ʻO ka hopena a ma hope aku: ka emi ʻana o ka ʻepekema. ʻO kēia ka hopena o ke alanui a i ʻole he hopena make?

Higgs boson? He kumumanaʻo kēia o nā makahiki 60, i kēia manawa i hōʻoia ʻia i ka hoʻokolohua wale nō. Nā nalu umekaumaha? ʻO kēia ka manaʻo kahiko o Albert Einstein. Ua hana ʻia kēlā mau ʻike e John Horgan ma kāna puke The End of Science.

ʻAʻole ka puke a Horgan ka mua a ʻaʻole hoʻokahi wale nō. Nui nā mea i kākau ʻia e pili ana i ka "hopena o ka ʻepekema". Wahi a nā manaʻo i ʻike pinepine ʻia i loko o lākou, i kēia lā mākou e hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hoʻāʻo e hōʻoia i nā manaʻo kahiko. ʻAʻole mākou e ʻike i kekahi mea koʻikoʻi a me nā mea hou i ko mākou au.

keakea i ka ike

No nā makahiki he nui, ua noʻonoʻo ka poʻe naturalist a me ka physicist i nā palena o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻepekema. prof. ʻO Michal Tempcik. Ma nā puke a me nā ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma ka nūpepa ʻepekema, nīnau ʻo ia i ka nīnau - e loaʻa anei iā mākou i ka wā e hiki mai ana ka ʻike piha ʻaʻole pono ka ʻike hou aʻe? He kuhikuhi kēia, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, iā Horgan, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻopau nui ka Pole e pili ana i ka hopena o ka ʻepekema, akā pili ka luku ʻana i nā paradigms kuʻuna.

ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ʻo ka manaʻo o ka pau ʻana o ka ʻepekema ua like ia, inā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka laha, i ka hopena o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa. ʻO ka ʻoi loa o nā leo o nā physicists e hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā wahi decimal i nā nui i ʻike ʻia. Ma hope koke iho o kēia mau ʻōlelo i hele mai ai ʻo Einstein a me ka relativistic physics, kahi hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ke kuhiakau quantum a Planck a me ka hana a Niels Bohr. Wahi a prof. ʻO Tempcik, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ke kūlana o kēia lā i ka hopena o ke kenekulia XNUMX. Nui nā paradigms i hana no nā makahiki he nui e kū nei i nā pilikia hoʻomohala. I ka manawa like, e like me ka hopena o ke kenekulia XNUMX, nui nā hopena hoʻokolohua i ʻike ʻole ʻia a ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke wehewehe piha iā lākou.

Cosmology of special relativity e kau i keakea ma ke ala o ka ike. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka mea maʻamau, ʻo nā hopena i hiki ʻole iā mākou ke loiloi pololei. Wahi a ka poʻe theorists, hiki ke hūnā ʻia nā ʻāpana he nui i ka hoʻonā o ka Einstein equation, kahi hapa liʻiliʻi wale nō i ʻike ʻia e mākou, no ka laʻana, ua curved ke ākea kokoke i ka nuipa, ʻo ka ʻae ʻana o kahi kukui e hele kokoke ana i ka Lā. he palua ka nui e like me ka manao o Newton, a i ole ka hooloihiia ana o ka manawa ma ke kahua umekaumaha a me ka hoohuli ana o ka manawa-manawa e na mea o ka nuipaa like.

ʻO Niels Bohr lāua ʻo Albert Einstein

ʻO ka ʻōlelo e hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ka 5% wale nō o ke ao holoʻokoʻa no ka mea ʻo ke koena ka ikehu ʻeleʻele a me ka nui o ka pōʻeleʻele i manaʻo ʻia e nā ʻepekema he mea hilahila. No nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, he paʻakikī nui kēia - no ka poʻe e ʻimi nei i nā ʻano hoʻokolohua hou, a no nā kumumanaʻo.

Ke lilo nei nā pilikia e kū nei i ka makemakika hou i mea paʻakikī, inā ʻaʻole mākou e aʻo i nā ʻano kumu aʻo kūikawā a i ʻole e kūkulu i nā metatheories hou a maʻalahi hoʻi, e manaʻoʻiʻo wale mākou aia nā hoʻohālikelike makemakika, a ke hana nei lākou. , ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka puke ma 1637, ua hōʻoia wale ʻia ma 1996 ma 120 ʻaoʻao (!), E hoʻohana ana i nā kamepiula no nā hana logical-deductive, a hōʻoia ʻia ma ke kauoha a ka International Union e ʻelima mau mea makemakika i koho ʻia o ka honua. Wahi a ko lākou ʻae ʻana, pololei ka hōʻike. Ke ʻōlelo nui nei ka poʻe makemakika ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonā ʻia nā pilikia nui i kā lākou kahua me ka ʻole o ka mana hoʻololi nui o nā supercomputers, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kēia manawa.

Ma ka pōʻaiapili o ke ʻano haʻahaʻa, he mea aʻo moʻolelo o nā mea i ʻike ʻia e Max Planck. Ma mua o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ke kuhiakau quantum, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hoʻohui i nā lālā ʻelua: thermodynamics a me electromagnetic radiation, i hoʻokumu ʻia mai nā hoʻohālikelike a Maxwell. Ua hana maikaʻi ʻo ia. Ua wehewehe maikaʻi nā ʻōkuhi i hāʻawi ʻia e Planck i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 1900 i nā māhele i ʻike ʻia o ka nui o ka radiation ma muli o kona lōʻihi nalu. Eia nō naʻe, i ʻOkakopa XNUMX, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili hoʻokolohua i ʻokoʻa i ka manaʻo thermodynamic-electromagnetic a Planck. ʻAʻole i pale hou ʻo Planck i kāna ʻano kuʻuna kuʻuna a koho i kahi manaʻo hou āna e hoʻokumu ai ka noho ʻana o kahi ʻāpana o ka ikehu (kuantum). ʻO kēia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi physics hou, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻo Planck i ʻae i ka hopena o ke kipi āna i hoʻomaka ai.

Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā kumu hoʻohālike, he aha ka hope?

ʻO Horgan, ma kāna puke, nīnauele i nā ʻelele o ka hui mua o ka honua o ka ʻepekema, e like me Stephen Hawking, Roger Penrose, Richard Feynman, Francis Crick, Richard Dawkins a me Francis Fukuyama. ʻO ka laulā o nā manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia i loko o kēia mau kamaʻilio ʻana he ākea, akā - he mea nui - ʻaʻole kekahi o nā interlocutors i manaʻo ʻole i ka nīnau o ka hopena o ka ʻepekema.

Aia kekahi e like me Sheldon Glashow, ka mea lanakila no ka Nobel Prize ma ke kahua o nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa a me ka co-inventor o ka mea i kapa ʻia. Ke Ana Hoʻohālike Maʻamau o nā Māhele Elementaryka poe olelo ole no ka hope o ke ao ana, aka, o ke ao ana i mohai no ka pomaikai. No ka laʻana, e paʻakikī i nā physicists ke hana hou i ka holomua e like me ka "hoʻonohonoho" i ka Model. I ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi mea hou a hoihoi, ua hoʻolaʻa nā physicists theoretical iā lākou iho i ka makemake manaʻo kaula. Eia nō naʻe, no ka mea hiki ʻole ke hōʻoia ʻia, ma hope o ka nalu o ka hoihoi, hoʻomaka ka pessimism e hoʻoulu iā lākou.

Ke kumu hoʻohālike maʻamau e like me ka Rubik's Cube

ʻO Dennis Overbye, kahi mea kaulana kaulana o ka ʻepekema, hāʻawi i kāna puke i kahi hoʻohālike hoʻohālikelike o ke Akua ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila cosmic e hoʻokumu ana i ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma o ka hoʻokani ʻana i kāna kīkā superstring XNUMX-dimensional. Manaʻo wau inā hoʻokani ke Akua a hoʻokani mele paha, nīnau ka mea kākau.

ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano a me ka ulu ʻana o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, loaʻa iā ia iho, e hāʻawi ana i kahi wehewehe ʻoluʻolu loa me ka pololei o kekahi mau hakina o ke kekona mai kēlā ʻano kumu hoʻomaka. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa iā mākou ka manawa e hiki ai i nā kumu hope a me nā kumu mua o ke kumu o kā mākou Universe a wehewehe i nā kūlana i noho ai i kēlā manawa? Ma ʻaneʻi e hui ai ka cosmology me ke aupuni hazy kahi e kani ai ke ʻano o ka manaʻo superstring. A, ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻomaka ia e loaʻa i kahi ʻano "theological". I nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei, ua puka mai kekahi mau manaʻo kumu e pili ana i nā manawa mua loa, nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka mea i kapa ʻia. quantum cosmology. Eia naʻe, ʻo kēia mau manaʻo noʻonoʻo wale nō. Nui ka poʻe cosmologists e manaʻoʻiʻo e pili ana i ka hiki ke hoʻāʻo hoʻokolohua i kēia mau manaʻo a ʻike i kekahi mau palena i ko mākou hiki ke noʻonoʻo.

Wahi a ka physicist Howard Georgi, pono mākou e ʻike i ka cosmology ma ke ʻano he ʻepekema ma kāna ʻano hana maʻamau, e like me ke kumu hoʻohālike maʻamau o nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa a me nā quark. Manaʻo ʻo ia i ka hana ma ka quantum cosmology, me kāna mau wormhole, pēpē a me nā universes hānau, he ʻano kupaianaha. kaao ʻepekemamaikaʻi e like me nā moʻolelo hoʻokumu ʻē aʻe. Manaʻo ʻē aʻe e ka poʻe i manaʻoʻiʻo i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i ka quantum cosmology a hoʻohana i kā lākou naʻauao ikaika āpau no kēia.

Ke neʻe nei ka huakaʻi.

ʻO ka manaʻo "hopena o ka ʻepekema" ka hopena o nā manaʻolana kiʻekiʻe a mākou i kau ai ma luna. Ke koi nei ka honua hou i ka "revolution", "breakthroughs" a me nā pane paʻa i nā nīnau nui loa. Manaʻo mākou ua hoʻomohala ʻia kā mākou ʻepekema e manaʻo hope loa i nā pane. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ka ʻepekema i kahi manaʻo hope loa. ʻOiai naʻe, no nā kenekulia, ua hoʻoikaika i ke kanaka i mua a hoʻopuka mau i ka ʻike hou e pili ana i nā mea āpau. Hoʻohana mākou a hauʻoli i nā hopena kūpono o kona hoʻomohala ʻana, hoʻokele mākou i nā kaʻa, lele mokulele, hoʻohana i ka Pūnaewele. ʻO kekahi mau pilikia i hala aku nei ua kākau mākou ma "MT" e pili ana i ka physics, e like me ka ʻōlelo a kekahi, ua hiki i kahi hopena make. Hiki nō naʻe, ʻaʻole mākou i ka "hopena o ka ʻepekema" e like me ka hopena o kahi pilikia. Inā ʻae, a laila pono ʻoe e hoʻi i hope a hele wale i kahi alanui ʻē aʻe.