He aha ke ʻano o nā malihini?

Loaʻa iā mākou ke kumu a me ke kuleana e manaʻo ai e like nā Aliens me mākou? Ua like paha lākou me ko mākou mau kūpuna. Nui a nui na kupuna nui.

Ua hoʻowalewale ʻia ʻo Matthew Wills, he mea paleobiologist ma ke Kulanui o Bath ma UK, e noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano o ke kino o nā poʻe e noho ana ma nā hokele extrasolar. I ʻAukake o kēia makahiki, hoʻomanaʻo ʻo ia ma ka puke pai phys.org i ka wā i kapa ʻia. I ka wā o ka Cambrian Explosion (ka piʻi koke ʻana o ke ola wai ma kahi o 542 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei), ʻokoʻa loa ke ʻano kino o nā mea ola. I kēlā manawa, no ka laʻana, ola ʻo Opabinia, he holoholona nona nā maka ʻelima. ʻO ka manaʻo, hiki ke hoʻomohala i kahi ʻano naʻauao me kēia helu o nā mea ʻike. I kēlā mau lā, aia kekahi pua e like me Dinomischus. He aha inā inā loaʻa iā Opabinia a i ʻole Dinomischus ka kūleʻa hānau a me ka holomua? No laila, aia ke kumu e manaʻoʻiʻo ai hiki i nā malihini ke ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa mai iā mākou, a i ka manawa like e pili kokoke i kekahi ʻano.

ʻO nā manaʻo like ʻole e pili ana i ka hiki ke ola ma luna o nā exoplanets e hoʻokūkū nei. Makemake kekahi e ʻike i ke ola ma ka lewa ma ke ʻano he ʻano like ʻole. ʻO kekahi poʻe e aʻo mai i ka manaʻo maikaʻi loa. ʻO Paul Davis, he physicist a me ka cosmologist ma Arizona State University a me ka mea kākau o The Eerie Silence, manaʻoʻiʻo hiki ke alakaʻi hewa ka lehulehu o nā exoplanets no ka mea he liʻiliʻi ka helu helu o nā moleke ola e hana maʻamau me ka nui o nā honua. I kēia manawa, nui nā exobiologists, me ka poʻe mai NASA, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻaʻole nui ka mea e pono ai ke ola - ʻo ka wai wai wale nō ka mea e pono ai, kahi kumu ikehu, kekahi hydrocarbons a me kahi manawa liʻiliʻi.

Akā, ʻo ka mea kānalua ʻo Davis, ua ʻae ʻo ia i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o ka improbability ʻaʻole ia e hoʻoponopono i ka hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo ke ola o ke aka, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kalapona a me ka protein akā ma nā kaʻina hana kemika a me ke kino.

Ke ola kino?

I ka makahiki 1891, ua kākau ka German astrophysicist Julius Schneider i kēlā ʻAʻole pono ke ola ma luna o ke kalapona a me kāna mau pūhui. Hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia ma luna o ke kilika, kahi mea i loko o ka pūʻulu like ma ka papa ʻaina me ke kalapona, e like me ke kalapona he ʻehā mau electrons valence a ʻoi aku ka paʻa ʻana ma mua o ka wela kiʻekiʻe o ka lewa.

ʻO ke kinikini o ke kalapona he mea kūlohelohe ia no ka mea he mea ia o nā pūhui kumu a pau o ka "ola": nā proteins, nucleic acids, nā momona, nā kō, nā hormones a me nā huaora. Hiki ke hana ma ke ʻano o nā kaulahao pololei a me nā lālā, ma ke ʻano o ka cyclic a me ke kinoea (methane, carbon dioxide). Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻo ka carbon dioxide, mahalo i nā mea kanu, e hoʻoponopono i ka pōʻaiapuni kalapona i ke ʻano (ʻaʻole e haʻi i kāna kuleana climatic). Loaʻa nā molekala kalapona organik ma ke ʻano hoʻokahi ʻano o ka rotation (chirality): i loko o ka nucleic acids, he dextrorotatory wale nō ke kō, ma nā protein a me nā waikawa amino he levorotatory. ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona, ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia e ka poʻe noiʻi ma ka honua prebiotic, hana i nā pūhui kalapona i ʻike nui ʻia e nā pūhui ʻē aʻe (e laʻa, nā nucleic acid e nā nucleolytic enzymes). ʻO nā paʻa kemika i loko o nā pūhui kalapona he kūpaʻa paʻa e hōʻoia i ko lākou ola lōʻihi, akā ʻo ka nui o ka ikehu i ko lākou haki ʻana a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana e hōʻoia i nā loli metabolic, decomposition a synthesis i loko o kahi mea ola. Eia kekahi, hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā ʻātoma kalapona i loko o nā molekala organik e nā paʻa pālua a ʻekolu paha, kahi e hoʻoholo ai i kā lākou reactivity a me nā kikoʻī o nā hopena metabolic. ʻAʻole hoʻokumu ʻo Silicon i nā polyatomic polymers; ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokō nui. ʻO ka huahana o ka oxidation silika he silica, e lawe ana i kahi ʻano crystalline.

ʻO nā ʻano silika (e like me ka silica) nā pūpū mau a i ʻole nā ​​"iwi" kūloko o kekahi mau hua bacteria a me nā pūnaewele hoʻokahi. ʻAʻole ia e hōʻike i ka manaʻo e lilo i chiral a i ʻole e hana i nā paʻa unsaturated. ʻAʻole paʻa kemika ʻo ia e lilo i poloka kūkulu hale o nā mea ola. Ua hōʻike ʻia he mea hoihoi loa ia i nā noi ʻoihana: i ka uila e like me ka semiconductor, a me kahi mea e hana ai i nā pūhui molekala kiʻekiʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo silicones, i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hoʻonaninani, parapharmaceuticals no nā kaʻina hana olakino (implants), i ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka ʻoihana (pena, nā pulupulu). , elastomers).

E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻaʻole ia he coincidence a i ʻole ka manaʻo o ka evolution i hoʻokumu ʻia ke ola honua ma luna o nā pūhui kalapona. Eia naʻe, no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka silika i kahi manawa liʻiliʻi, ua manaʻo ʻia i ka wā prebiotic, aia ma ka ʻili o ka silica crystalline i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana me ka chirality kū'ē, i kōkua i ka hoʻoholo ʻana e koho i hoʻokahi ʻano i loko o nā molekala organik. .

Hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka poʻe kākoʻo i ka "ola silicon" ʻaʻole he mea lapuwale ko lākou manaʻo, no ka mea, ʻo kēia mea, e like me ke kalapona, hana i ʻehā mau paʻa. ʻO ka manaʻo hoʻokahi, hiki i ke silika ke hana i nā kemika like a me nā ʻano ola like. Ua ʻike ʻo Max Bernstein, ka mea kilokilo kaulana o NASA Research Headquarters ma Wakinekona, ʻo ke ala paha e ʻike ai i ke ola extraterrestrial e pili ana i ka silika ma ka ʻimi ʻana i nā molekika silika ikaika ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​kaulahao. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole mākou e ʻike i nā pūhui kemika paʻakikī a paʻa i ka hydrogen a me ke silika, e like me ke kalapona. Aia nā kaulahao kalapona i loko o nā lipids, akā ʻaʻole paʻa nā pūhui like e pili ana i ke kilika. ʻOiai hiki ke hana a wāwahi i nā pūhui kalapona a me ka oxygen (e like me kā lākou e hana ai i loko o ko mākou kino i nā manawa a pau), ʻokoʻa ke silika.

He ʻokoʻa loa nā kūlana a me nā kaiapuni o nā hōkūhele ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea hoʻohui kemika ʻē aʻe i mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka poloka hale ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻokoʻa mai nā mea a mākou i ʻike ai ma ka Honua. He ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana a me ke kūʻē ʻana i nā wela kiʻekiʻe. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia inā hiki iā lākou ke hele i ke kahua o nā microorganisms i loko o nā mea ola o kahi papa kiʻekiʻe, hiki, no ka laʻana, o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka naʻauao, a no laila o ka civilization.

Aia kekahi mau manaʻo e hoʻopaʻa ʻia kekahi mau minerala (ʻaʻole wale i ka silicon-based) i ka ʻike - e like me DNA, kahi i mālama ʻia i loko o kahi kaulahao hiki ke heluhelu ʻia mai kekahi ʻaoʻao a i kekahi. Eia naʻe, hiki i ka mineral ke mālama iā lākou i ʻelua mau ʻāpana (ma kona ʻili). "E ulu" nā kristal ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻātoma pūpū hou. No laila, inā e wāwahi mākou i ke aniani a hoʻomaka e ulu hou, e like ia me ka hānau ʻana o kahi mea ola hou, a hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia ka ʻike mai kēlā me kēia hanauna. Akā, ke ola nei ka crystal reproducing? I kēia lā, ʻaʻohe hōʻike i ʻike ʻia e hiki i nā mineral ke hoʻoili i nā "ʻikepili" ma kēia ala.

ʻO kahi kīʻaha arsenic

ʻAʻole ia he silika wale nō ka mea e hoʻohauʻoli ai i ka poʻe hoihoi ola kalapona ʻole. I kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi manaʻo e nā hōʻike o ka noiʻi kālā a NASA ma Mono Lake (ma Kaleponi) i hōʻike i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi maʻi bacterial, GFAJ-1A, i hoʻohana i ka arsenic i kāna DNA. ʻO ka Phosphorus, ma ke ʻano o nā pūhui i kapa ʻia ʻo phosphates, kūkulu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka iwi kuamoʻo o DNA a me RNA, a me nā molekole koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe e like me ATP a me NAD, he mea nui ia no ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu i nā cell. He mea nui ka Phosphorus, akā ʻo ka arsenic, ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka papaʻaina, loaʻa nā waiwai like.

ʻO nā malihini mai ka "War of the Worlds" - ʻike

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Max Bernstein i ʻōlelo ʻia i kēia, e hōʻoluʻolu ana i ka hoihoi. "He mea hoihoi loa ka hopena o ka noiʻi Kaleponi, akā ʻo ke ʻano o kēia mau meaola he kalapona. I ka hihia o kēia mau microbes, ua hoʻololi ka arsenic i ka phosphorus i loko o ka hale, akā ʻaʻole carbon, "i wehewehe ʻo ia i kekahi o kāna mau ʻōlelo hoʻolaha. Ma lalo o nā kūlana like ʻole o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo ke ola, i hiki ke hoʻololi i kona kaiapuni, hiki ke hoʻomohala ma ke kumu o nā mea ʻē aʻe ma waho o ke silikoni a me ke kalapona. Hiki i ka chlorine a me ka sulfur ke hana i nā molekala lōʻihi a me nā mea paʻa. Aia kekahi mau bacteria e hoʻohana i ka sulfur ma kahi o ka oxygen no kā lākou metabolism. Ua ʻike mākou i nā mea he nui, ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, hiki ke lawelawe ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke kalapona i mea kūkulu hale no nā mea ola. E like me ka nui o nā pūhui kemika hiki ke hana e like me ka wai ma kahi o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Pono kākou e hoʻomanaʻo, aia kekahi mau mea kemika ma kahi ākea i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ke kanaka. Malia paha, ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, hiki i ka hele ʻana o kekahi mau mea ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano ola holomua e like me ka Honua.

Nā malihini mai ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni "Predator"

Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻaʻole maoli nā malihini a mākou e hālāwai ai ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai inā mākou e hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi i ka organik (ʻo ia hoʻi. Hiki paha ke ... akamai hana. ʻO Stuart Clark, ka mea kākau o The Search for Earth's Twin, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kākoʻo o kēia kuhiakau. Manaʻo ʻo ia e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia he nui, e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka huakaʻi mokulele a i ʻole ka pono o nā kūlana "kūpono" no ke ola.

ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha, piha i nā monster hewa, nā mea ʻaihue ʻino a me nā malihini maka nui ʻenehana, pili mau ko mākou mau manaʻo e pili ana i ka poʻe noho o nā honua ʻē aʻe me nā ʻano kanaka a holoholona paha i ʻike ʻia e mākou mai ka Honua. Me he mea lā hiki iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo wale i ka mea a mākou e hui pū ai me nā mea a mākou i ʻike ai. No laila, ʻo ka nīnau, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike wale i nā malihini i pili i ko mākou noʻonoʻo? He pilikia koʻikoʻi kēia ke hālāwai mākou i kekahi mea a i ʻole kekahi "ʻokoʻa loa."

Kāhea mākou iā ʻoe e kamaʻāina iā ʻoe iho me ke kumuhana o ka pilikia ma.