Liesegang apo? nā hana hoʻohiwahiwa o ke ʻano
"Kapuni o ka Diabolo"
E ʻoluʻolu e nānā i kekahi mau kiʻi e hōʻike ana i nā mea ola a me nā laʻana o ke ʻano ola ʻole: kahi kolone o ka bacteria ma ka media agar, ka ʻōpala e ulu ana ma nā hua, nā haʻani ma ka pā kula a me nā mineral - agate, malachite, sandstone. He aha ka like o nā mea a pau? ʻO kēia ko lākou ʻano, ʻo ia hoʻi (ʻoi aʻe a i ʻole i wehewehe ʻia) nā pōʻai concentric. E kāhea aku nā kemika iā lākou Liesegang apo.
ʻO ka inoa o kēia mau hale mai ka inoa o ka mea ʻike? ʻO Raphael Eduard Liesegang, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻo ia ka mea mua i wehewehe iā lākou. Ua hana ʻia kēia i ka makahiki 1855 e Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea i komo i loko o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hopena kemika ma ka pepa kānana. Ua hana ʻia e kekahi kanaka Kelemania? Nā kiʻi ulu ponoʻī? () hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā apo Liesegang mua i loaʻa, a ʻo ke ʻano o kā lākou hoʻomākaukau ʻana he chromatography pepa. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka ʻike ma ka honua o ka ʻepekema? Ua hana ʻo Runge i kēia hapa haneli ma mua o ka papa manawa (ʻo Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet, ka mea botanist Lūkini, i hana ma Warsaw i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XNUMX, he mea hana chromatography kaulana). ʻAe, ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia mua ma ka moʻolelo o ka ʻepekema; ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻo nā mea i ʻike ʻia e "hiki mai i ka manawa."
Raphael Eduard Liesegang (1869-1947)? He loea Kelemania a he mea kālepa i ka ʻoihana kiʻi. Ma ke ʻano he ʻepekema, ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka kemika o nā colloids a me nā mea paʻi kiʻi. Ua kaulana ʻo ia no ka ʻike ʻana i nā hale i kapa ʻia ʻo Liesegang rings.
Ua loaʻa ka kaulana o ka mea ʻike iā R. E. Liesegang, ka mea i kōkua ʻia e ka hui ʻana o nā kūlana (ʻaʻole hoʻi no ka manawa mua ma ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻepekema?). I ka makahiki 1896, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo ia i kahi aniani o ke kālā nitrate AgNO.3 ma kahi pā aniani i uhi ʻia me ka hopena o ka potassium dichromate (VI) K2Cr2O7 i ka gelatin (makemake ʻo Liesegang i ke kiʻi, a hoʻohana mau ʻia nā dichromates i nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo nā ʻenehana hanohano o ke kiʻi kahiko, no ka laʻana, i ke ʻano o ka rubber a me ka bromine). ʻO nā pōʻai concentric o ke kahe ʻeleʻele o ke kālā (VI)Ag chromate i hana ʻia a puni kahi aniani lapis lazuli.2ʻO CrO4 hoihoi i ka German chemist. Ua hoʻomaka ka ʻepekema i kahi noiʻi ʻōnaehana o ka mea i ʻike ʻia a no laila ua kapa ʻia nā apo ma hope ona.
ʻO ka pane i ʻike ʻia e Liesegang ua pili i ka hoohalike (i kākau ʻia ma ke ʻano ionic pōkole):
I loko o kahi hoʻonā dichromate (a i ʻole chromate), ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kaulike ma waena o nā anion
, ma muli o ka hopena o ke kaiapuni. No ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke kala (VI) chromate ma mua o ke kālā (VI) dichromate, ua hoʻoheheʻe ia.
Ua ho'āʻo mua ʻo ia e wehewehe i ke ʻano mea i ʻike ʻia. Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald (1853-1932), lanakila o ka 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Ua ʻōlelo ka German chemist kino e koi ana ka ua i ka supersaturation o ka hopena i mea e hana ai i ka nuclei crystallization. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, pili ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā apo me ke ʻano o ka diffusion o nā ion i loko o kahi mea e pale ai i kā lākou neʻe (gelatin). ʻO ka hui kemika mai ka papa wai e komo hohonu i ka papa gelatin. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ion o ka "trapped" reagent e hana i kahi precipitate. i loko o ka gelatin, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā wahi e pili kokoke ana i ka sediment (ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā ion i ke ala o ka emi ʻana o ka ʻike).
Liesegang apo in vitro
Ma muli o ka hiki ʻole o ka hoʻohālikelike wikiwiki ʻana o ka convection (ka hui pū ʻana o nā haʻina), e hui pū ka reagent mai ka papa wai me kahi ʻāpana ʻē aʻe me kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā ion i loaʻa i loko o ka gelatin, aia wale nō ma kahi mamao mai ka papa i hana ʻia? hana hou ka hanana i kēlā me kēia manawa. No laila, hoʻokumu ʻia nā apo Liesegang ma muli o ka hopena o ka ua i hana ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana paʻakikī o ka hui ʻana o nā reagents. Hiki iā ʻoe ke wehewehe like i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā minerala? Loaʻa ka laha ʻana o nā ion i loko o kahi ʻano nui o ka pelemaka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
ʻO ka honua ola ringed ka hopena o nā kumuwaiwai liʻiliʻi. Poai o ka diabolo? i haku ʻia me nā halo (mai ka wā kahiko i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano o ka hana a "nā ʻuhane ʻino"), ala mai ia ma kahi ala maʻalahi. Ke ulu nei ka Mycelium ma nā ʻaoʻao āpau (ma lalo o ka lepo, ʻike ʻia nā kino hua ma ka ʻili). Ma hope o kekahi manawa, ua sterilized ka lepo i ke kikowaena? make ka mycelium, koe wale ma ka ʻaoʻao, e hana ana i ke ʻano apo. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai meaʻai ma kekahi mau wahi o ka kaiapuni hiki ke wehewehe i ke ʻano o ke apo o nā kolone bacteria a me ka mold.
Nā hoʻokolohua me Liesegang apo Hiki iā lākou ke hana ma ka home (kahi laʻana o kahi hoʻokolohua i wehewehe ʻia ma ka ʻatikala; ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka pukana o Młodego Technika i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma 8/2006, ua hōʻike ʻo Stefan Sienkowski i ka hoʻokolohua mua a Liesegang). Eia nō naʻe, pono e nānā i nā mea hoʻokolohua i kekahi mau wahi. Theoretically, Liesegang apo hiki ke hana i loko o kekahi precipitation reaction (ka hapa nui o ia mau mea, aole i hoakaka ia ma ka palapala, no laila, hiki iā mākou ke lilo i paionia!), Akā,ʻaʻole lākou a pau e alakaʻi i ka makemake a me ka aneane hiki i nā hui like o nā reagents i gelatin a. wai wai (manaʻo ʻia e ka mea kākau, maikaʻi ka ʻike).
poni ma na hua
E hoʻomanaʻo he protein ka gelatin a ua wāwahi ʻia e kekahi mau reagents (a laila ʻaʻole i hana ʻia kahi papa gel). Pono e kiʻi ʻia nā apo i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi me ka liʻiliʻi (hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā paipu aniani i hoʻopaʻa ʻia). ʻO ka hoʻomanawanui ke kī, akā naʻe, ʻo kekahi mau hoʻokolohua e hoʻopau ana i ka manawa (akā, pono ke kali; ua maʻalahi nā apo i hana ʻia? Nani!).
ʻOiai ʻo ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana Liesegang apo Me he mea lā he ʻike kemika wale nō iā mākou (ʻaʻole lākou e haʻi ʻia i loko o nā kula), laha loa ia ma ke ʻano. He laʻana anei ka hanana i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka ʻatikala o kahi hanana ākea ākea? nā hopena oscillatory kemika i ka wā e hoʻololi ai i nā manawa i ka ʻike o ka substrate. Liesegang apo ʻo ia ka hopena o kēia mau loli i ka lewa. ʻO ka hoihoi nō hoʻi nā hopena e hōʻike ana i ka fluctuations i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana, no ka laʻana, nā hoʻololi i nā manawa i ka ʻike o nā glycolysis reagents, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumu o ka uaki ola o nā mea ola.
E ʻike i ka ʻike:
Kemika ma ka pūnaewele
?o ka hohonu? Loaʻa i ka Pūnaewele nā pūnaewele he nui paha i makemake ʻia e ke kanaka loea. Eia nō naʻe, ke ulu nei ka pilikia ʻo ka nui o nā ʻikepili i paʻi ʻia, i kekahi manawa no ka maikaʻi kānalua. ʻAʻole? e haʻi mai ma aneʻi i nā wānana maikaʻi o Stanislav Lem, nāna i ʻoi aku ma mua o 40 mau makahiki i hala ma kāna puke ?? ua hoʻolaha ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai ʻike i ka manawa like e kaupalena i ko lākou loaʻa.
No laila, aia ma ke kihi o ka chemistry kahi ʻāpana kahi e paʻi ʻia ai nā ʻōlelo a me nā wehewehe ʻana o nā pūnaewele "chemical" hoihoi loa. Pili i ka ʻatikala o kēia lā? nā ʻōlelo e alakaʻi ana i nā pūnaewele e wehewehe ana i nā apo Liesegang.
ʻO ka hana kumu a F. F. Runge ma ke ʻano kikohoʻe (hiki ke kiʻi ʻia ka faila PDF ponoʻī ma ka helu wahi pōkole: http://tinyurl.com/38of2mv):
http://edocs.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2007/3756/.
Paena pūnaewele me ka helu wahi http://www.insilico.hu/liesegang/index.html he compendium maoli o ka ʻike e pili ana i nā apo Liesegang? ka moʻolelo o ka ʻike, nā manaʻo o ka hoʻonaʻauao a me nā kiʻi he nui.
A ʻo ka hope, he mea kūikawā? kiʻiʻoniʻoni e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke apo ua2ʻO CrO4, ka hana a kekahi haumana Polani, he hoa o ka poe heluhelu MT. ʻOiaʻiʻo, kau ʻia ma YouTube:
He mea kūpono hoʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻenekini huli (ʻoi aku ka kiʻi kiʻi) ma ke komo ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo kūpono i loko: "Liesegang rings", "Liesegang bands" a i ʻole "Liesegang rings".
I loko o kahi hoʻonā dichromate (a i ʻole chromate), ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kaulike ma waena o nā anion
a, ma muli o ka hopena o ke kaiapuni. No ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke kala (VI) chromate ma mua o ke kālā (VI) dichromate, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
ʻO ka hoʻāʻo mua e wehewehe i ka mea i ʻike ʻia ua hana ʻia e Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald (1853-1932), ka lanakila o ka Nobel Prize in Chemistry i ka makahiki 1909. Ua ʻōlelo ka German chemist kino e koi ana ka ua i ka supersaturation o ka hopena i mea e hana ai i ka nuclei crystallization. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, pili ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā apo me ke ʻano o ka diffusion o nā ion i loko o kahi mea e pale ai i kā lākou neʻe (gelatin). ʻO ka hui kemika mai ka papa wai e komo hohonu i ka papa gelatin. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ion o ka "trapped" reagent e hana i kahi precipitate. i loko o ka gelatin, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā wahi e pili kokoke ana i ka sediment (ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā ion i ke ala o ka emi ʻana o ka ʻike). Ma muli o ka impossibility o ka wikiwiki equalization o ka convection (hui o na hoʻonā), ka reagent mai ka aqueous papa collides me kekahi māhele 'āina me ka lawa kiʻekiʻe kuʻina o nā iona i loko o ka gelatin, wale ma kahi mamao mai ka papa hana mua? hana hou ka hanana i kēlā me kēia manawa. No laila, hoʻokumu ʻia nā apo Liesegang ma muli o ka hopena o ka ua i hana ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana paʻakikī o ka hui ʻana o nā reagents. Hiki iā ʻoe ke wehewehe like i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka papa o kekahi mau minerala? Loaʻa ka laha ʻana o nā ion i loko o kahi ʻano nui o ka pelemaka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
ʻO ka honua ola ringed ka hopena o nā kumuwaiwai liʻiliʻi. Poai o ka diabolo? i haku ʻia me nā halo (mai ka wā kahiko i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano o ka hana a "nā ʻuhane ʻino"), ala mai ia ma kahi ala maʻalahi. Ke ulu nei ka Mycelium ma nā ʻaoʻao āpau (ma lalo o ka lepo, ʻike ʻia nā kino hua ma ka ʻili). Ma hope o kekahi manawa, ua sterilized ka lepo i ke kikowaena? make ka mycelium, koe wale ma ka ʻaoʻao, e hana ana i ke ʻano apo. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai meaʻai ma kekahi mau wahi o ka kaiapuni hiki ke wehewehe i ke ʻano o ke apo o nā kolone bacteria a me ka mold.
Hiki ke hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua me nā apo Liesegang ma ka home (e hōʻike ʻia kahi hiʻohiʻona o kahi hoʻokolohua ma ka ʻatikala; ʻoi aku, ma ka pukana o Młodego Technika i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lā 8/2006, ua hōʻike ʻo Stefan Sienkowski i ka hoʻokolohua Liesegang mua). Eia nō naʻe, pono e nānā i nā mea hoʻokolohua i kekahi mau wahi. Theoretically, Liesegang apo hiki ke hana i loko o kekahi precipitation reaction (ka hapa nui o ia mau mea, aole i hoakaka ia ma ka palapala, no laila, hiki iā mākou ke lilo i paionia!), Akā,ʻaʻole lākou a pau e alakaʻi i ka makemake a me ka aneane hiki i nā hui like o nā reagents i gelatin a. wai wai (manaʻo ʻia e ka mea kākau, maikaʻi ka ʻike). E hoʻomanaʻo he protein ka gelatin a ua wāwahi ʻia e kekahi mau reagents (a laila ʻaʻole i hana ʻia kahi papa gel). Pono e kiʻi ʻia nā apo i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi me ka liʻiliʻi (hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā paipu aniani i hoʻopaʻa ʻia). ʻO ka hoʻomanawanui ke kī, akā naʻe, ʻo kekahi mau hoʻokolohua e hoʻopau ana i ka manawa (akā, pono ke kali; ua maʻalahi nā apo i hana ʻia? Nani!).
ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ke apo Liesegang e like paha me ka ʻike kemika (ʻaʻole ia i ʻōlelo ʻia ma nā kula), ua laha loa ia ma ke ʻano. He laʻana anei ka hanana i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka ʻatikala o kahi hanana ākea ākea? nā hopena oscillatory kemika i ka wā e hoʻololi ai i nā manawa i ka ʻike o ka substrate. ʻO nā apo Liesegang ka hopena o kēia mau loli i ka lewa. ʻO ka hoihoi nō hoʻi nā hopena e hōʻike ana i ka fluctuations i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana, no ka laʻana, nā hoʻololi i nā manawa i ka ʻike o nā glycolysis reagents, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumu o ka uaki ola o nā mea ola.
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