Pehea i helu ʻia ai ka lā Easter i nā kenekulia?

Ma kēia ʻatikala, e haʻi mākou iā ʻoe i ka pili ʻana o ka astronomy me ka makemakika, ehia mau keneturi i lawe ʻia e nā ʻepekema hou e hopu i nā mea i hoʻokō ʻia e nā astronomers kahiko, a pehea e ʻike ai i kēlā ʻike a me ka nānā ʻana i hōʻoia i ka manaʻo.

Ke makemake mākou e nānā i ka lā o ka Easter aʻe i kēia lā, e nānā wale i ka kalena a maopopo koke nā mea āpau. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i maʻalahi ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā lā hoʻomaha.

14 a i ʻole 15 nisan?

Easter ʻo ia ka lā hoʻomaha makahiki nui o ka hoʻomana Karistiano. Ua ʻae nā ʻeuanelio ʻehā ʻo ka lā Hemolele ka Pōʻalima a ua ʻike nā haumāna i ka hale kupapaʻu o Kristo i ka lā Sābati ma hope o ka mōliaola. Hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ka mōliaola Iudaio ma Nisan 15 e like me ka kalena Iudaio.

Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻekolu mau ʻeuanelio ua kau ʻia ʻo Kristo ma ke keʻa ma Nisan 15. St. Naʻe tohi ʻe Sione ko e Nisani 14 ia, pea ko e founga fakafoʻi ia ʻo e ngaahi meʻa naʻe fakakaukau ʻa ia ʻoku lahi ange. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i alakaʻi ka loiloi o nā ʻikepili i loaʻa i ke koho ʻana i hoʻokahi lā kikoʻī no ke alahouana.

No laila, pono e ʻae ʻia nā lula wehewehe Nā lā Easter i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. ʻO nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā ʻano no ka helu ʻana i kēia mau lā i lawe ʻia i nā kenekulia he nui. I ka wā mua, ma ka hikina o ke aupuni Roma, ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ke kau ʻana ma ke keʻa i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma Nisan 14.

Hoʻoholo ʻia ka lā hoʻomaha o ka mōliaola e nā ʻāpana o ka mahina ma ka kalena Iudaio a hiki ke hāʻule i kēlā me kēia lā o ka pule. No laila, hiki ke hāʻule ka ʻahaʻaina o ka ʻeha o ka Haku a me ka ʻahaʻaina o ke alahouana i kēlā me kēia lā o ka pule.

Ma Roma, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomanaʻo mau ʻia ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ke alahouana i ka lā Sābati ma hope o ka Easter. Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Nisan 15 ka lā o ke kaulia ʻana o Kristo. I ka makahiki XNUMX AD, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ʻaʻole pono ka Lāpule Easter ma mua o ka equinox puna.

A ʻo ka Lāpule naʻe

I ka makahiki 313, ua hoʻopuka nā mō'ī o ke komohana a me ka hikina o ka Emepera Roma, ʻo Constantine the Great (272-337) a me Licinius (c. 260-325), i ka Edict of Milan, ka mea i hōʻoia i ke kūʻokoʻa hoʻomana i ke aupuni Roma, i kamaʻilio nui ʻia i nā Karistiano. (1). I ka makahiki 325, hoʻākoakoa ʻo Constantine the Great i ʻaha kūkā ma Nicaea, 80 km mai Constantinople (2).

Ua hoʻomalu ʻo Sam iā ia i kekahi manawa. Ma waho aʻe o nā nīnau koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi - e like me ke ola ʻana o ke Akua ka Makua ma mua o ke Keiki a ke Akua - a me ka hana ʻana i nā kānāwai canonical, ka ninau o ka la o na la Sabati.

Ua hoʻoholo ʻia e mālama ʻia ka Easter ma ka Lāpule ma hope o ka "mahina piha" mua i ka pūnāwai, i wehewehe ʻia ʻo ka lā ʻumikumamāhā ma hope o ka ʻike mua ʻana o ka mahina ma hope o ka mahina hou.

ʻO kēia lā ma ka Latin ka mahina XIV. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka mahina piha astronomical ma ka Moon XV, a ʻelua ʻelua o ka makahiki ma ka mahina XVI. Ua kauoha pū ʻo Emperor Constantine ʻaʻole e mālama ʻia ka Easter ma ka lā like me ka mōliaola Iudaio.

Inā hoʻonohonoho ka ʻaha kanaka ma Nice i ka lā no ka Easter, a laila ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia. meaʻai paʻakikī no ka lā o kēia mau lā hoʻomahaUa ʻokoʻa ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻepekema i nā kenekulia i hala. ʻO ke ʻano o ka helu ʻana i ka lā o ke alahouana i loaʻa ka inoa Latin computus. Pono e hoʻokumu i ka lā kūpono o nā lā hoʻomaha e hiki mai ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana, no ka mea, ʻo ka hoʻolauleʻa ponoʻī ma mua o ka hoʻokē ʻai, a he mea nui e ʻike i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai.

palapala hoike

ʻO nā ala mua loa ka helu ʻana i ka lā Easter ua hoʻokumu ʻia lākou ma kahi pōʻai ʻewalu makahiki. Ua hana pū ʻia ka pōʻai 84 makahiki, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, akā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka mua. ʻO kona pōmaikaʻi ʻo ia ka helu piha o nā pule. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hana ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ua hoʻohana ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi.

ʻO ka hopena maikaʻi loa, ʻo ia ka pōʻai ʻumikūmāiwa makahiki o Meton (he kilo hōkū ʻo ʻAtenai), i helu ʻia ma kahi o 433 BC.

Wahi a ia, i kēlā me kēia 19 makahiki, e hana hou nā ʻāpana o ka mahina i nā lā like o nā mahina o ka makahiki lā. (Ma hope mai ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole pololei loa kēia - ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma kahi o hoʻokahi hola a me ka hapa i kēlā me kēia pōʻai).

ʻO ka maʻamau, ua helu ʻia ka Easter no ʻelima mau pōʻai Metonic, ʻo ia hoʻi, no 95 mau makahiki. ʻO ka helu ʻana o ka lā Easter ua paʻakikī loa e ka ʻike ʻike ʻia i kēlā me kēia 128 mau makahiki i haʻalele ka kalena Julian i hoʻokahi lā mai ka makahiki wela.

I ke kenekulia ʻehā, hiki i kēia ʻokoʻa i ʻekolu lā. ʻO St. Theophilus (make i 412) - Bishop o Alexandria - helu i nā papa o ka Easter no hoʻokahi haneri makahiki mai 380. St. Cyril (378-444), nona kona ʻanakala ʻo St. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Theophilus i nā lā o ka Lāpule Nui i ʻelima mau pōʻai Metonic, e hoʻomaka ana me ka makahiki 437 (3).

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻae ka poʻe Karistiano Komohana i nā hopena o ka helu ʻana o nā ʻepekema Hikina. ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka lā o ka vernal equinox. Ma ka ʻāpana Hellenistic, ua manaʻo ʻia kēia lā ma Malaki 21, a ma ka Latin - Malaki 25. Ua hoʻohana ka poʻe Roma i ka pōʻai 84 makahiki a ua hoʻohana ka poʻe Alekanederia i ka pōʻai Metonic.

ʻO ka hopena, ua alakaʻi kēia i kekahi mau makahiki i ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana i ka Easter ma ka hikina ma kahi lā ʻokoʻa ma mua o ke komohana. Victoria o Aquitaine Ua noho ʻo ia i ke kenekulia 457, hana ʻo ia ma ka kalena Easter a hiki i 84. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻumikūmāiwa makahiki ma mua o ka 532 makahiki. Ua ʻike pū ʻo ia e hana hou nā lā o ka Lāpule Hemolele i kēlā me kēia XNUMX makahiki.

Loaʻa kēia helu ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka pōʻaiapuni ʻumikūmāiwa makahiki me ka pōʻai makahiki lele ʻehā makahiki a me ka helu o nā lā o ka pule. ʻO nā lā o ke alahouana i helu ʻia e ia ʻaʻole i kūlike me nā hopena o ka helu ʻana o nā ʻepekema Hikina. Ua ʻae ʻia kāna mau papa ma Orléans i ka makahiki 541 a ua hoʻohana ʻia ma Gaul (ʻo Farani i kēia lā) a hiki i ka manawa o Charlemagne.

ʻEkolu mau hoaaloha - Dionysius, Cassiodorus a me Boethius a me Anna Domini

Do Helu papa Easter Ua haʻalele ʻo Dionysius the Lesser (c. 470-c. 544) (4) i nā ʻano Roma a hahai i ke ala i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea akamai Helene mai ka Nile Delta, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻomau i ka hana a St. ʻO Kirill.

Ua hoʻopau ʻo Dionysius i ka monopoly o ka poʻe ʻepekema Alexandria i ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ka lā Lāpule o ke alahouana.

Ua helu ʻo ia iā lākou he ʻelima mau pōʻai Metonic mai 532 AD. Ua hana hou ʻo ia. A laila ua helu ʻia nā makahiki e like me ke au o Diocletian.

Ma muli o ka hoʻomaʻau ʻana o kēia mōʻī i nā Karistiano, ua loaʻa ʻo Dionysius i kahi ala kūpono loa e hōʻailona ai i nā makahiki, ʻo ia hoʻi mai ka Nativity of Christ, a i ʻole anni Domini nostri Jesu Christi.

ʻO kekahi ala a i ʻole, ua kuhi hewa ʻo ia i kēia lā i kekahi mau makahiki. I kēia lā, ua ʻae ʻia ua hānau ʻia ʻo Iesū ma waena o 2 a me 8 BC. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, i ka makahiki 7 BC. ʻO ka hui ʻana o Jupiter me Saturn. Hāʻawi kēia i ka lani i ka hopena o kahi mea ʻālohilohi, hiki ke ʻike ʻia me ka Hoku o Betelehema.

Ua hana ʻo Cassiodorus (485-583) i kahi ʻoihana hoʻomalu ma ke aloaliʻi o Theodoric, a laila hoʻokumu i kahi monastery ma Vivarium, i kēlā manawa i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hana ʻo ia i ka ʻepekema a mālama i nā manuscript mai nā hale waihona puke o ke kūlanakauhale a me nā kula kahiko. Ua huki ʻo Cassiodorus i ka manaʻo nui o ka makemakika, no ka laʻana, ma ka noiʻi astronomical.

Eia kekahi, no ka manawa mua mai ia manawa ʻO Dionysius Ua hoʻohana ʻo Anna Domini i ka huaʻōlelo i ka makahiki 562 AD i loko o kahi puke no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka lā o ka Easter, Computus Paschalis. Aia i loko o kēia manual kahi papa hana no ka helu ʻana i ka lā e like me ke ʻano o Dionysius a ua māhele ʻia i nā kope he nui i nā hale waihona puke. Ua lawe mālie ʻia ke ʻano hou o ka helu ʻana i nā makahiki mai ka hānau ʻana o Kristo.

Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka 480th century ua hoʻohana nui ʻia, ʻoiai, no ka laʻana, ma kekahi mau wahi ma Sepania, ua lawe ʻia i ka makahiki 525th wale nō e ke aupuni o Theodoric, unuhi ʻo ia i ka geometry a Euclid, Archimedes 'mechanics, Ptolemy's astronomy. , ʻO ka manaʻo o Plato a me ka manaʻo o Aristotle i ka Latin, a kākau pū kekahi i nā puke. Ua lilo kāna mau hana i kumu o ka ʻike no nā mea noiʻi e hiki mai ana o ka Middle Ages.

ʻO ka Easter Celtic

E hele kāua i ka ʻākau. Ma Reims i ka makahiki 496, ua bapetizo ʻia ke aliʻi Gallic ʻo Clovis me ʻekolu tausani francs. ʻOi aku ma kēia ʻaoʻao, ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka English Channel ma nā mokupuni ʻo Beretania, ua noho mua ka poʻe Kristiano o ke aupuni Roma.

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou mai Roma no ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻoiai ua haʻalele ka legion Roma hope i ka mokupuni Celtic i 410 AD. No laila, ma laila, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā loina a me nā kuʻuna kaʻawale. Ma kēia lewa i ulu ai ke aliʻi Karistiano Celtic o Northumbria Oswiu (612-670). ʻO kāna wahine, ʻo Princess Enflaed o Kent, ua hānai ʻia ma ka moʻomeheu Roma i lawe ʻia i ʻEnelani hema i 596 e ka ʻelele a Pope Gregory ʻo Augustine.

Ua hoʻolauleʻa ka Mōʻī a me ka Mōʻīwahine i ka Easter e like me nā loina a lākou i ulu ai. ʻO ka maʻamau nā lā hoʻomaha Ua ʻae like lākou kekahi i kekahi, ʻaʻole naʻe i nā manawa a pau, e like me ka makahiki 664. He mea kupanaha i ka wā e hoʻolauleʻa ai ke aliʻi i nā lā hoʻomaha ma ke aloaliʻi, a ʻo ka mōʻī wahine e hoʻokē ʻai ana me ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana i ka Lāpule Pāma.

Ua hoʻohana nā Celts i ke ʻano mai ka waena o ke kenekulia 84, e pili ana i ka pōʻai 14-makahiki. Hiki i ke Sabati Sabati mai ka mahina XIV a i ka mahina XX, i.e. hiki i ka lā hoʻomaha ke hāʻule pololei i ka lā XNUMX ma hope o ka mahina hou, kahi i kūʻē nui ʻia ma waho o nā mokupuni Pelekane.

Ma Roma, ua mālama ʻia ka hoʻolauleʻa ma waena o ka mahina XV a me ka mahina XXI. Eia kekahi, ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe Celts i ke kau ʻana iā Iesū ma ke keʻa i ka Pōʻalima. ʻO ke keiki kāne wale nō a ka male aliʻi, i hānai ʻia ma nā moʻomeheu o kona makuahine, ua hoʻohuli i kona makuakāne e hoʻoponopono iā ia. A laila ma Whitby, i loko o ka monastery ma Streanaschalch, aia kahi hālāwai o nā kāhuna pule, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i ka ʻaha kūkā o Nicaea i ʻekolu mau kenekulia ma mua (5).

Eia nō naʻe, hoʻokahi wale nō ka hopena, hōʻole i nā loina Celtic a me ka hoolohe ana i ka ekalesia Roma. ʻO kahi hapa wale nō o nā kāhuna Welsh a me Irish i koe no kekahi manawa ma lalo o ke kauoha kahiko.

5. ʻO nā wahi neoneo o ka abbey kahi i mālama ʻia ai ka synod ma Whitby. Mike Peel

I ka wā ʻaʻole ia ka equinox puna

ʻO Bede the Venerable (672–735) he mōneka, mea kākau, kumu a me ke alakaʻi hīmeni ma kahi monastery ma Northumbria. Noho ʻo ia ma kahi mamao mai nā moʻomeheu a me ka ʻepekema o ia manawa, akā hiki iā ia ke kākau i kanaono mau puke ma ka Baibala, ka palapala honua, ka mōʻaukala, ka makemakika, ka mālama manawa, a me nā makahiki lele.

6. He ʻaoʻao mai ka Venerable Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum

Ua hana ʻo ia i nā helu hōkū. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻohana i kahi waihona puke o ʻehā haneli mau puke. ʻOi aku ka ʻoi aku o kona kaʻawale naʻauao ma mua o kona kaʻawale ʻāina.

Ma kēia pōʻaiapili, hiki ke hoʻohālikelike wale ʻia ʻo ia me Isidore o Seville (560-636), i loaʻa ka ʻike kahiko a kākau i ka astronomy, makemakika, chronometry, a me. ka helu ʻana i ka lā Easter.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo Isidore, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana hou ʻana o nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i hana pinepine. Bede, ʻi heʻene tohi kaulana ko Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, naʻe tohi mei he fanauʻi ʻo Kalaisí (6).

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo ia i ʻekolu ʻano manawa: hoʻoholo ʻia e ke ʻano, ka hana a me ka mana, ke kanaka a me ke akua.

Ua manaʻo ʻo ia ua ʻoi aku ka manawa o ke Akua ma mua o nā manawa ʻē aʻe. ʻO kekahi o kāna mau hana, ʻo De temporum ratione, ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka manawa a me ka kalena no nā kenekulia e hiki mai ana. Loaʻa iā ia ka hana hou ʻana o ka ʻike i ʻike mua ʻia, a me nā mea i hoʻokō ponoʻia e ka mea kākau. Ua kaulana ia i ka Middle Ages a hiki ke loaʻa i loko o hoʻokahi haneli hale waihona puke.

Ua hoʻi hou ʻo Bede i kēia kumuhana no nā makahiki he nui. ka helu ʻana i ka lā Easter. Ua helu ʻo ia i nā lā o nā lā hoʻomaha o ke alahouana no hoʻokahi pōʻai makahiki 532, mai 532 a i 1063. ʻO ka mea nui loa, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hoʻōki i ka helu ʻana iā lākou iho. Ua kūkulu ʻo ia i kahi lā paʻakikī. I ka makahiki 730, ua ʻike ʻo ia ʻaʻole i hāʻule ka vernal equinox i ka lā 25 o Malaki.

Ua nānā ʻo ia i ka equinox hāʻule ma ka lā 19 o Kepakemapa. No laila ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i kāna mau ʻike, a i kona ʻike ʻana i ka equinox e hiki mai ana i ka pūnāwai o 731, ua ʻike ʻo ia ʻo ka ʻōlelo ʻana he 365/XNUMX mau lā ka makahiki he hoʻohālikelike wale nō. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ua "hewa" ka kalena Julian i nā lā ʻeono.

ʻAʻole i ʻike mua ʻia ka hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua a Bede i ka pilikia o ka helu ʻana i ka Middle Ages a he mau keneturi ma mua o kona manawa. Ma ke ala, pono e hoʻohui ʻia ua ʻike ʻo Bede i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kai o ke kai e ana i nā pae a me ka orbit o ka mahina. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā palapala a Bede e Abbott Fleury (945–1004) a me Hraban Maur (780–856), nāna i hoʻomāmā i kā lākou ʻano helu helu a loaʻa nā hopena like. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohana ʻo Abbott Fleury i ka hola wai e ana i ka manawa, kahi mea i ʻoi aku ka pololei ma mua o ka lā.

ʻAʻole ʻae ka nui o nā ʻike

ʻO German Kulavi (1013-54) - he mōneka mai Reichenau, ua hōʻikeʻo ia i ka manaʻo kūponoʻole no kona manawa e hikiʻole ke hoʻokō i kaʻoiaʻiʻo o keʻano. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kahi astrolabe a me kahi lā i hoʻolālā ʻia nona.

Ua pololei loa lākou a ʻike ʻo ia ʻaʻole i ʻae nā ʻāpana o ka mahina me nā helu kamepiula.

Ke nānā nei i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka kalena hoʻomaha ʻO nā pilikia o ka halepule me ka kilo hōkū i lilo i mea maikaʻi ʻole. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hoʻoponopono i nā helu a Bede, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa. No laila, ua ʻike ʻo ia he hewa ke ala holoʻokoʻa o ka helu ʻana i ka lā o ka Easter a ma muli o nā kuhi astronomical hewa.

Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Rainer o Paderborn (1140–90) ʻaʻole like ka pōʻai Metonic me ka neʻe maoli o ka lā a me ka mahina. Ua helu ʻo ia i kēia waiwai no hoʻokahi lā i 315 mau makahiki o ka kalena Julian. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka makemakika o ka Hikina i kēia mau lā no ka helu ʻana i ka lā o ka Easter.

Ua ʻike pū ʻo ia ʻo ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e papa inoa i nā makahiki o ka honua mai kona hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana ma o nā hanana o ka Baibala e kuhi hewa ana ma muli o kahi kalena hewa. Eia kekahi, i ka hopena o ke kenekulia XNUMX/XNUMX, ua ʻike ʻo Conrad o Strasbourg ua hoʻololi ka solstice hoʻoilo i nā lā he ʻumi mai ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka kalena Julian.

Eia naʻe, ua ala mai ka nīnau inā ʻaʻole pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia helu i hāʻule ka vernal equinox i ka lā 21 o Malaki, e like me ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka Council of Nicaea. Ua helu ʻia ka helu like me ko Rainer o Paderborn e Robert Grosseteste (1175-1253) o ke Kulanui o Oxford, a loaʻa iā ia ka hopena i hoʻokahi lā i 304 mau makahiki (7).

I kēia lā, manaʻo mākou he lā hoʻokahi i 308,5 mau makahiki. Hoʻomaka ka Grossetest ka helu ʻana i ka lā Easter, e manaʻo ana i ka vernal equinox ma Malaki 14. Ma waho aʻe o ka astronomy, ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka geometry a me ka optics. ʻO ia ma mua o kona manawa ma ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā kumumanaʻo ma o ka ʻike a me ka nānā ʻana.

Eia kekahi, ua hōʻoia ʻo ia ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea ʻepekema Helene kahiko a me nā ʻepekema Arab ma mua o ko Bede a me nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe o ʻEulopa. He ʻōpio iki ʻo John Sacrobosco (1195-1256) i ka ʻike makemakika a me ka ʻike hōkū, hoʻohana i ka astrolabe.

Ua kōkua ʻo ia i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā helu Arab ma ʻEulopa. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohewa ʻo ia i ka kalena Julian. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia, ua manaʻo ʻo ia e haʻalele i hoʻokahi makahiki lele i kēlā me kēia 288 makahiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Pono e hoʻonui ʻia ka kalena.

ʻO Roger Bacon (c. 1214–92) He ʻepekema Pelekania, he mea ʻike, he empiricist (8). Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia ka hana hoʻokolohua e hoʻololi i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa theoretical - no laila, ʻaʻole lawa ka huki wale ʻana i kahi hopena, pono ka ʻike. Ua wānana ʻo Bacon i kekahi lā e kūkulu ke kanaka i nā kaʻa, nā moku mana, nā mokulele.

8. ʻO Roger Bacon. Phot. Michael Reeve

Ua lohi ʻo ia i ke komo ʻana i ka monastery Franciscan, ʻo ia ka mea aʻoaʻo makua, ka mea kākau o kekahi mau hana a he kumu aʻo ma ke Kulanui o Paris. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia ʻoiai na ke Akua i hana ke ʻano, pono ia e ʻimi, hoʻāʻo, a hoʻohui ʻia i mea e hoʻokokoke aku ai nā kānaka i ke Akua.

A ʻo ka hiki ʻole ke hōʻike i ka ʻike he mea hōʻino i ka Mea nāna i hana. Ua hoʻohewa ʻo ia i ka hana a ka poʻe makemakika Kalikiano a me ka helu helu, kahi i hoʻohana ai ʻo Bede, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, i ka helu ʻana ma mua o ka helu pololei ʻana.

Hewa i loko ka helu ʻana i ka lā Easter alakaʻi, no ka laʻana, i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka makahiki 1267 i hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ai ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ke alahouana i ka lā hewa.

I ka wā e wikiwiki ai, ʻaʻole ʻike ka poʻe a ʻai i ka ʻiʻo. ʻO nā hoʻolauleʻa ʻē aʻe a pau, e like me ka Piʻi ʻana o ka Haku a me ka Penetekota, ua hoʻolauleʻa ʻia me ka hewa o kēlā me kēia pule. Hoʻokaʻawale ka manawa o Bacon, i hoʻoholo ʻia e ke ʻano, ka mana a me nā loina. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia ʻo ka manawa wale nō ka manawa o ke Akua a he hewa paha ka manawa i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka mana. He kuleana ko ka Pope e hoololi i ka kalena. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo i ka ʻoihana pope i kēlā manawa i ka Bacon.

Kalena Gregorian

Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ke ʻano e hāʻule mau ai ka vernal equinox i ka lā 21 o Malaki, e like me ka ʻae ʻana ma ka ʻaha kūkā o Nicaea. Ma muli o ka pololei ʻole o kēia manawa, ua hana pū ʻia ka pōʻai Metonic nā hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka kalena lunar. Ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o ka kalena Gregorian i 1582, ua hoʻohana koke ʻia e nā ʻāina Katolika o ʻEulopa.

I ka manawa lōʻihi, ua hāpai ʻia e nā ʻāina Protestant, a laila e nā ʻāina o ka hikina. Eia naʻe, pili nā hale pule Hikina i nā lā e like me ka kalena Julian. ʻO ka hope, he ʻike mōʻaukala. I ka makahiki 1825, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ka Ekalesia Katolika Roma i ka ʻaha kūkā o Nicaea. A laila, mālama ʻia ka Easter me ka mōliaola Iudaio.