ʻO ka nui o nā mea hana palekana kamepiula - kahi hopena hope a i ʻole kahi kui i loko o ka pahu? Ke loaʻa iā mākou miliona mau qubits

Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻike ʻia ka quantum computing he ʻano hoʻopunipuni "kūpono" a "hiki ʻole" e pale aku i kekahi mai ka hacking i nā kamepiula a me ka ʻikepili. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, aia nō ka makaʻu ʻaʻole e hoʻohana hewa nā "kānaka ʻino" i ka ʻenehana quantum...

I kekahi mau mahina i hala aku nei, ma Letters on Applied Physics, ua hōʻike nā ʻepekema mai Kina i ka wikiwiki loa quantum random number generator (kuantum random number generator, QRNG) e hana ana i ka manawa maoli. No ke aha he mea nui? No ka mea, ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻohua (ʻoiaʻiʻo) nā helu random ke kī i ka hoʻopili.

ʻO ka nui loa ʻōnaehana QRNG I kēia lā, hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā ʻāpana photonic discrete a me nā mea uila, akā ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i ia mau ʻāpana i loko o kahi kaapuni hoʻohui ʻia he paʻakikī ʻenehana nui. Hoʻohana ka ʻōnaehana i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka hui i nā photodiodes indium germanium a me kahi mea hoʻonui transimpedance i hoʻohui ʻia me kahi ʻōnaehana photonic silicon (1) me kahi ʻōnaehana o nā mea hoʻohui a me nā attenuators.

ʻO ka hui pūʻana o kēia mau mea e hiki ai QR HAOLE ma ka ike ana i na hoailona mai nā kumu o ka quantum entropy me ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana i ka pane alapine. Ke ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona maʻamau, e hana ʻia lākou e kahi matrix puka puka programmable e unuhi i nā helu kūhelu maoli mai ka ʻikepili maka. Hiki i ka mea hopena ke hoʻohua i nā helu ma kahi o 19 gigabits i kekona, kahi moʻolelo honua hou. Hiki ke hoʻouna ʻia nā helu maʻamau i kekahi kamepiula ma luna o ke kaula fiber optic.

Ka hana ʻana i nā helu helu kuʻuna aia ma ka puʻuwai o ka cryptography. Ke hilinaʻi mau nei nā mea hoʻoheheʻe helu maʻamau i nā algorithms i kapa ʻia ʻo pseudo-random number generators, e like me ka inoa e hōʻike nei, ʻaʻole maoli maoli a no laila hiki ke pilikia. Maluna nā mea hoʻopuka helu quantum optical Ke hana nei kekahi mau hui like ʻole e like me Quantum Dice a me IDQuantique i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ke hoʻohana ʻia nei kā lākou huahana ma ke kālepa.

e hooponopono ana i ka hana ana o na mea kino ma na unahi liilii loa. ʻO ka quantum like o ka bit 1 a i ʻole ka bit 0 he qubit. (2), hiki iā ia ke 0 a i ʻole 1, a i ʻole i loko o kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo superposition - ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o 0 a me 1. Pono e hana i ka helu ʻana ma nā bits kahiko ʻelua (hiki ke 00, 01, 10, a me 11). ʻehā ʻanuʻu.

hiki iā ia ke hana i ka helu ʻana ma nā mokuʻāina ʻehā i ka manawa like. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o kēia unahi - ʻoi aku ka ikaika o hoʻokahi tausani qubits ma mua o ka supercomputer ikaika loa o ka honua. ʻO kekahi manaʻo quantum koʻikoʻi no ka quantum computing huikauno ka mea hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā qubits i ke ʻano e wehewehe ʻia ai lākou e kahi mokuʻāina quantum. ʻO ke ana o kekahi o lākou e hōʻike koke ana i ke kūlana o kekahi.

He mea nui ka entanglement i ka cryptography a me ke kamaʻilio quantum. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo ka hiki o ka computing quantum i ka wikiwiki ʻana i ka computing. Akā, hāʻawi ia i kahi pōmaikaʻi exponential i kekahi mau papa pilikia, e like me ka helu ʻana i nā helu nui loa, kahi e loaʻa ai nā hopena koʻikoʻi no palekana cyber.

ʻO ka hana wikiwiki loa helu helu quantum ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā qubits-tolerant kūpono e wehe i ka hiki o ka computing quantum. ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka qubit a me kona kaiapuni e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻike ma microseconds. He paʻakikī a he pipiʻi hoʻi ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā qubits mai ko lākou kaiapuni, no ka laʻana, ma ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana iā lākou i kahi mahana kokoke i ka ʻole ʻole. Piʻi ka walaʻau me ka nui o nā qubits, e koi ana i nā ʻenehana hoʻoponopono hewa.

ua hoʻolālā ʻia i kēia manawa mai nā ʻīpuka loiloi quantum hoʻokahi, hiki ke ʻae ʻia no nā kamepiula quantum prototype liʻiliʻi, akā hiki ʻole ke hana i nā kaukani qubits. I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻomohala kekahi mau hui e like me IBM a me Classiq i nā papa abstract hou aʻe i ka hoʻonohonoho papahana, e ʻae ana i nā mea hoʻomohala e kūkulu i nā noi quantum ikaika e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia honua maoli.

Manaʻo ka poʻe loea e hiki i nā mea keaka me ka manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole ke hoʻohana pono nā pōmaikaʻi o ka helu helu quantum e hana i kahi ala hou i ka uhaki palekana cyber. Hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā hana e ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai ma nā kamepiula kahiko. Me kahi kamepiula quantum, hiki i ka mea hacker ke hoʻopaʻa wikiwiki i ka ʻikepili a hoʻomaka i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka nui o nā pūnaewele a me nā mea hana.

ʻOiai i kēia manawa me he mea lā ʻaʻole paha ma ka wikiwiki o ka holomua ʻenehana, e loaʻa koke ka puka ʻana o ka computing quantum kumu nui i ke ao ma ke ʻano he ʻano hana ma ke ʻano he lawelawe lawelawe, e hoʻolako ana i nā mea hoʻohana ākea.

I ka makahiki 2019, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Microsoft e hāʻawi ka helu helu helu ma kāu ao Azure, ʻoiai e kaupalena kēia i kā lākou hoʻohana i nā mea kūʻai koho. Ma ke ʻano o kēia huahana, hāʻawi ka hui i nā hoʻonā quantum e like me Nā mea hoʻonā i algorithms, lako polokalamu quantum, e like me nā simulators a me nā mea hana hoʻohālikelike waiwai, a me nā lako quantum me nā ʻano hana qubit like ʻole i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e nā hackers. ʻO IBM a me Amazon Web Services (AWS) nā mea hoʻolako ʻē aʻe o nā lawelawe hoʻolaha kapuaʻi quantum.

ʻO ka hakakā o nā algorithms

Kikohoʻe kikohoʻe maʻamau e hilinaʻi i nā papa helu makemakika paʻakikī e hoʻohuli i ka ʻikepili i mau memo i hoʻopili ʻia no ka mālama ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana. Hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopili a hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻikepili. kī kikohoʻe.

No laila, ho'āʻo ka mea hoʻouka e uhaki i ke ʻano hoʻopunipuni i mea e ʻaihue a hoʻololi paha i ka ʻike i pale ʻia. ʻO ke ala maopopo e hana ai, ʻo ia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā kī āpau e hoʻoholo ai i kahi e hoʻihoʻi i ka ʻikepili i kahi palapala hiki ke heluhelu ʻia e ke kanaka. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ke kaʻina hana me ka kamepiula maʻamau, akā makemake nui i ka hoʻoikaika a me ka manawa.

Aia lākou i kēia manawa ʻelua ʻano nui o ka hoʻopunipuni: likelikei ka manawa like, hoʻohana ʻia ke kī like e hoʻopili a hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻikepili; a ʻo kekahi asymmetric, ʻo ia hoʻi, me kahi kī lehulehu e komo pū ana i nā kī pili makemakika, ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea i loaʻa i ka lehulehu e ʻae i nā poʻe e hoʻopili i kahi memo no ka mea nona ka pālua kī, a mālama ʻia kekahi e ka mea nona ka decrypt i ka memo.

W hoʻopunahele like ʻole hoʻohana ʻia ke kī hoʻokahi e hoʻopili a hoʻokaʻawale i kahi ʻāpana ʻikepili i hāʻawi ʻia. ʻO kahi laʻana o kahi algorithm symmetric: Kūlana hoʻopunipuni kiʻekiʻe (AES). AES algorithm, apono ʻia e ke aupuni US, kākoʻo i ʻekolu mau kī nui: 128-bit, 192-bit, a me 256-bit. Hoʻohana mau ʻia nā algorithm symmetric no nā hana hoʻopunipuni nui e like me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻikepili nui, nā ʻōnaehana faila, a me ka hoʻomanaʻo mea.

W hoʻopāpā asymmetric hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻikepili me hoʻokahi kī (i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kī lehulehu) a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me kekahi kī (i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kī pilikino). Hoʻohana maʻamau Rivest algorithm, Shamira, Adleman (RSA) he laʻana o kahi algorithm asymmetric. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka lohi ma mua o ka symmetric encryption, asymmetric algorithms e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia hoʻoili kī, he pilikia koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻopili.

Kīpili kī lehulehu Hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka hoʻololi paʻa ʻana o nā kī symmetric a no ka hōʻoia kikohoʻe a i ʻole ke kau inoa ʻana i nā memo, nā palapala, a me nā palapala hōʻoia e pili ana i nā kī ākea me ka ʻike o nā mea paʻa. Ke kipa mākou i kahi pūnaewele paʻa e hoʻohana ana i nā protocols HTTPS, hoʻohana kā mākou polokalamu kele i ka cryptography kī lehulehu e hōʻoia i ka palapala hōʻoia o ka pūnaewele a hoʻonohonoho i kahi kī symmetric e hoʻopili i nā kamaʻilio i a mai ka pūnaewele.

No ka mea hiki nā noi pūnaewele āpau hoʻohana lāua ʻelua kiʻi kiʻi like ʻoleи cryptography kī lehulehupono e palekana nā ʻano ʻelua. ʻO ke ala maʻalahi e haki i ke code ʻo ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā kī āpau a loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi hana. Nā kamepiula maʻamau hiki iā lākou ke hana, akā paʻakikī loa.

No ka laʻana, i Iulai 2002, hoʻolaha ka hui ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi kī symmetric 64-bit, akā makemake lākou i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o 300 poʻe. kanaka no ka ʻoi aku o ʻehā makahiki a me ka hapa o ka hana. ʻO ke kī ʻelua ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi, a i ʻole 128 bits, e ʻoi aku ma mua o 300 sextillion solutions, ʻo ka helu o ia mau mea he 3 a me nā zeros. ʻOiai ka supercomputer wikiwiki loa o ka honua He mau trillion mau makahiki e ʻimi ai i ke kī kūpono. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kahi ʻenehana helu quantum i kapa ʻia ʻo Grover's algorithm e wikiwiki i ke kaʻina hana ma ka hoʻohuli ʻana i kahi kī 128-bit i ke kamepiula quantum e like me kahi kī 64-bit. Akā maʻalahi ka pale - pono e hoʻolōʻihi ʻia nā kī. No ka laʻana, ʻo kahi kī 256-bit ka pale like ʻana i kahi hoʻouka quantum e like me ke kī 128-bit e kūʻē i kahi hoʻouka maʻamau.

Kīpili kī lehulehu akā, he pilikia nui loa kēia ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ka makemakika. Kaulana i kēia mau lā nā algorithm hoʻopunipuni kī lehulehuua kāhea ʻia RSA, Diffiego-Hellman i cryptography curve elliptic, ʻae lākou iā ʻoe e hoʻomaka me ke kī lehulehu a helu i ke kī pilikino me ka makemakika me ka hele ʻole i nā mea hiki.

hiki iā lākou ke uhaki i nā hoʻonā hoʻopunipuni e pili ana i ka factorization o nā helu helu a i ʻole logarithms discrete. No ka laʻana, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano RSA i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka e-commerce, hiki ke helu ʻia kahi kī pilikino ma ka helu ʻana i kahi helu i hua o nā helu kumu ʻelua, e like me 3 a me 5 no 15. . Ka noiʻi Peter Shore ma ka Massachusetts Institute of Technology ma mua o 20 mau makahiki i hala aku nei i hōʻike i ka haki ʻana i ka encryption asymmetric hiki ke hiki.

hiki i ka 4096-bit mau pālua kī i loko o kekahi mau hola me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻenehana i kapa ʻia ʻo Shor's algorithm. Eia naʻe, ʻo kēia ka mea kūpono nā kamepiula quantum o ka wā e hiki mai ana. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka helu nui loa i helu ʻia ma kahi kamepiula quantum he 15 - he 4 mau bits.

ʻOiai nā algorithms like ʻole ʻAʻole pilikia ka algorithm a Shor, ʻo ka mana o ka computing quantum e hoʻoikaika i nā nui kī e hoʻonui ʻia. ʻo kahi laʻana nā kamepiula quantum nui e holo ana ma ka algorithm a Grover, e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻenehana quantum no ka huli ʻana i ka ʻikepili me ka wikiwiki, hiki ke hāʻawi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ʻehā mau hana i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka symmetric encryption algorithms e like me AES. No ka pale ʻana i nā hoʻouka kaua ʻino, pāpālua i ka nui kī e hāʻawi i ka pae pale like. No ka algorithm AES, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kī 256-bit e mālama i ka ikaika palekana 128-bit i kēia lā.

ʻO kēia lā RSA hoʻopunipuni, he ʻano hoʻopunipuni i hoʻohana nui ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ʻikepili koʻikoʻi ma luna o ka Pūnaewele, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā helu 2048-bit. Manaʻo ka poʻe akamai i kēlā kamepiula quantum e lawe ʻia ma kahi o 70 miliona qubits e wāwahi i kēia hoʻopunipuni. Hāʻawi ʻia kēlā ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kamepiula quantum ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli qubits (ʻoiai he manaʻo ko IBM a me Google e hiki i ka miliona ma ka 2030), he manawa lōʻihi paha ma mua o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o kahi hoʻoweliweli maoli, akā ʻoiai ke hoʻomau nei ka wikiwiki o ka noiʻi ʻana ma kēia wahi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo ia ka lolouila. e kūkulu ʻia i nā makahiki 3-5 e hiki mai ana.

No ka laʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Google a me ka KTH Institute ma Suedena i kahi "ala maikaʻi" i Hiki i nā lolouila quantum ke hana i nā helu me ka uhaki i ke code, e ho'ēmi i ka nui o nā kumuwaiwai e pono ai lākou e nā kauoha o ka nui. ʻO kā lākou pepa, i paʻi ʻia ma MIT Technology Review, e ʻōlelo ana he kamepiula me 20 miliona qubits hiki ke haki i kahi helu 2048-bit i nā hola 8 wale nō.

Hoʻopaʻa kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi post-quantum

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hana nui nā ʻepekema e hana "kuantum-safe" hoʻopunipuni. Ua hōʻike ʻo ʻAmelika ʻepekema ʻo ka US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) ke ʻimi nei i 69 mau ʻenehana hou i kapa ʻia ʻo "post-quantum cryptography (PQC)". Eia nō naʻe, ʻōlelo ka leka like ʻo ka nīnau o ka haki ʻana i ka cryptography hou e nā computer quantum e mau ana i ka hypothetical no ka manawa.

3. Ua kūkulu ʻia kekahi o nā kumu hoʻohālike mesh-based cryptography.

I kekahi hihia, e like me ka 2018 hōʻike mai ka National Academy of Science, Engineering and Medicine, "pono ​​​​e hoʻomohala a hoʻokō ʻia ka cryptography hou i kēia manawa, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole i kūkulu ʻia kahi kamepiula quantum hiki ke wāwahi i ka cryptography o kēia lā i nā makahiki he ʻumi." . Hiki ke loaʻa i nā kamepiula quantum code-breaking i ka wā e hiki mai ana i hoʻokahi haneli tausani manawa ʻoi aʻe ka mana hana a me ka helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, e hiki ai iā lākou ke hana. hakakā i nā hana cybersecurity hou.

ʻO nā hoʻonā i kapa ʻia ʻo "post-quantum cryptography" ʻike ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka PQShield Company. Hiki i nā ʻoihana palekana ke hoʻololi i nā algorithm cryptographic maʻamau me nā algorithm network. (lattice-based cryptography) i hana ʻia me ka palekana. Huna kēia mau ʻano hou i ka ʻikepili i loko o nā pilikia makemakika paʻakikī i kapa ʻia nā lattices (3). He paʻakikī ke hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēlā mau hale algebraic, e ʻae ana i nā cryptographers e hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻike ma mua o nā kamepiula quantum ikaika.

Wahi a kahi mea noiʻi IBM, Cecilia Boscini, Mesh network-based cryptography e pale aku i ka quantum computer-based attacks i ka wā e hiki mai ana, a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kumu no ka homomorphic encryption piha (FHE), e hiki ai i nā mea hoʻohana ke hana i ka helu ʻana i nā faila me ka ʻole o ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻikepili a i ʻole ka hōʻike ʻana i nā hackers.

ʻO kekahi ala hoʻohiki mahele kī quantum (Efficiency). Ka māhele nui o nā kī QKD (4) hoʻohana i nā hanana o ka quantum mechanics (e like me ka entanglement) e hāʻawi i kahi hoʻololi huna piha o nā kī hoʻopunipuni a hiki ke aʻo aku e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi "eavesdropper" ma waena o ʻelua mau hopena.

I ka wā mua, hiki ke hana ʻia kēia ʻano ma luna o ka fiber optical, akā i kēia manawa ua hoʻomohala ʻo Quantum Xchange i kahi ala e hoʻouna ai ma luna o ka Pūnaewele. No ka laʻana, ʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua Kina o KKK ma o ka satellite ma kahi mamao o mau tausani kilomika. Ma waho aʻe o Kina, ʻo nā paionia ma kēia wahi ʻo KETS Quantum Security a me Toshiba.

4. ʻO kekahi o nā kumu hoʻohālike kī nui, QKD