He aha ka antifreeze ʻaʻole e paila a maloʻo

ʻO kahi hoʻāʻo hou o nā mea hoʻoluʻu automotive, a mākou i hoʻonohonoho ai i ka hopena o kēia hoʻoilo, ua hōʻike hou ʻia ke kūlana me kēia ʻano o nā huahana i kā mākou mākeke. ʻO ke kūlana o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka antifreeze haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe loa ...

ʻO ka pilikia o ka hele ʻana ma ka mākeke o ka nui o ka antifreeze haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ʻike ʻia i kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka wā i hana ai kaʻu mau hoa hana mai nā paʻi kaʻa ʻē aʻe i kahi hoʻāʻo piha o nā antifreezes. Ua hōʻike ʻia kāna mau hopena he hapa nui o nā laʻana i hoʻāʻo ʻia i kēlā manawa ʻaʻole i kūpono i nā ʻano i haʻi ʻia. ʻO ka paʻakikī o ka pilikia e hoʻonui ʻia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo nā mea hoʻoheheʻe automotive he mea hoʻopau holo i ka koi paʻa. A he mea kupanaha paha i kēia lā ka nui o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, ʻokoʻa i nā ʻōlelo o kā lākou mau ʻāpana hana, i hōʻike ʻia e nā hōʻailona kūloko a me nā haole, e kahe ana i kēia māhele mākeke koi. Nui ka nui o ia mau mea, akā ʻaʻole kūpono lākou a pau no ka hoʻohana.

Hoʻonui hou ʻia kēia kūlana ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Rūsia i kahi hoʻoponopono ʻenehana e hoʻokaʻawale i nā coolants a hoʻokumu i nā ʻāpana, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia i kā lākou hana. ʻO ka palapala hoʻoponopono wale nō e pili ana i nā antifreezes (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mea hoʻoluʻu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa) ʻo ia ka GOST 28084-89 kahiko, i hāpai ʻia i nā lā o ka Soviet Union. Ma ke ala, pili nā mea o kēia palapala i nā wai i hana ʻia ma ke kumu o ka ethylene glycol (MEG).

Hoʻokuʻu maoli kēia kūlana i nā lima o nā mea hana hewa ʻole, i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka loaʻa kālā, hoʻohana pinepine i nā mea haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a pinepine pinepine i nā mea ʻino. ʻO ka papahana ma aneʻi penei: hoʻomohala ka poʻe ʻoihana i kā lākou meaʻai hoʻomaha mai nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a huki iā ia ma ke ʻano o kekahi mau kikoʻī ʻenehana (TU), a laila hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻonui i kā lākou huahana.

ʻO kekahi o nā koho maʻamau no kahi bodyagi "antifreeze" ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kāwili pani i loko o ka glycerin cheap a me ka methanol like ʻole ma kahi o MEG pipiʻi. ʻO kēia mau mea ʻelua he mea pōʻino loa i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaha. No laila, no ka laʻana, hāʻawi ka glycerin i ka ulu ʻana o ka hana corrosion, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā kahawai hoʻoluʻu o ka poloka cylinder, he viscosity kiʻekiʻe (he ʻumi mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ethylene glycol) a me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana, e alakaʻi ana i ka wikiwiki. ʻaʻahu pulu. Ma ke ala, i mea e ho'ēmi ai i ka viscosity a me ka density o ka coolant, hoʻohui nā ʻoihana i kekahi mea ʻino iā ia - methanol.

ʻO kēia waiʻona, ke hoʻomanaʻo nei mākou, no ka māhele o nā mea ʻona ʻenehana weliweli. ʻAʻole pāpā ʻia kona hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana hoʻohana nui e ke kānāwai, ʻo ka uhai ʻana e hoʻoweliweli i nā hoʻopaʻi hoʻopaʻi koʻikoʻi. Eia naʻe, hoʻokahi wale nō kēia, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao kānāwai. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka methyl alcohol i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaha, no ka mea, hoʻopau wale ka methanol i kāna mau ʻāpana a me nā hui. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kahi hopena wai o ka methyl alcohol i nā mahana o 50 ° C a ma luna aʻe e hoʻomaka ai e launa pū me nā alumini a me nā alumini alumini, e luku ana iā lākou. He kiʻekiʻe loa ka nui o ia pilina a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka maʻamau o ka corrosion o nā metala. Kāhea ka poʻe kemika i kēia kaʻina hana etching, a ʻōlelo kēia huaʻōlelo nona iho.

Akā ʻo kēia kahi ʻāpana o nā pilikia i hana ʻia e "methanol" antifreeze. He wahi paila haʻahaʻa ko ia huahana (e pili ana i 64°C), no laila ua hoʻololi mālie ʻia ka methanol mai ke kaapuni hoʻomaha. ʻO ka hopena, noho ka coolant ma laila, ʻaʻole kūpono nā ʻāpana wela i nā ʻāpana wela o ka mīkini. I ke kauwela, i ka wā wela, e hoʻolapalapa koke ka wai, e hana ana i nā plugs i ke kaapuni kaʻa, kahi e hiki ai i ka wela nui o ka kaʻa. I ka hoʻoilo, i ke anuanu, hiki iā ia ke lilo i hau a hoʻopau i ka pamu. Wahi a ka poʻe akamai, ua luku ʻia nā mea ponoʻī o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu, no ka laʻana, nā impellers pauma wai, i hoʻokau ʻia hoʻi i nā haʻahaʻa ikaika kiʻekiʻe, e luku ʻia e ka methanol-glycerin antifreeze i kahi manawa hoʻokahi.

ʻO ia ke kumu o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kēia manawa, i hoʻonohonoho pū ʻia me ka ʻike a me ka analytical portal "Avtoparad", kāna pahuhopu nui e ʻike i nā huahana substandard i loaʻa ka methyl alcohol. No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua kūʻai koho mākou i ʻumikūmālua mau laʻana o nā antifreezes like ʻole a me nā antifreezes, i kūʻai ʻia ma nā keʻena kinoea, ke kapikala a me nā mākeke kaʻa ʻo Moscow, a me nā mea kūʻai kaʻa kaulahao. Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā hue āpau me nā mea hoʻoluʻu i kekahi o nā keʻena hoʻāʻo o ka 25th State Research Institute o ka Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, nona nā loea i alakaʻi i nā haʻawina pono āpau.

ʻAʻole pono ʻoe e kūʻai i nā antifreezes

No ka hoʻopuka pololei ʻana, ʻo nā hopena hope loa o nā hoʻokolohua huahana i mālama ʻia ma nā keʻena noiʻi ʻaʻole ia e hoʻoulu i ka manaʻo. E hoʻoponopono iā ʻoe iho: mai loko o 12 mau wai i kūʻai ʻia e mākou no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ka methanol i ʻeono (a ʻo ka hapalua kēia o nā mea hoʻohālike), a ma kahi nui nui (a hiki i 18%). Hōʻike hou kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka nui o ka pilikia e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā antifreezes weliweli a haʻahaʻa i kā mākou mākeke. Ma waena o ka poʻe i komo i ka hoʻāʻo, ʻo kēia mau mea: Alaska Tosol -40 (Tektron), Antifreeze OZH-40 (Volga-Oil), Pilots Antifreeze Green Line -40 (Streksten), Antifreeze -40 Sputnik G12 a me Antifreeze OZH-40 (ua hana ʻia e nā mea ʻelua. Promsintez), a me Antifreeze A-40M Northern Standard (NPO Organic-Progress).

Ke hoʻi nei mākou i nā hopena hoʻāʻo, ʻike mākou ʻaʻole kū i nā hōʻailona wela o ka "methanol" coolants i ka hoʻohewa. No laila, ʻaʻole e hāʻule ko lākou wahi paila, e like me ka pauku 4.5 o TU 6-57-95-96, ma lalo o +108 degere, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he 90-97 degere, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka paila o ka wai maʻamau. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻolapalapa i kahi kaʻa me kekahi o kēia mau antifreezes ʻeono (ʻoi loa i ke kauwela). ʻAʻole maikaʻi ke kūlana me ka mahana o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka crystallization. ʻAʻole hiki i nā laʻana āpau i loaʻa ka methanol ke kū i ka hau 40-degere i hāʻawi ʻia e ka maʻamau o ka ʻoihana, a ʻo ka Antifreeze -40 Sputnik G12 hāpana i ka -30°C. I ka manawa like, ua hōʻike kekahi mau mea hana coolant, me ka ʻole o ka manaʻo o ka noʻonoʻo, ma nā lepili i kā lākou huahana i ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻokō i nā kikoʻī o Audi, BMW, Volkswagen, Opel, Toyota, Volvo ...

 

ʻO nā antifreezes i kūpono i nā koi o nā mea hana kaʻa

I kēia manawa, e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā mea hoʻoluʻu kiʻekiʻe, nona nā ʻāpana i loko o nā kūlana. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena maikaʻi loa i ka hoʻāʻo e nā mea hana antifreeze nui, ʻo Rūsia a me nā haole. ʻO kēia nā inoa inoa kaulana loa e like me CoolStream (Technoform, Klimovsk), Sintec (Obninskorgsintez, Obninsk), Felix (Tosol-Sintez-Invest, Dzerzhinsk), Niagara (Niagara, Nizhny Novgorod). Mai nā huahana ʻē aʻe, ua komo nā brand Liqui Moly (Kelemānia) a me Bardahl (Belgium) i ka hoʻāʻo. Loaʻa iā lākou nā hopena maikaʻi loa. Hana ʻia nā antifreezes āpau ma ke kumu o MEG, ka mea e hoʻoholo nui ai i ka maikaʻi o kā lākou hana. ʻO ka mea kūikawā, aneane loaʻa iā lākou a pau ka palena nui ma ke ʻano o ka pale hau a me ka paila.

Antifreeze Sintec Premium G12+

Wahi a nā hopena o ka hoʻāʻo o kēia manawa, ʻo Sintec Premium G12 + antifreeze kahi palena kūʻokoʻa hau maikaʻi - ʻo ka crystallization temperature -42 C ma kahi o ka maʻamau -40 C. Hana ʻia ka huahana e Obninskorgsintez ma muli o ka ʻenehana synthesis organik hou loa mai ʻO ka ethylene glycol kiʻekiʻe a me kahi pūʻolo o nā mea hoʻohui hana. Mahalo i ka mea hope, ʻo Sintec Premium G12+ antifreeze ke kūʻē ikaika i ka corrosion a ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu i nā waihona ma nā ʻaoʻao o loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaha. Eia kekahi, loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai lubricating maikaʻi e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o ka paila wai. Ua ʻae ʻia ʻo Antifreeze mai kekahi mau mea hana kaʻa kaulana (Volkswagen, MAN, FUZO KAMAZ Trucks Rus) a ua ʻōlelo ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻa kaʻa o ka home a me nā ʻāina ʻē, nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa ʻē aʻe me nā kūlana hana maʻamau a koʻikoʻi. Kuhi ʻia ke kumu kūʻai no 1 lita - 120 rubles.

 

ʻO Liqui Moly ka mea hoʻoheheʻe radiator lōʻihi GTL 12 Plus

ʻO Langzeit Kuhlerfrostschutz GTL 12 Plus ka mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa lawe ʻia i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka hui Kelemania ʻo Liqui Moly, nona ka ʻike nui i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano wai ʻenehana automotive a me nā aila. ʻO ka huahana kahi haku mele o ka hanauna hou, i hana ʻia me ka monoethylene glycol a me kahi ʻeke loea kiʻekiʻe o nā mea hoʻohui kūikawā e pili ana i nā waikawa carboxylic organik. E like me kā mākou mau haʻawina i hōʻike ai, ʻo kēia antifreeze he hana wela maikaʻi loa, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka hana maikaʻi ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaha mai -45 ° C a +110 ° C. E like me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana o nā mea hoʻomohala ponoʻī, kūʻē maikaʻi ka antifreeze i ka corrosion electrochemical o nā metala, a me ka corrosion kiʻekiʻe o nā alumini alumini. Ua hoʻāʻo pinepine ʻia ka mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa e nā mea hana kaʻa koʻikoʻi o ka honua, e hopena i nā ʻae mai Audi, BMW, DaimlerCrysler, Ford, Porsche, Seat, Skoda. Hoʻomaopopo pū mākou ua hui pū ʻia ʻo Langzeit Kuhlerfrostschutz GTL 12 Plus me nā antifreezes G12 maʻamau (i pena ʻia i ka ʻulaʻula), a me nā antifreezes G11 maʻamau. ʻO ka manawa hoʻololi i manaʻo ʻia he 5 mau makahiki. Kuhi ʻia ke kumu kūʻai no 1 lita - 330 rubles.

Kūlana CoolStream

Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo CoolStream Standard carboxylate antifreeze e Technoform, kekahi o nā mea hana koʻikoʻi Lūkia o nā mea hoʻoluʻu automotive. He ethylene glycol-based multi-purpose green coolant me Organic Acid Technology (OAT) carboxylate technology. Hana ʻia ia mai Arteco (Belgium) Corrosion Inhibitor BSB a he kope pololei (rebrand) o Antifreeze BS-Coolant. Hoʻolālā ʻia ka huahana no nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu o nā ʻenekini hou a me nā ʻenekini diesel o nā hana ʻē aʻe a me ka home. Loaʻa iā ia nā mea hoʻohui mai Arteco (Belgium), kahi hui hui ma waena o Chevron a me Total, kahi hōʻoia o ka maikaʻi o nā antifreezes carboxylate CoolStream a pau. Ua lawa ka ʻōlelo ʻana ua hoʻokō ʻo CoolStream Standard i ʻelua mau kūlana koʻikoʻi o ka honua: ʻAmelika ASTM D3306 a me British BS 6580, a hiki i kona ola lawelawe a hiki i 150 km me ka ʻole o ke pani. Ma muli o nā hopena o ka lab, bench a me nā hoʻāʻo kai o CoolStream Standard antifreeze, ua loaʻa i kēia manawa nā ʻae a me nā ʻae no ka hoʻohana ʻana mai AVTOVAZ, UAZ, KamAZ, GAZ, LiAZ, MAZ a me kekahi mau hale kaʻa Lūkini ʻē aʻe.

ʻO Felix Carbox G12

ʻO Felix Carbox coolant kahi hanauna hou o ka home carboxylate antifreeze. Wahi a ka hoʻohālikelike VW, pili ia i ka papa G12 + organik antifreeze. I ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua hōʻike ka huahana i kekahi o nā hopena maikaʻi loa ma ke ʻano o ke kūpaʻa hau (e kū i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hiki i -44 degere). E hoʻomaopopo ua hala ʻo Felix Carbox i kahi pōʻai holoʻokoʻa o nā hoʻokolohua ma ke kikowaena noiʻi ʻAmelika ABIC Testing Laboratories, ka mea i hōʻoia i kona hoʻokō piha ʻana i nā kūlana honua ASTM D 3306, ASTM D 4985, ASTM D 6210, e hoʻoponopono i nā koi no nā ʻano loea a me ka maikaʻi o mea hooluolu. I kēia manawa, ua ʻae ʻia ka huahana mai kekahi mau haole a me nā mea hana kaʻa kūloko, me AvtoVAZ a me KAMAZ, GAZ, YaMZ a me TRM.

Hana ʻia ʻo Felix Carbox mai ka premium grade monoethylene glycol, i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka wai demineralized ultra pure a me kahi pūʻolo hoʻohui carboxylic acid. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka antifreeze e hoʻonui i ka mile a hiki i kona pani hou ʻana (a hiki i 250 km), inā ʻaʻole i hui pū ʻia ka huahana me nā mea hoʻonaninani ʻē aʻe.

Niagara ULAULA G12+

ʻO ka Niagara RED G12+ antifreeze kahi mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou i hoʻomohala ʻia e nā loea Niagara PKF. Ua hana ʻia ka huahana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana carboxylate Extended Life Coolant Technology, ʻo ia kekahi o nā waiwai koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka hiki ke hana i kahi papa pale dotted ma nā wahi e hoʻomaka ai ka corrosion. Hāʻawi kēia ʻano o ka antifreeze iā ia me kahi manawa pani hou (a hiki i 5 mau makahiki o ka hana ma hope o ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaha a i ʻole 250 km o ka holo). Hoʻomaopopo pū mākou ua hala ka mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa Niagara RED G000 + i kahi pōʻai holoʻokoʻa o nā hoʻāʻo no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana honua ASTM D12, ASTM D3306 i ka ABIC Testing Laboratories, USA. Eia kekahi, ua ʻae ʻia ka antifreeze o AvtoVAZ, a me nā mea kanu kaʻa Lūkini ʻē aʻe, no ka hoʻopiha mua ʻana i ka conveyor.

I ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua hōʻike ʻo Niagara RED G12+ antifreeze i ka nui loa (ma waena o nā mea komo hoʻāʻo ʻē aʻe) ka palena pale pale hau (a hiki i -46 ° C). Me kēlā mau hōʻailona wela, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mea hoʻomaha ma kahi kokoke i nā wahi āpau o Rūsia. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa o ka Niagara G12 Plus Red canister he mea hiki ke hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia e maʻalahi ka hoʻopiha wai i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaha. Kuhi ʻia ke kumu kūʻai no 1 lita - 100 rubles.

ʻO Bardahl Universal Concentrate

ʻO kahi hui antifreeze Belgian maoli i hana ʻia ma ke kumu o ka monoethylene glycol me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pūʻulu ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe o nā mea hoʻohui carboxylate. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa o kēia huahana ʻo kona versatility - antifreeze e pili ana iā ia i hui pū ʻia me kēlā me kēia ʻano o nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā mineral, me ka ʻole o ke kala, me ka antifreeze. I ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ʻaʻole i hōʻoia wale ka huahana i nā hōʻailona wela i haʻi ʻia, akā ua hoʻomaikaʻi hou iā lākou. Wahi a nā ʻelele o ka hui hoʻomohala, kūʻē maikaʻi ka antifreeze i ka corrosion electrochemical o nā metala, a me ka corrosion kiʻekiʻe o nā alumini alumini. Manaʻo ʻia ka mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa no nā ʻenekini e koi ana i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka wela - nā ʻenekini wikiwiki loa, nā ʻenekini turbocharged. He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo he kūʻokoʻa ʻo Bardahl Universal Concentrate i nā metala like ʻole a me nā alloys, ʻo ia ke keleawe, ke keleawe, ke kila kila, ka hao a i ʻole alumini. ʻAʻole hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻo Antifreeze i ka ʻōpala a me nā huahana plastik o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaha. Mai ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaha o nā kaʻa kaʻa hiki ke hiki i 250 km, a ʻo ke ola lawelawe i hōʻoia ʻia he 000 mau makahiki. I kahi huaʻōlelo, kahi huahana kūpono. Kuhi ʻia ke kumu kūʻai no 5 lita o ka concentrate - 1 rubles.

No laila, he aha nā hopena e hiki ke huki ʻia mai nā hopena o nā hoʻokolohua? ʻO ka mea mua, pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia i loko o ka mākeke, ma waho aʻe o nā huahana maikaʻi o nā hōʻailona kaulana, he mau haneli o nā mea coolant o nā mea ʻē aʻe, a mamao loa mai ka maikaʻi loa. No laila inā ʻaʻole ʻoe ʻike loea, e hahai i kekahi mau lula maʻalahi. ʻO ka mua, e hoʻohana i ka antifreeze i ʻae ʻia e kāu mea hana kaʻa. Inā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kahi mea hoʻomaha - koho i ke ʻano o ka antifreeze e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia no kāu kaʻa, akā pono e ʻae ʻia e nā hui kaʻa ʻē aʻe. Mai lawe i ka ʻōlelo a ka poʻe kūʻai kaʻa e hoʻolaha ana i kā lākou "superantifreezes." Ma ke ala, ʻaʻole paʻakikī loa ka nānā ʻana i ka pololei o ka ʻikepili i haʻi ʻia. No ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā tolerances, i kekahi manawa ua lawa ka nānā ʻana i ka puke lawelawe, nā palapala automotive, nā pūnaewele o nā hale kaʻa a me nā mea hana antifreeze. I ke kūʻai ʻana, e hoʻolohe i ka ʻeke - ma kekahi mau hue, hoʻopili nā mea hana i ka lepili "ʻAʻole i loko o ka glycerin" - e hoʻopau i nā kānalua e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o kā lākou huahana.

Ma ke ala, no nā pilikia a pau i hōʻike ʻia ma luna o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomehana ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā antifreezes glycerin-methanol, i kēia lā hiki a pono e hoʻopiʻi i kā lākou mea hana. Aia nā kumu kānāwai no kēia, me nā kumu i hāpai ʻia ma ka pae aupuni. E hoʻomanaʻo i ka hopena o ka makahiki i hala, ua hoʻololi ka Papa o ka Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC), ma kāna Decision No. Nā Wai Kūikawā” (TR TS 162/030) . Wahi a kēia hoʻoholo, e hoʻokomo ʻia kahi palena paʻa i ka ʻike o ka methyl alcohol i loko o nā mea hoʻoluʻu - ʻaʻole pono e ʻoi aku ma mua o 2012%. Ua komo ka hoʻoholo i ka ikaika, a i kēia manawa hiki i kekahi mea kaʻa ke noi, ma ke ʻano i kuhikuhi ʻia e ke kānāwai, i ka mana o ka mokuʻāina (nā mākaʻikaʻi) kino a koi i ka uku no ka hōʻino ʻana i ka waiwai ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana i kū ʻole i ka ʻenehana. nā hoʻoponopono. Pono ka palapala o ka Eurasian Economic Commission ma ka ʻāina o ʻelima mau lālā o ka EEC: Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia a me Kyrgyzstan.