawa like, ʻo ia ka mea like me kahi ʻōhū, bulge, a i ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka geometry manawa-manawa. Wahi a ka manaʻo nui o ka honua, ke hana ʻia kēia, hiki i ke ao holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa ke ʻano - ʻokoʻa nā ʻaoʻao o ka manawa-manawa a wehe ʻia kēlā me kēia.

Ua ʻae ʻo Penrose i kēia ʻike. Eia nō naʻe, ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia ʻaʻole paʻa ka ʻōhū, ʻo ia hoʻi, hāʻule i loko o kekahi honua a i ʻole ma hope o ka manawa i hāʻawi ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi e pili ana i ka pālākiō o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a i ʻole ka nui o ka manawa-manawa o ka pahu. No laila, ʻaʻohe pono e ʻae i nā honua he nui, akā nā wahi liʻiliʻi wale nō kahi i wāwahi ʻia ai ko kākou ao. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka manaʻo maopopo ʻole, ʻike ka physicist e hāʻule koke kahi kaʻawale nui, a me kahi mea liʻiliʻi me ka mālie. No laila hiki i kahi mole liʻiliʻi, e like me ka atom, hiki ke noho i ka superposition no ka manawa lōʻihi, e ʻōlelo ʻia 10 miliona mau makahiki. Akā, hiki i ka mea nui e like me ka popoki hoʻokahi kilokani ke noho ma luna o 10-37 kekona, no laila, ʻaʻole mākou e ʻike pinepine i nā pōpoki i ka superposition.

Ua ʻike mākou he mau ʻumi a hiki i nā haneli milliseconds ke kaʻina hana o ka lolo. No ka laʻana, me nā oscillations me ke alapine o 40 Hz, ko lākou lōʻihi, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka wā, he 25 milliseconds. ʻO ka rhythm alpha ma kahi electroencephalogram he 100 milliseconds. Pono kēia pālākiō manawa i nā nanograms nui i ka superposition. I ka hihia o nā microtubules i superposition, 120 billion tubulins e koi ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi ko lākou helu he 20 XNUMX. neurons, ʻo ia ka helu kūpono o nā neurons no nā hanana psychic.

Hōʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka hypothetically hiki ke hana i ka wā o kahi hanana ʻike. Hana ʻia ka helu helu quantum i loko o nā tubulins a alakaʻi i ka hāʻule e like me ke kumu hoʻohaʻahaʻa a Roger Penrose. Hoʻokumu kēlā me kēia hāʻule i ke kumu o kahi ʻano hou o nā hoʻonohonoho tubulin, kahi e hoʻoholo ai pehea e hoʻomalu ai nā tubulins i nā hana kelepona ma nā synapses, a pēlā aku. nā hui i hoʻokomo ʻia ma kēia pae.

Ua kapa ʻo Penrose lāua ʻo Hameroff i kā lāua kumu hoʻohālike haku hoemi pahuhopu (Orch-OR-) no ka mea, aia ka puka manaʻo ma waena o ka biology a me ka "harmony" a i ʻole "composition" o nā loli kuantum. I ko lakou manao, aia kekahi mau kaʻawale a me nā kaʻina kamaʻilio i wehewehe ʻia e nā mokuʻāina o ka gelation i loko o ka cytoplasm e hoʻopuni ana i nā microtubules, e kū ana ma kahi o kēlā me kēia 25 milliseconds. ʻO ke kaʻina o kēia mau "hana ʻike" alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kā mākou kahawai o ka ʻike. ʻIke mākou iā ia ma ke ʻano he hoʻomau, e like me ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni e hoʻomau ʻia ana, ʻoiai he mau papa kaʻawale ia.

A i ʻole ma lalo paha

Eia naʻe, kānalua ka poʻe physicists e pili ana i nā kuhiakau quantum brain. ʻOiai ma lalo o nā kūlana cryogenic laboratory, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka coherence o nā mokuʻāina quantum no ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā hapa o ke kekona he pilikia nui. Pehea e pili ana i ka lolo mehana a pulu?

Manaʻo ʻo Hameroff i mea e pale aku ai i ka decoherence ma muli o ka hopena o ke kaiapuni, Pono e noho kaʻawale ka superposition quantum. Me he mea lā hiki ke kaʻawale i loko o ke kele i ka cytoplasmkahi, no ka laʻana, hiki i ka gelation i ʻōlelo ʻia a puni nā microtubules ke pale iā lākou. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā microtubules ma mua o nā neurons a ua hoʻopili ʻia e like me ke aniani. He mea koʻikoʻi ka pālākiō nui no ka mea ua manaʻo ʻia he hiki ke loaʻa kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, e like me ka electron, ma nā wahi ʻelua i ka manawa like. ʻOi aku ka nui o kekahi mea, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka lab e hana i nā wahi ʻelua i ka manawa like.

Eia naʻe, e like me Matthew Fisher o ke Kulanui o Kaleponi ma Santa Barbara, i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka ʻatikala ʻo Dekemaba New Scientist, loaʻa iā mākou ka manawa e hoʻoponopono ai i ka pilikia coherence inā mākou e iho i ka pae. milo atomika. ʻO ke ʻano, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka milo i loko o ka nuclei atomika o ka phosphorus, i loaʻa i loko o nā molekala o nā pūhui kemika nui no ka hana o ka lolo. Ua ʻike ʻo Fisher i kekahi mau hopena kemika i loko o ka lolo e hoʻohua ana i nā ion phosphate ma nā mokuʻāina pili. Ua ʻike ʻo Roger Penrose i kēia mau ʻike e hoʻohiki nei, ʻoiai ʻo ia ke makemake nei i ka hypothesis microtubule.

4. Naʻauao hana - ʻike

ʻO nā kuhiakau e pili ana i ke kumu quantum o ka ʻike he mau manaʻo hoihoi i nā manaʻo no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka naʻauao. I ko lākou manaʻo, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke kūkulu i kahi AI ʻike maoli (4) e pili ana i ka ʻenehana maʻamau, silika a me ka transistor. ʻO nā kamepiula quantum wale nō - ʻaʻole i kēia manawa a i ʻole ka hanauna e hiki mai ana - e wehe i ke ala i kahi lolo "ʻoiaʻiʻo", a i ʻole ʻike, synthetic lolo.