ʻO ka hopena o ka hōʻailona RAF Tornado i iho i ka mōʻaukala

Ua komo ʻo Tornado GR.4A (mua) me ka helu serial ZG711 i ka Tactical Leadership Program ma Florennes ma Belgium i Pepeluali 2006. Ua nalowale ka mokulele

i ka makahiki hookahi ma muli o ka hahau manu.

ʻO ka Tornado ka mea hoʻouka kaua mua o ka Royal Air Force (RAF) no nā makahiki he kanahā i hala. ʻO ka mīkini hope loa o kēia ʻano mai nā mokulele kaua i ka Royal Air Force o Great Britain ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia i ka lā 31 Malaki o kēia makahiki. I kēia lā, lawe ʻia nā mikiona Tornado e Eurofighter Typhoon FGR.4 a me Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning multipurpose aircraft.

Ua hoʻokumu ke poʻo o nā limahana o ka Royal Netherlands Air Force, Lieutenant General Berti Wolf, i kahi papahana ma 1967 e manaʻo ana e pani i ka F-104G Starfighter a me kahi hoʻolālā fighter-bomber hou, e hoʻomohala ʻia e ka European Aviation Industry. Ma hope o kēia, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻo UK, Belgium, Netherlands, Italia a me Kanada i kahi hoʻolālā e hana i kahi mokulele kaua multi-role (MRCA).

Ua hoʻopau ʻia nā haʻawina koi MRCA ma Pepeluali 1, 1969. Ua kālele ʻia lākou i ka hiki ke hoʻokuʻi a no laila ʻo ka mokulele hou he ʻelua noho a me ka ʻenekini māhoe. I kēia manawa, makemake ka Dutch Ministry of Defense i kahi māmā, hoʻokahi-engine, multi-role mokulele me kahi kūʻai kūpono a me ka uku hana. Ma muli o ka hakakā ʻana, nā koi kūpono ʻole, ua haʻalele ka Netherlands mai ka papahana MRCA i Iulai 1969. Pēlā nō, ua hana like ʻo Belgium a me Kanada, akā ua komo ka Federal Republic of Germany i ka papahana.

I ka wā o ke Kaua anu, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā mokulele ʻo Tornado GR.1 e lawe i nā pōkā nuklea hoʻolālā WE 177. Ma ka honua: ALARM anti-radiation missile.

ʻO ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o nā hoa hana i kālele ʻia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi mokulele i hoʻolālā ʻia e paʻi i nā pahuhopu ʻāina, e hana i ka reconnaissance, a me nā hana ma ke kahua o ka pale lewa a me ke kākoʻo tactical no nā pūʻali koa o ka Navy. Ua ʻimi ʻia nā manaʻo like ʻole, me nā mea ʻē aʻe i nā mokulele paʻa paʻa ʻēheu hoʻokahi.

Ua hoʻoholo ka consortium MRCA hou e kūkulu i nā prototypes; ʻO kēia mau mea i manaʻo ʻia he mau mokulele multipurpose ʻelua noho me kahi ākea o nā mea kaua lele, me nā missiles alakaʻi i ka lewa. Ua haʻalele ka prototype mua o ia mokulele ma Manching ma Kelemānia ma ʻAukake 14, 1974. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka honua. Eiwa prototypes i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka ho'āʻo, a laila, eono hou hoʻokolohua moʻo mokulele. Ma Malaki 10, 1976, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e hoʻomaka i ka hana nui o ka Tornado.

A hiki i ka Panavia consortium (i hoʻokumu ʻia e British Aerospace, German Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm a me Italian Aeritalia) i kūkulu i ka mokulele mua i hana mua ʻia, ua kapa hou ʻia ka MRCA ʻo Tornado. Ua hoʻomaka mua ʻia ma Pepeluali 5, 1977.

ʻO ka mana mua no ka Royal Air Force i kapa ʻia ʻo Tornado GR.1 a ʻokoʻa iki mai ka mokulele German-Italian Tornado IDS. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ka Tornado GR.1 fighter-bomber mua i ka multinational Trinational Tornado Training Establishment (TTTE) ma RAF Cottesmore ma 1 Iulai 1980.

Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka hui i nā hui Tornado no nā aupuni hoa ʻekolu. ʻO ka pūʻali laina RAF mua i hoʻolako ʻia me ka Tornado GR.1 ʻo No. ʻO IX (Bomber) Squadron, i hana mua i nā mea hoʻokūkū hoʻolālā Avro Vulcan. I ka makahiki 1984, ua hoʻokō piha ʻia me nā mea hana hou.

Nā hana a me nā hiʻohiʻona loea a me ka ʻenehana

ʻO Tornado kahi mokulele māhoe-engine multipurpose i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā pahuhopu i ka hohonu o nā pale ʻenemi, a me nā mokulele reconnaissance. I mea e hana maikaʻi ai ka mokulele ma ke kiʻekiʻe haʻahaʻa i nā hana i luna, ua manaʻo ʻia he pono e hoʻokō i ka wikiwiki supersonic kiʻekiʻe a me ka maneuverability maikaʻi a me ka maneuverability i nā wikiwiki haʻahaʻa.

No nā mokulele kiʻekiʻe i kēlā mau lā, koho ʻia kahi ʻēheu delta. Akā, ʻaʻole kūpono kēia ʻano ʻēheu no ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka wikiwiki haʻahaʻa a i ʻole nā ​​kiʻekiʻe haʻahaʻa. No nā kiʻekiʻe haʻahaʻa, ke kamaʻilio nui nei mākou e pili ana i ka huki kiʻekiʻe o ia ʻēheu ma nā kihi kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻouka ʻana, e alakaʻi ana i ka nalowale wikiwiki o ka wikiwiki a me ka mana o ka mana.

ʻO ka hoʻonā ʻana i ka pilikia o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka nui o ka wikiwiki i ka wā e hoʻokele ai i nā wahi haʻahaʻa no ka Tornado i lilo i ʻēheu geometry variable. Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pāhana, ua koho ʻia kēia ʻano ʻēheu no ka MRCA e hoʻoikaika i ka maneuverability a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa huki ʻana i nā wikiwiki like ʻole ma ke kiʻekiʻe haʻahaʻa. I mea e hoʻonui ai i ka radius o ka hana, ua hoʻolako ʻia ka mokulele me kahi mea hoʻokipa pelu no ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka wahie hou i ka lele.

I ka makahiki 2015, ua loaʻa i kahi Tornado GR.4 me ka helu serial ZG750 ka hana pena kiʻi kaulana ʻo 1991 Gulf War i kapa ʻia ʻo "Desert Pink". No laila, ua hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ka 25th anniversary o ka lawelawe kaua o kēia ʻano mokulele i ka mokulele Pelekane (Royal International Air Tattoo 2017).

Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻokoʻa fighter-bomber, ua loaʻa pū i ka RAF kekahi ʻano ʻokoʻa lōʻihi o ka hull o ka Tornado ADV fighter me nā lako like ʻole a me nā mea kaua, a ma kona ʻano hope loa i kapa ʻia ʻo Tornado F.3. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mana ma ka ʻōnaehana pale ea UK no 25 mau makahiki, a hiki i 2011, i ka wā i pani ʻia ai e ka Eurofighter Typhoon multirole aircraft.

ʻano

I ka huina, ua loaʻa i ka Royal Air Force he 225 Tornado mokulele i nā ʻano hoʻouka kaua like ʻole, ka nui ma nā mana GR.1 a me GR.4. No ka ʻano ʻano Tornado GR.4, ʻo ia ka mea hope loa i koe i ka lawelawe me ka RAF (ua hāʻawi ʻia ke kope mua o kēia ʻano i ka British Air Force ma ʻOkakopa 31, 1997, ua hana ʻia lākou e ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona mua), no laila. ma kēia ʻatikala e kālele mākou i ka wehewehe ʻana o kēia ʻano like ʻole.

Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka Tornado GR.4 fighter-bomber, e hoʻonui mau ana i kona hiki ke kaua. No laila, ʻokoʻa loa ka Tornado GR.4 i kona ʻano hope loa mai kēlā mau Tornados i kūkulu mua ʻia e like me nā koi tactical a me nā ʻenehana i kūkulu ʻia ma ka hopena o nā 4s. Ua lako ka mokulele Tornado GR.199 me ʻelua Turbo-Union RB.34-103R Mk 38,5 bypass turbojet engines me ka ʻoi loa o 71,5 kN a me 27 kN ma afterburner. Hāʻawi kēia iā ʻoe e lawe aku me ka nui o ke kaumaha o 950 1350 kg a hiki i ka wikiwiki o 1600 km / h ma ke kiʻekiʻe haʻahaʻa a me XNUMX km / h ma ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO 3890 km ka lōʻihi o ka lele ʻana o ka mokulele a hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia e ka hoʻopiha piha ʻana i ka mokulele; ʻO ka radius o ka hana ma kahi mikiona kuʻuna maʻamau he 1390 km.

Ma muli o ka hana i hana ʻia, hiki i ka Tornado GR.4 ke lawe i ka Paveway II, III a me IV laser a me nā pōpoki alakaʻi ukali, Brimstone air-to-ground missiles, Storm Shadow tactical cruise missiles, a me nā missiles alakaʻi i ka lewa liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka uhi pahi kaua ASRAAM. Ua paʻa mau ka mokulele Tornado GR.1 me ʻelua mau pūkuniahi 27 mm Mauser BK 27 me 180 pōʻai no ka pahu, i hoʻopau ʻia i ka mana GR.4.

I ka manawa mua o ka lawelawe ʻana, ʻo ka Tornado GR.1 fighter-bombers o ka RAF i ʻaʻahu i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo uliuli a hina hina.

Ma waho aʻe o nā mea kaua, lawe ka mokulele ʻo Tornado GR.4 i nā pahu wahie hou me ka nui o 1500 a i ʻole 2250 mau lita ma kahi maʻa waho, kahi Litening III optoelectronic kiaʻi a alakaʻi pahu, kahi pahu hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻike ʻike Raptor, a me kahi Sky Shadow hoʻoikaika radio interference. ʻōnaehana. pahu a i ʻole ejectors o ka anti-radiation a me ka thermodestructive cartridges. ʻO ka nui loa o ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o waho o ka mokulele ma kahi o 9000 kg.

Me kēia mau mea kaua a me nā mea hana kūikawā, hiki i ka Tornado GR.4 fighter-bomber ke hoʻouka i nā pahuhopu a pau i hiki ke loaʻa ma ke kahua kaua hou. No ka hakakā ʻana i nā mea me nā kūlana i ʻike ʻia, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā pahu ʻohana Paveway i alakaʻi ʻia e ka laser a i ʻole Storm Shadow tactical cruise missiles (no nā pahuhopu koʻikoʻi i ka ʻenemi).

Ma nā hana e pili ana i ka ʻimi kūʻokoʻa a me ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pahuhopu ʻāina a i ʻole i nā mikiona kākoʻo ea kokoke no nā pūʻali ʻāina, lawe ka Tornado i ka hui pū ʻana o nā pōkā Paveway IV a me Brimstone air-to-ground alakaʻi missiles me kahi ʻōnaehana homing pālua (laser a me ka radar ikaika). hui pū me kahi ʻāpana optical-electronic no ka nānā ʻana a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā pahu pahu Litening III.

Ua loaʻa iā RAF Tornadoes nā ʻano camouflage like ʻole mai ke komo ʻana i ka lawelawe. Ua hele mai ka mana GR.1 i loko o kahi ʻano camouflage i loaʻa i nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻoliva a me nā kiko hina, akā i ka hapa lua o nā makahiki nineties ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia kala i ka hina hina. I ka wā o ka hana ʻana ma Iraq i ka makahiki 1991, ua loaʻa kahi ʻāpana o ka Tornado GR.1 i ka ʻulaʻula a me ke one. I loko o kekahi kaua me Iraq i ka makahiki 2003, ua pena 'ia ka Tornado GR.4 i hina hina.

Hōʻoia i ke kaua

I loko o kāna lawelawe lōʻihi ma ka Royal Air Force, ua komo ka Tornado i nā hakakā kaua he nui. ʻO ka mokulele Tornado GR.1 i bapetizo ʻia i ke ahi i ka wā o ke Kaua Kaiwa ma 1991. Ma kahi o 60 RAF Tornado GR.1 fighter-bombers i komo i ka Operation Granby (UK komo i ka Operation Desert Storm) mai Muharraq base ma Bahrain a me Tabuk a me Dhahran ma Saudi. Arabia. Arabia.

ʻO ka Pelekania "Tornado", i ʻike ʻia e ka kala "Arctic", ua komo pū ʻo ia i nā hana ma Norewai. ʻO kekahi o lākou ua hoʻolako ʻia me kahi pā reconnaissance me kahi scanner laina e hana ana i nā kāmela infrared a me ka lewa.

I ka wā pōkole akā ikaika ʻo Iraqi o 1991, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Tornado no ka hoʻouka kaua haʻahaʻa ma nā kahua mokulele Iraqi. I kekahi mau hihia, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka mākaʻikaʻi optical-electronic hou a me ka pahu pahu TIALD (thermal imaging airborne laser target designator), ʻo ia ka hoʻomaka o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kaua kiʻekiʻe ma ka Tornado. ʻOi aku ma mua o 1500 mau mokulele i hoʻolele ʻia, ʻeono mau mokulele i nalowale.

Ua komo pū kekahi 18 Tornado F.3 i Operations Desert Shield a me Desert Storm e hoʻolako i ka pale lewa no Saudi Arabia. Mai ia manawa, ua ʻaneʻane komo mau ʻo British Tornadoes i nā hakakā, e hoʻomaka ana me ka hoʻohana ʻana ma nā Balkans ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi ʻāina lele ʻole ma luna o Bosnia a me Herzegovina, a ma ka ʻākau a me ka hema o Iraq.

Ua komo pū ʻo Tornado GR.1 fighter-bombers i ka Operation Desert Fox, he ʻehā lā o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana iā Iraq mai Dekemaba 16 a 19, 1998 e nā pūʻali koa US a me Pelekane. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka pahū ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻokō ʻole ʻana o Iraq i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo UN a me ka pale ʻana i nā nānā ʻana e ka UN Special Commission (UNSCOM).

ʻO kahi hana kaua ʻē aʻe kahi i hana ikaika ai ka Royal Air Force Tornado ʻo Operation Telek, ka haʻawina Pelekane i ka Operation Iraqi Freedom ma 2003. Aia kēia mau hana i ka GR.1 Tornado i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia a me ka GR.4 Tornado i hoʻonui ʻia. Ua loaʻa i ka mea hope kahi ākea ākea e kūʻē i nā pahuhopu honua, me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā missiles Storm Shadow. No ka mea hope, he hoʻomaka kaua ia. I ka wā o Operation Telic, ua nalowale kekahi mokulele, i kī hewa ʻia e kahi ʻōnaehana anti-aircraft American Patriot.

I ka manawa i hoʻopau ai ka Tornado GR.4 i nā hana ma Iraq, i ka makahiki 2009 ua hoʻouna ʻia lākou i Afghanistan, kahi i "hoʻomaha ai" nā mea hoʻouka kaua Harrier. Ma lalo oʻelua makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻounaʻo UK, me kahi Tornado Afghan ma Kandahar, i kekahi Tornado i ke Kaiwaenahonua. Me ka mokulele Eurofighter Typhoon i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Italia, ua komo ka Tornado GR.4 mai RAF Marham i ka Operation Unified Protector ma Libya i ka makahiki 2011.

He hana ia no ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi ʻāina lele ʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia e UN e hoʻopau i nā hoʻouka kaua ʻana e nā pūʻali aupuni Libyan ma luna o nā pūʻali kūʻē kaua e manaʻo nei e hoʻokahuli i ke aupuni dictator o Muammar Gaddafi. Ua lele ka huakaʻi Tornado i 4800 km mai ka lele ʻana a hiki i ka pae ʻana, ʻo nā mokulele kaua mua i lele mai ka ʻāina Pelekania mai ka hopena o ke Kaua Honua II. ʻO ke komo ʻana o Pelekane i ka Operation Unified Defender i kapa ʻia ʻo Ellamy |.

Nā pōʻino

Ua nalowale ka prototype P-08 i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​​​hui i ka noe a ua hāʻule ka mokulele ma ke Kai ʻIlani kokoke i Blackpool. I ka huina, i ka lawelawe 40 makahiki i ka RAF, ua nalowale nā ​​kaʻa 78 mai 395 i komo i ka lawelawe. Kokoke pololei 20 pakeneka. Kūʻai ʻia nā puahiohio, ma ka awelika ʻelua i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

I ka hapanui o nā hihia, ʻo nā kumu o nā ulia he mau ʻano hana hewa ʻenehana. Ua nalowale nā ​​mokulele 18 ma waena o ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana i ka lewa, a ua nalowale ʻekolu Tornados i ka wā i nalowale ai ka poʻe holo moku i ka mana o ke kaʻa i ka wā e hoʻāʻo nei e pale i ka hui ʻana i waena o ka lewa. ʻEhiku i nalowale i ka pā manu a ʻehā i pana ʻia i ka wā o Operation Desert Storm. ʻO nā 142 Tornado GR.4 fighter-bombers e lawelawe pū ana me ka RAF ma waena o 1999 a me 2019, he ʻumikūmālua i nalowale. ʻO kēia ma kahi o 8,5 pakeneka. ʻauwaʻa, averaging hoʻokahi Tornado GR.4 i loko o ʻelua makahiki, akā ʻaʻole i nalowale kekahi mokulele i nā makahiki ʻehā o ka lawelawe.

ka hope

Ua hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻia a hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ʻo RAF GR.4 Tornados, i hoʻonui mālie i ko lākou hiki ke kaua. Mahalo i kēia, ʻokoʻa loa nā Tornado hou i nā mea i hoʻomaka i ka lawelawe ma ka British Air Force. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau mokulele ma luna o hoʻokahi miliona mau hola lele a ʻo ia ka mea mua i hoʻomaha ʻia e ka RAF. ʻO nā mea kaua maikaʻi loa a ka Tornado, Brimstone air-to-air guided missiles a me Storm Shadow tactical cruise missiles, i kēia manawa ke lawe nei i ka Typhoon FGR.4 multirole mokulele. ʻO ka Typhoon FGR.4 a me F-35B Lightning mokulele e lawe i nā hana a ka Tornado fighter-bomber, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻike loea i loaʻa e nā poʻe holo moku a me nā mea hana honua o kēia mau mīkini i nā makahiki he kanahā.

ʻElua mau GR.4 Tornados ma mua o ka lele ʻana no ka lele aʻe i ka wā o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa Frisian Flag ma 2017 mai ka waihona Dutch Leeuwarden. ʻO kēia ka manawa hope loa i komo ai ka British Tornado GR.4 i ka Hae Ula makahiki like me ka hoʻoikaika kino ʻAmelika.

ʻO ka hui Pelekane hope loa i hoʻolako ʻia me ka Tornado GR.4 ʻo No. IX(B) Squadron RAF Marham. Mai 2020, e hoʻolako ʻia ka squadron me Protector RG.1 nā kaʻa mokulele unmanned. Ke hoʻohana mau nei ka poʻe Kelemania a me nā Italia i nā mea hoʻouka kaua Tornado. Hoʻohana pū ʻia lākou e Saudi Arabia, ʻo ia wale nō ka mea loaʻa ʻole ʻEulopa o kēia ʻano mīkini. Eia naʻe, pau nā mea maikaʻi a pau. Hoʻolālā nā mea hoʻohana ʻē aʻe ʻo Tornado e hoʻihoʻi i kā lākou mokulele o kēia ʻano, e hiki mai ana ma 2025. A laila e iho ʻo "Tornado" i ka mōʻaukala.