Pehea i lanakila ai ka Red Planet a me ka mea i hiki iā mākou ke aʻo e pili ana iā ia. Ke piʻi nei ke kaʻa ma ke ala Martian

Ua hoʻopio ʻo Mars i ka poʻe mai ka wā i ʻike mua ai mākou iā ia ma ke ʻano he mea i ka lewa, ʻo ia ka mea i manaʻo mua iā mākou he hōkū, a he hōkū nani, no ka mea he ʻulaʻula. I ke kenekulia 1, ua hoʻokokoke nā telescopes i ko mākou maka no ka manawa mua i kona ʻili, piha i nā hiʻohiʻona hoihoi a me nā ʻano ʻāina (XNUMX). Ua hoʻopili mua nā ʻepekema i kēia me ka moʻomeheu Martian e kū nei ...

1. Palapala ʻāina o ka ʻili o Mars i ke kenekulia XNUMX.

I kēia manawa, ʻike mākou ʻaʻohe ala a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hana hana ma Mars. Eia naʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia he 3,5 biliona makahiki i hala aku nei ua hiki ke noho ʻia kēia honua maloʻo e like me ka Honua (2).

Oka Poakola ʻo ia ka hā o ka honua mai ka Lā, ma hope pono o ka Honua. He hapa iki wale no ka honuaa he 38 pakeneka wale no kona nui. honua. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka manawa e hoʻopau ai i kāna kaʻapuni ʻana a puni ka Lā ma mua o ka Honua, akā kaʻapuni ʻo ia a puni kona axis ma kahi o ka wikiwiki like. ʻo ia ke kumu ʻO ka makahiki ma Mars he 687 mau lā honua.a he 40 mau minuke ka lōʻihi o ka lā ma Mars ma mua o ka honua.

ʻOiai ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ua like ka ʻāina o ka honua me ka ʻāpana o nā ʻāina o ka Honua, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua hoʻopuni ʻia ka honua i kēia manawa e kahi lewa ʻole, i haku ʻia me ka carbon dioxide, a ʻaʻole paha e kākoʻo i ke ola honua.

ʻIke ʻia ka methane i kēlā me kēia manawa ma ka lewa o kēia ao maloʻo, a aia ka lepo i nā mea ʻona i ke ola e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai. ʻOiai aia ka wai ma Mars, ua paʻa i loko o nā pōʻai hau polar o ka honua a hūnā ʻia paha i ka nui ma lalo o ka ʻili o Mars.

2. He mau piliona makahiki i hala aku nei ke ano hypothetical o Mars

I kēia lā, ʻoiai e ʻimi ana nā kānaka ʻepekema ili o mars (3), ʻike lākou i nā hale i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ʻo ka hana o nā wai holo lōʻihi - nā kahawai lālā, nā awāwa muliwai, nā kīʻaha, a me nā delta. Hōʻike ka nānā ʻana ua hiki i ka honua ke loaʻa hoʻokahi ka moana nui e uhi ana i kona poʻo ʻākau.

Nā wahi ʻē aʻe o nā bea meheu o ka ua kahiko, nā waihona, nā muliwai e ʻoki ana i nā kahawai ma ka honua. Malia paha, ua uhi ʻia ka honua i kahi lewa ʻeleʻele, kahi i hiki ai i ka wai ke noho i loko o kahi kūlana wai i nā mahana a me nā kaomi o Martian. I kekahi manawa ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻololi nui ʻia ka honua, a ua lilo ka honua i like me ka Honua ma mua i ka ʻāina maloʻo a mākou e ʻimi nei i kēia lā. Ke noʻonoʻo nei ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka mea i hana? Ma hea i hele ai kēia mau kahawai a ua aha ka lewa Martian?

I kēia manawa. E loli ana paha kēia i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. Manaʻo ʻo NASA e pae nā kānaka mua ma Mars i nā makahiki 30. Ua kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ia papa manawa no kahi o ʻumi makahiki. Ke manaʻo nei ka poʻe Kina e pili ana i nā hoʻolālā like, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kēia mau papahana makemake nui, e hoʻāʻo kākou e ʻike i ka hapalua haneli o ka ʻimi kanaka ma Mars.

ʻOi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o ka misionari i hāʻule

Hoʻouna ʻana i kahi Mokuahi i Mars paʻakikī, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka pae ʻana ma kēia honua. ʻO ka lewa Martian rarefied e hoʻoikaika nui i ka piʻi ʻana i luna. Ma kahi o 60 pakeneka. ʻAʻole i kūleʻa nā hoʻāʻo pae ʻana i nā makahiki he nui o ka mōʻaukala ʻimi honua.

I kēia manawa, ua hōʻea maikaʻi ʻia nā keʻena kikowaena ʻeono i Mars - NASA, nā Roscosmos Lūkini a me nā mea mua o Soviet, ka European Space Agency (ESA), ka Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), ka hui Kina, ʻaʻole i hoʻokipa wale i ka orbiter, akā pū kekahi. Ua pae maikaʻi a hoʻokuʻu i ka rover , e ʻimi ana i ka ʻili o ka nave o Zhurong, a, ʻo ka hope, ʻo ke keʻena kikowaena o United Arab Emirates me ka probe "Amal" ("Hope").

Mai ka makahiki 60, ua hoʻouna ʻia nā kakini mokulele i Mars. Ka mua ka helu o ʻimi ma Mars hoʻouka kaua i ka USSR. ʻO ka mikiona ka mea i manaʻo mua ʻia a me kahi pae paʻakikī (impact) (Mars, 1962).

ʻO ka huakaʻi holomua mua a puni Mars Ua hana ʻia ma Iulai 1965 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻimi ʻo Mariner 4 o NASA. Malaki 2 i Mākū 3 akā, i ka makahiki 1971, ua hāʻule ka mea mua me ka rover ma luna o ka moku, a pili pū me Mākū 3 ua haki koke i kona hiki ana i ka ilikai.

Hoʻokuʻu ʻia e NASA i ka makahiki 1975, ʻo ia ka Viking probes ʻelua orbiter, ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia me kahi pae ʻāina i pae maikaʻi i ka makahiki 1976. Ua hana pū lākou i nā hoʻokolohua olaola ma ka ʻāina Martian e ʻimi i nā hōʻailona o ke ola, akā ʻaʻole maopopo nā hopena.

Ua hoʻomau ʻo NASA ʻO ka papahana Mariner me kekahi ʻelua o Mariner 6 a me 7 probes. Ua hoʻonoho ʻia lākou ma ka puka makani hoʻouka aʻe a hiki i ka honua i 1969. I ka puka aniani hoʻouka hou aku, ua ʻeha hou ʻo Mariner i ka nalo ʻana o kekahi o kāna mau paikini.

Malina 9 Ua komo maikaʻi ʻo ia i ka orbit a puni iā ​​Mars ma ke ʻano he mokulele mokulele mua ma ka mōʻaukala. Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua ʻike ʻo ia e lele ana ka ʻino lepo ma ka honua. ʻO kāna mau kiʻi ka mea mua i hāʻawi i nā hōʻike kikoʻī hou aʻe i hiki ke noho ka wai wai ma luna o ka honua. Ma muli o kēia mau haʻawina, ua ʻike pū ʻia ka inoa o ka wahi ʻAʻohe mea 'Olumepika ʻO ia ka mauna kiʻekiʻe loa (ʻoi aku ka pololei, he lua pele), i alakaʻi i kona hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻana ʻo Olympus Mons.

Ua nui aku na hemahema. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻouna ʻia nā mea noiʻi Soviet Phobos 1 a me Phobos 2 i Mars i ka makahiki 1988 e aʻo iā Mars a me kāna mau mahina ʻelua, me ka nānā nui ʻana iā Phobos. Phobos 1 nalowale ka pilina ma ke ala i Mars. Phobos 2ʻoiai ua paʻi maikaʻi ʻo ia iā Mars a me Phobos, ua hāʻule ʻo ia ma mua o ka pā ʻana o nā pae ʻelua i ka ʻili o Phobos.

ʻAʻole hoʻi i lanakila ʻO ka huakaʻi mākaʻikaʻi Mars Observer US i ka makahiki 1993. Ma hope koke iho, i ka makahiki 1997, ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi ʻimi noiʻi ʻike NASA, ka Mars Global Surveyor, i ke komo ʻana i ka orbit o Mars. He kūleʻa holoʻokoʻa kēia misionari, a ma ka makahiki 2001 ua paʻi ʻia ka honua holoʻokoʻa.

4. ʻO ke kūkulu hou ʻana i ke ola o ka Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity rovers me ke komo ʻana o nā ʻenekini NASA.

Ua ʻike pū ʻo 1997 i kahi holomua nui ma ke ʻano o kahi pae kūleʻa i ka ʻāina ʻo Ares Valley a me ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻili e hoʻohana ana. Lazika NASA Sojourner ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka misionari Mars Pathfinder. Ma waho aʻe o nā kumu ʻepekema, Misiona Pathfinder Mars He hōʻoia nō hoʻi ia o ka manaʻo no nā ʻano hoʻonā like ʻole, e like me ka ʻōnaehana pae ʻea airbag a me ka pale ʻana i nā mea pilikia, i hoʻohana ʻia ma hope o nā mikiona rover (4). Eia nō naʻe, ma mua o ko lākou hōʻea ʻana, aia kekahi nalu o nā hāʻule ʻana o Martian ma 1998 a me 1999, ma hope koke o ka kūleʻa o Global Surveyor a me Pathfinder.

He pōʻino Kepani Nozomi orbiter missiona me nā mea hoʻokele NASA ʻO Mars Climate Orbiter, Mars Polar Lander i nā mea komo Mokuna 2me nā hemahema like ʻole.

Misiona ʻo European Space Agency Mars Express (ESA) i Mars i ka makahiki 2003. Aia ma luna o ka moku he Beagle 2 lander i nalowale i ka wā o kahi hoʻāʻo pae ʻana a nalowale i Pepeluali 2004. Beagle 2 ua ʻike ʻia ma Ianuali 2015 e ka kamera HiRise ma ka NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Ua ʻike ʻia ua pae maluhia ʻo ia, akā ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hoʻokomo piha i nā panela lā a me nā antenna. Orbital Mars Express akā naʻe, ua ʻike ʻo ia i nā mea nui. I ka makahiki 2004, ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka methane i ka lewa o ka honua a nānā iā ia i ʻelua makahiki ma hope. hoku polar.

I Ianuali 2004, ua kapa ʻia ʻelua rovers NASA Uhane o Serbia (MER-A) I He wā kūpono (MER-B) pae i ka ili o Mars. Ua ʻoi aku lāua ʻelua ma mua o nā palapala Martian i manaʻo ʻia. Ma waena o nā hopena ʻepekema koʻikoʻi o kēia papahana, ʻo ia ka hōʻike ikaika i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai wai ma nā wahi pae ʻelua i ka wā ma mua. Ua hana ʻo Rover Spirit (MER-A) a hiki i ka makahiki 2010, i ka wā i hoʻōki ai i ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ʻikepili no ka mea ua paʻa ʻo ia i loko o kahi dune a ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻonohonoho hou iā ia iho e hoʻopiha i kāna mau pila.

A laila ʻo Phoenix pae i ka ʻĀkau o Mars i Mei 2008 a ua hōʻoia ʻia he hau wai. ʻEkolu makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka Mars Science Laboratory ma luna o ka Curiosity rover, i hōʻea i ka ʻili o Mars i ʻAukake 2012. Kākau mākou e pili ana i nā hopena ʻepekema koʻikoʻi o kāna misionari ma kekahi ʻatikala o kēia pukana o MT.

ʻO kekahi hoʻāʻo kūleʻa ʻole e pae ma Mars e ka European ESA a me ka Russian Roscosmos Lendaunik Schiaparellika mea i hemo mai ka ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. Ua hōʻea ka misionari i Mars i 2016. Eia naʻe, ʻo Schiaparelli, ʻoiai e iho ana, ua wehe mua ʻo ia i kāna parachute a hāʻule i luna. Eia naʻe, hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka ʻikepili koʻikoʻi i ka wā o ka iho ʻana o ka parachute, no laila ua manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana he kūleʻa hapa.

ʻElua mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua pae hou ka ʻimi noiʻi ma ka honua, i kēia manawa paʻa. Nānānāna i hana i ka noiʻi ʻana i kēlā hoʻoholo i ke anawaena o ke kumu o Mars. Hōʻike nā ana InSight aia ke anawaena o ke kumu o Mars ma waena o 1810 a me 1850 mau kilomita. ʻO kēia kahi kokoke i ka hapalua o ke anawaena o ke kumu o ka Honua, aia ma kahi o 3483 km. I ka manawa like, akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kekahi mau manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke kumu Martian ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo mua ʻia.

Ua hoʻāʻo maikaʻi ʻole ka ʻimi InSight e hele hohonu i ka ʻāina Martian. Ma Ianuali, ua haʻalele ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka "mole" Polish-German, ʻo ia hoʻi. ʻO ka ʻimi wela, i manaʻo ʻia e hele hohonu i ka lepo e ana i ke kahe o ka ikehu wela. Ua loaʻa ka Mole i ka hakakā nui a ʻaʻole i komo hohonu i ka lepo. Ke hoʻolohe nei nō hoʻi ka ʻimi nā nalu seismic mai loko mai o ka honua. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole lawa ka manawa o ka misionari InSight e hana hou i nā ʻike. Hōʻiliʻili ka lepo ma nā panela lā o ka hāmeʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, loaʻa iā InSight ka liʻiliʻi o ka mana.

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka neʻe ʻana i ka orbit o ka honua. No NASA Mars odyssey Ua komo i ka orbit Mars i ka makahiki 2001. ʻO kāna misionari ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā spectrometers a me nā mea hana kiʻi e ʻimi ai i nā hōʻike o ka wai a me ka hana lua pele ma Mars.

I ka makahiki 2006, ua hōʻea kahi noiʻi NASA i ka orbit. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), ʻo ia ka mea e hana i kahi noiʻi ʻepekema ʻelua makahiki. Ua hoʻomaka ka orbiter i ka palapala ʻāina i ka ʻāina Martian a me ke aniau e ʻimi ai i nā pae pae kūpono no nā mikiona pae e hiki mai ana. Ua lawe ʻo MRO i ke kiʻi mua o kahi pūʻulu o nā ʻauwaha ikaika kokoke i ka pole ʻākau o ka honua i ka makahiki 2008. Ua hōʻea ka MAVEN orbiter i ka orbit a puni ka Honua Ula ma 2014. ʻO ka pahuhopu o ka misionari ka mea nui e hoʻoholo i ka nalowale ʻana o ka lewa a me ka wai o ka honua i kēia manawa. o ka makahiki.

Ma kahi o ka manawa like, kāna mua Martian orbital probe, Misiona Orbit Mars (MAMA), kapa ʻia Mangalyaan, ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). Ua hele i ka orbit i Kepakemapa 2014. Ua lilo ʻo ISRO o India i ka ʻehā o nā keʻena ākea e hiki i Mars, ma hope o ka papahana mokulele Soviet, NASA a me ESA.

5. Zhuzhong kaʻa ʻāina āpau o Kina

ʻO kekahi ʻāina ma ka hui Martian ʻo United Arab Emirates. No lakou mokulele ʻōpuni ʻo Amal i hui ʻia ma Pepeluali 9, 2021. I kekahi lā ma hope mai, ua hana like ka ʻimi Kina. Tianwen-1, e lawe ana i ka 240 kg Zhurong lander a me ka rover (5), i pae maikaʻi ma Mei 2021.

Ua hui pū kekahi kanaka mākaʻikaʻi ʻili Kina i ʻekolu mau mokulele US i kēia manawa e hana nei a e hana nei ma ka ili o ka honua. ʻO Lazikov Pākē i Hoʻomaui pae maikaʻi i kēia Feberuari, a me Insight. A inā helu ʻoe Drone lele akamai i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka huakaʻi US hope loa, ʻokoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mīkini kanaka e hana ana ma ka ʻili o Mars i ka manawa ʻelima.

ʻIke ʻia ka honua e ʻewalu orbiters: Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Orbiter Mission, MAVEN, ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (6), Tianwen-1 orbiter a me Amal. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i hoʻouna ʻia kahi laʻana mai Mars, a ʻaʻole i kūleʻa ka pae ʻana i ka mahina o Phobos (Phobos-Grunt) i ka wā o ka lele ʻana i ka makahiki 2011.

Fig. 6. Nā kiʻi o ka ʻili o Mars mai ka mea kani CaSSIS o ka Exo Mars orbiter.

Ke hoʻomau nei kēia noiʻi Martian "infrastructure" i nā ʻikepili hoihoi hou i kēia pilikia. Honua Hula. I kēia mau lā, ua ʻike ka ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter i ka hydrogen chloride i ka lewa Martian. Ua paʻi ʻia nā hopena ma ka puke pai Science Advances. “Pono ka mahu no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka chlorine, a pono ka hydrogen e ka hua o ka wai e hana i ka hydrogen chloride. ʻO ka mea nui i kēia mau kaʻina hana kemika ʻo ka wai, "i wehewehe ʻo ia. Kevin Olsen mai ke Kulanui o Oxford, ma kahi hoʻolaha paʻi. Wahi a ka poʻe ʻepekema, kākoʻo ke ʻano o ka mahu wai i ke kumumanaʻo e nalowale ana ka wai o Mars i ka manawa.

No NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Ua ʻike hou ʻo ia i kekahi mea ʻē ma ka ʻili o Mars. Hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia me kahi palapala hoʻokele. Kāmeʻa HiRise he lua hohonu (7), he wahi ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele kona ʻano me ke anawaena o 180 mika. ʻO nā noiʻi hou aʻe i ʻoi aku ka pīhoihoi. Ua ʻike ʻia aia ke one ākea ma lalo o ka lua, a hāʻule i kahi ʻaoʻao. Ke ho'āʻo nei nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻoholo Hiki paha ke hoʻopili ʻia ka lua hohonu i kahi ʻupena o nā awāwa lalo i waiho ʻia e ka pele kahe wikiwiki.

Ua manaʻo lōʻihi ka poʻe ʻepekema e waiho ʻia nā lua pele make nā paipu pele ana nui ma Mars. Hiki i kēia mau ʻōnaehana ke lilo i wahi hoʻohiki maikaʻi loa no ka waiho ʻana o nā waihona Martian e hiki mai ana.

He aha ka mea e kali nei i ka Red Planet i ka wā e hiki mai ana?

I loko o ke kahua o ka papahana ExoMarsHoʻolālā ʻo ESA a me Roscosmos e hoʻouna i ka Rosalind Franklin rover i 2022 e ʻimi i nā hōʻike o ke ola ʻana o nā microorganisms ma Mars, i hala a i kēia manawa. Ua kapa ʻia ka mea pae ʻāina a ka rover e hoʻopuka ai ʻO Kazachok. ʻO ka puka makani like ma 2022 Orbit Mars E lele aku ana ʻo EscaPADE (Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Researchers) o ke Kulanui o Kaleponi ma Berkeley me ʻelua mokulele mokulele i hoʻokahi mikiona. hoʻonaʻauao kūkulu, ʻano, volatility i dynamics o ka magnetosphere o Mars ʻO Odraz hana puka.

Hoʻolālā ka ʻoihana India ISRO e hahai i kāna misionari ma 2024 me kahi misionari i kapa ʻia Misiona Orbiter Mars 2 (MOM-2). Hiki paha i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka orbiter, makemake pū ʻo India e hoʻouna i kahi rover i pae a ʻimi i ka honua.

ʻO nā manaʻo huakaʻi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka manaʻo Finnish-Russian Malaki MetNete pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kikowaena meteorological liʻiliʻi he nui ma Mars no ka hana ʻana i kahi pūnaewele nui o ka nānā ʻana e aʻo ai i ke ʻano o ka lewa o ka honua, physics a me meteorology.

Mars-Grunt ʻo kēia, ʻo ia ka manaʻo Lūkini o kahi misionari i manaʻo ʻia hāʻawi i kahi laʻana o ka lepo Martian i ka Honua. Ua hoʻomohala ka hui ESA-NASA i ka manaʻo o kahi hoʻokele hoʻokele ʻekolu o Mars e hoʻohana ana i kahi rover e mālama i nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, kahi piʻi ʻana o Mars e hoʻouna iā lākou i ka orbit, a me kahi orbiter e kamaʻilio me lākou ma ka lewa. Mars a hoʻihoʻi iā lākou i ka Honua.

Kaʻa uila uila hiki ke ʻae i hoʻokahi lele e hoʻihoʻi i nā laʻana ma mua o ʻekolu. Ke hana pū nei ka hui Iapana ʻo JAXA i kahi manaʻo misionari i kapa ʻia ʻo MELOS rover. e ʻimi i nā biosignatures ola ma Mars.

ʻOiaʻiʻo he nui aku papahana mikiona kanaka. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻimi ʻana i ka lewa ʻo US ma ke ʻano he pahuhopu lōʻihi i ka ʻike makaʻāinana i hoʻolaha ʻia i ka makahiki 2004 e ka Pelekikena ʻAmelika ʻo George W. Bush.

Sepatemaba 28, 2007 NASA Administrator Michael D. ʻO Griffin Ua ʻōlelo ʻo NASA e hoʻouna i kahi kanaka i Mars ma 2037. I ʻOkakopa 2015, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo NASA i ka hoʻolālā kūhelu no ka ʻimi kanaka a me ka noho ʻana o Mars. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Journey to Mars a ua kikoʻī ʻia e MT i kēlā manawa. ʻAʻole paha ia e pili hou ana, no ka mea, ua hāʻawi ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka International Space Station ma ka orbit honua, ʻaʻole ka Moon, a me ke kahua o ka mahina ma ke ʻano he pae waena. I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hoʻi ʻana i ka mahina ma ke ʻano he ala e hiki ai i Mars.

Ua ʻike pū ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ala Elon Musk a me SpaceX me kona makemake nui a i kekahi manawa i manaʻo ʻia he mau hoʻolālā kūpono ʻole no nā misionari maʻamau i Mars no ka noho ʻana. I ka makahiki 2017, ua hoʻolaha ʻo SpaceX i nā hoʻolālā a hiki i 2022, a ukali ʻia e ʻelua mau mokulele unmanned hou a me ʻelua mau mokulele i 2024. 'Ohipā pono e loaʻa i ka 100 tons ka ukana. Ua hoʻāʻo maikaʻi ʻia kekahi mau prototypes Starship ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka papahana hoʻomohala Starship, me kahi pae ʻana holoʻokoʻa.

ʻO Mars ke kino honua i aʻo ʻia a ʻike ʻia ma hope a i like paha me ka mahina. ʻO nā hoʻolālā ambitious, a hiki i ka colonization, hoʻokahi, ʻaʻole maopopo, ka manaʻo i kēia manawa. ʻO ka mea maopopo, ʻo ia ka neʻe ʻana i hope a i waho ili o ka honua ulaula e ulu ana i na makahiki e hiki mai ana.