Pehea e pili ana i ka desalination wai kai kūpono? Nui ka wai ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana i ka wai inu maʻemaʻe a me ka palekana he mea pono e hoʻokō maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ma nā wahi he nui o ka honua. He mea kōkua nui ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai kai ma nā wahi he nui o ka honua, inā he ʻoiaʻiʻo, loaʻa nā ʻano hana i kūpono a kūpono i ka hoʻokele waiwai.

Manaʻolana hou no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kumu kūʻai nā ala e loaʻa ai ka wai hou ma ka wehe ʻana i ka paʻakai kai ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki i hala i ka wā i hōʻike ai nā mea noiʻi i nā hopena o nā haʻawina e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻano mea iwi iwi organometallic (MOF) no ka kānana wai kai. ʻO ke ʻano hana hou, i hoʻomohala ʻia e kahi hui ma ke Kulanui ʻo Monash o Australia, koi ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ikehu ma mua o nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe, wahi a nā mea noiʻi.

MOF iwi iwi organometallic he mau mea porous loa me ka ili nui. ʻO nā papa hana nui i'ōwiliʻia i loko o nā puke liʻiliʻi he mea maikaʻi no ka kānanaʻana, i.e. ka hopu ʻana i nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana i loko o ka wai (1). Ua kapa ʻia ke ʻano hou o MOF PSP-MIL-53 hoʻohana ʻia i ka paʻakai a me nā mea haumia i loko o ka wai kai. Hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka wai, e hoʻopaʻa i nā ion a me nā haumia ma luna o kona ʻili. I loko o 30 mau minuke, ua hiki iā MOF ke hoʻemi i ka nui o nā mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (TDS) o ka wai mai 2,233 ppm (ppm) a i lalo o 500 ppm. Aia kēia ma lalo o ka paepae 600 ppm i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka World Health Organization no ka wai inu palekana.

1. ʻIke ʻia o ka hana ʻana o kahi membrane organometallic i ka wā o ka hoʻohemo ʻana o ke kai.

Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻano hana, hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke hana i ka 139,5 lita o ka wai maʻemaʻe i hoʻokahi kilokani o ka mea MOF i kēlā me kēia lā. Ke hoʻopiha ʻia ka pūnaewele MOF i nā ʻāpana, hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe wikiwiki a maʻalahi no ka hoʻohana hou ʻana. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, waiho ʻia i ka lā, e hoʻokuʻu i nā paʻakai paʻa i loko o ʻehā mau minuke.

"ʻO nā kaʻina hana desalination thermal e hoʻoikaika i ka ikehu, aʻo nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe e like me osmosis hoʻohuli (2), loaʻa iā lākou nā hemahema he nui, me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka ikehu a me nā kinikona no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka membrane a me ka dechlorination, "wahi a Huanting Wang, alakaʻi hui noiʻi ma Monash. "ʻO ka lā ke kumu nui loa o ka ikehu ma ka honua. ʻO kā mākou kaʻina hana desalination e pili ana i ka adsorbent hou a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lā no ka hana hou ʻana e hāʻawi i kahi hopena desalination mālama i ka ikehu.

2. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana desalination wai kai Osmosis ma Saudi Arabia.

Mai ka graphene a hiki i ke kemika akamai

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, nui nā manaʻo hou i puka mai no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai kai maikaʻi. Ke nānā pono nei ʻo "Young Technician" i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia mau ʻenehana.

Ua kākau mākou, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, e pili ana i ka manaʻo o nā ʻAmelika ma ke Kulanui ʻo Austin a me nā Kelemania ma ke Kulanui ʻo Marburg, kahi e hoʻohana i kahi pahu liʻiliʻi mai kahi mea e kahe ai ke au uwila o ka voli hiki ole (0,3 volts). I loko o ka wai paʻakai e kahe ana i loko o ke kahawai o ka mea hana, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ion chlorine a hana ʻia kahua uilae like me na kemika. ʻO ka hopena, kahe ka paʻakai ma kekahi ʻaoʻao a ʻo ka wai hou ma kekahi ʻaoʻao. Hiki ke kaʻawale wai hou.

Ua hana nā kānaka ʻepekema Pelekane mai ke Kulanui o Manchester, alakaʻi ʻia e Rahul Nairi, i kahi kānana graphene-based sieve i 2017 e hoʻopau pono i ka paʻakai mai ka wai kai.

Ma kahi noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke pai Nature Nanotechnology, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa nā kānaka ʻepekema hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā membrane desalination. graphene oxide, ma kahi o ka graphene maʻemaʻe paʻakikī a loaʻa. Pono e wili ʻia ka graphene papa hoʻokahi i loko o nā lua liʻiliʻi i mea e paʻa ai. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lua ma mua o 1 nm, e hele manuahi nā paʻakai i loko o ka lua, no laila e ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā puka e wili ʻia. I ka manawa like, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e hoʻonui ka mānoanoa a me ka porosity i nā membrane graphene oxide i ka wā e hoʻokomo ʻia i ka wai. Hui kauka. Ua hōʻike ʻo Nairi i ka uhi ʻana i ka membrane me ka graphene oxide me kahi papa hou o ka epoxy resin i hoʻonui i ka pono o ka pale. Hiki i nā mole wai ke hele i loko o ka membrane, akā ʻaʻole hiki i ka sodium chloride.

Ua hoʻomohala kekahi pūʻulu o nā mea noiʻi Saudi Arabia i kahi hāmeʻa a lākou e manaʻoʻiʻo nei e hoʻololi pono i kahi mea kanu mana mai kahi "mea kūʻai" i ka wai i "mea hana wai hou". Ua paʻi nā ʻepekema i kahi pepa e wehewehe ana i kēia ma Nature i kekahi mau makahiki i hala. ʻenehana lā houhiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka wai a hana i ka manawa like ka lewa.

I ka prototype i kūkulu ʻia, ua hoʻokomo ka poʻe ʻepekema i kahi mea hana wai ma hope. pākaukau lā. I ka lā, hoʻopuka ke kelepona i ka uila a hoʻokuʻu i ka wela. Ma kahi o ka lilo ʻana o kēia wela i ka lewa, ua kuhikuhi ka mea hana i kēia ikehu i kahi mea kanu e hoʻohana ana i ka wela ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu no ke kaʻina desalination.

Ua hoʻokomo ka poʻe noiʻi i ka wai paʻakai a me ka wai i loko o nā metala kaumaha e like me ke kēpau, keleawe a me ka magnesium i loko o ka distiller. Ua hoʻololi ka mea hana i ka wai i mahu, a laila hele i loko o kahi membrane plastik e kānana i ka paʻakai a me nā ʻōpala. ʻO ka hopena o kēia kaʻina hana he wai inu maʻemaʻe e kū ana i nā kūlana palekana o ka World Health Organization. Ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka prototype, ma kahi o hoʻokahi mika ākea, hiki ke hana i 1,7 lita o ka wai maʻemaʻe i kēlā me kēia hola. ʻO kahi kūpono no ia mea ma kahi maloʻo a semi-maloʻo paha, kokoke i kahi kumu wai.

ʻO Guihua Yu, he kanaka ʻepekema waiwai ma Austin State University, Texas, a me kāna mau hoa hui i noi ʻia ma 2019 kānana maikaʻi i nā hydrogels kai, hui polimerka mea e hana i ka porous, ka wai-hoʻomoe hale. Ua hana ʻo Yu a me kāna mau hoa hana i ka ʻōhuhi gel mai loko mai o ʻelua polymers: ʻo kekahi he polymer hoʻopaʻa wai i kapa ʻia he polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) a ʻo kekahi he mea hoʻoheheʻe māmā i kapa ʻia he polypyrrole (PPy). Ua hui pū lākou i ke kolu o ka polymer i kapa ʻia ʻo chitosan, a he mea hoihoi loa ia i ka wai. Ua hōʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema ma Science Advances ua hoʻokō lākou i ka hana wai maʻemaʻe o 3,6 lita i kēlā me kēia hola i kēlā me kēia mika square o ka ʻili pūnaewele, ʻo ia ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a ma kahi o ʻumikūmālua manawa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka mea i hana ʻia i kēia lā ma nā ʻano pāʻoihana.

ʻOiai ka hoihoi o ka poʻe ʻepekema, ʻaʻole i lohe ʻia e loaʻa i nā ʻano hou ultra-efficient a me ka waiwai o ka desalination me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hou e loaʻa i ka noi pāʻoihana ākea. A hiki i ka hana ʻana, e makaʻala.