ʻAha Kuhina o ka ʻimi ʻimi Kimia - Māhele 2

Ma ka pukana mua o ka ʻāpana kemika, ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau pūhui mai ka hōʻike chemical freak (no ka inoa o ka moʻo, ʻaʻole ʻoe e aʻo e pili ana iā lākou ma ke kula). He mau "kanaka" ko'iko'i kēia, 'oiai ko lākou 'ano 'ano like 'ole, ua hā'awi 'ia ka makana no ka Nobel, a 'o ko lākou mau waiwai ma kekahi mau wahi he mea hiki 'ole ke mana'o nui 'ia. Ma kēia ʻatikala, ʻo ia ka manawa e kamaʻāina ai i nā huaʻōlelo mua aʻe mai ke aupuni o ke kemika, ʻaʻole i emi iki ka hoihoi ma mua o nā lei aliʻi a me kā lākou derivatives.

laau kemika

ʻO Podands, pūhui me nā kaulahao lōʻihi i hoʻopili ʻia i ka ʻāpana waena o ka mole, ua hoʻāla mai i kahi papa hou o nā mea (ʻoi aʻe ma nā "heʻe kemika" ma ka ʻatikala o ka mahina i hala). Ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe kemika e hoʻonui i ka nui o nā "tentacles". No ka hana ʻana i kēia, i kēlā me kēia lima e pau ana i kahi pūʻulu o nā ʻātoma hiki ke hana, ua hoʻohui ʻia kekahi mole, e pau ana i nā pūʻulu pili (ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha; ʻo ka mea nui e hoʻonui i ka helu o nā pūnaewele i hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. ). ʻOi aku ka nui o nā molekala me ia, a laila ʻoi aku, a pēlā aku. Hōʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa e ke kiʻi:

Ua hoʻopili nā mea kemika i nā pūhui hou i nā lālā ulu o nā kumulāʻau, no laila ka inoa dendrimeria (mai ka Greek dendron = lāʻau, meros = hapa). I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua hoʻokūkū ʻo ia me nā huaʻōlelo "arborole" (ʻo ia ka Latin, kahi ʻo arbor ʻo ia hoʻi ka lāʻau) a i ʻole "nā ʻāpana cascading". ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka like o ka mea kākau me nā tentacles o ka jellyfish a i ʻole nā ​​anemone hana ʻole, ʻoiaʻiʻo, aia nā mea ʻike i nā inoa. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā dendrimers me nā ʻāpana fractal he mea nānā nui hoʻi.

1. Hoʻohālike o kekahi o nā dendrimers kumu

pae ulu lālā

ʻAʻole hiki i nā Dendrimers ke ulu mau loa (1). Ke ulu nui nei ka nui o nā lālā, a ma hope o nā ʻanuʻu he ʻumi a hiki i ka ʻumi o ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā molekala hou ma luna o ka ʻili o ka nui spherical, e pau ka hakahaka (hiki i ka nui nanometer; ʻo ka nanometer ka hapaha miliona o ka mika). Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaneʻane palena ʻole nā ​​mea hiki ke hoʻololi i nā waiwai o kahi dendrimer. He hydrophilic paha nā ʻāpana i loaʻa ma ka ʻili ("aloha wai," ʻo ia hoʻi, he pili i ka wai a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe polar) a i ʻole hydrophobic ("ʻalo i ka wai," akā makemake e hui pū me nā wai non-polar, e like me ka nui o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik). nā mea hoʻoheheʻe). Pēlā nō, hiki ke ʻano polar a i ʻole polar ka loko o kahi mole. Ma lalo o ka ʻili o ka dendrimer, ma waena o nā lālā pākahi, aia nā wahi ākea i hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea i koho ʻia (ma ke kahua synthesis a ma hope paha, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i nā pūʻulu o luna). No laila, ma waena o nā kumulāʻau kemika, e loaʻa i nā mea a pau kahi mea kūpono i ko lākou pono. A ʻo ʻoe, e ka mea heluhelu, ma mua o ka heluhelu ʻana i kēia ʻatikala a hiki i ka hopena, e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka mea hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā molekala no ka mea, e pili ana i ko lākou ʻano, e "ʻoluʻolu" i kēlā me kēia kaiapuni, a ʻo wai paha nā mea ʻē aʻe?

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma ke ʻano he pahu no ka lawe ʻana i nā pūhui i koho ʻia a pale i kā lākou ʻike. (2). ʻO kēia nā noi nui o nā dendrimers. ʻOiai aia ka hapa nui o lākou i ka pae noiʻi, ua hoʻohana ʻia kekahi o lākou i ka hana. He maikaʻi nā Dendrimers no ka lawe ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o ke kaiapuni wai o ke kino. Pono e hoʻololi kūikawā ʻia kekahi mau lāʻau e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā wai kino - ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā conveyor e pale i kēia mau loli (hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopilikia i ka hopena o ka lāʻau). Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokuʻu mālie ʻia ka mea hana mai loko mai o ka capsule, ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia a lawe pinepine ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā molekole like ʻole i ka ʻili o ka dendrimer e alakaʻi i ka ʻike e ʻike wale ʻia lākou e nā cell o nā ʻāpana pākahi. ʻO kēia ka mea e hiki ai ke lawe pololei ʻia ka lāʻau i kona wahi e hele ai, me ka wehe ʻole ʻana i ke kino holoʻokoʻa i nā hopena ʻaoʻao pono ʻole, no ka laʻana, i ka anti-cancer therapy.

2. Ke kŘkohu o ka dendrimer i loko o kekahi mole

(luna)

Hana ʻia nā mea hoʻonaninani ma ke kumu o ka wai a me nā momona. Eia naʻe, pinepine ka mea hana i ka momona-soluble, a ʻo ka huahana hoʻonaninani i ke ʻano o kahi wai wai (a ʻo ia hoʻi: pono e hui pū ʻia ka mea hoʻoheheʻe wai me ka waihona momona). ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā emulsifiers (e ʻae i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi hopena wai-momona paʻa). No laila, ke hoʻāʻo nei nā laboratories cosmetics e hoʻohana i ka hiki o nā dendrimers ma ke ʻano he conveyors hiki ke maʻalahi i nā pono. Ke kū nei ka ʻoihana kemika palekana i nā pilikia like. Eia hou, pono pinepine e hui i ka pesticide non-polar me ka wai. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā Dendrimers i ka pilina a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pathogen mai loko mai, e hoʻemi i ka nui o nā mea ʻawaʻawa. ʻO kahi noi ʻē aʻe ka hana ʻana i nā nanoparticles kālā metala, i ʻike ʻia e luku i nā microbes. Ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā dendrimers e lawe i nā antigens i nā kano a me nā ʻāpana DNA i nā haʻawina genetic. Nui aʻe nā mea hiki, pono ʻoe e hoʻohana i kou noʻonoʻo.

Bākeke

ʻO Glucose ka mea hoʻohuihui mea ola nui loa i ka honua ola. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ka nui o 100 biliona tons! Hoʻohana nā mea ola i ka huahana nui o ka photosynthesis ma nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka Glucose kahi kumu o ka ikehu i loko o nā pūnaewele, lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea mālama (ka mea kanu starch a me ka glycogen holoholona) a me nā mea kūkulu hale (cellulose). I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa a me ka iwakālua, ua ʻike ʻia nā huahana o ka haki ʻana o ka starch e ka hana o nā enzyme bacterial (pōkole KD). E like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka inoa, ʻo kēia nā pūhui cyclic a apo paha:

He ʻeono (variant a-CD), ʻehiku (b-CD) a i ʻole ʻewalu (g-CD) glucose mole, ʻoiai ʻike ʻia nā apo nui. (3). Akā, no ke aha i hoihoi nui ʻia ai nā huahana metabolic o kekahi mau bacteria i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi i loko o ka "Young Technical School"?

3. Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā cyclodextrins. Mai ka hema a i ka ʻākau: a - CD, b - CD, g - CD.

ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo nā cyclodextrins he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe wai, ʻaʻole ia e kahaha - he ʻano liʻiliʻi lākou a loaʻa i ka glucose hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (ʻo ka starch i nā ʻāpana nui loa e hana i kahi hopena, akā hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia). ʻO ka lua, hiki i nā pūʻulu OH he nui a me nā atomo oxygen o ka glucose ke hoʻopaʻa i nā molekole ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke kolu, hoʻopuka ʻia nā cyclodextrins e kahi kaʻina biotechnological maʻalahi mai ka starch haʻahaʻa a hiki ke loaʻa (i kēia manawa i loko o nā kaukani tona i kēlā me kēia makahiki). ʻO ka hā, noho lākou i nā mea ʻawaʻawa ʻole. A ʻo ka mea hope loa, ʻo ka mea mua loa ko lākou ʻano (a ʻoe, ka mea heluhelu, e ʻōlelo ai i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i kēia mau pūhui): Bottomless backet, i.e. kūpono nā cyclodextrins no ka lawe ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe (ʻaʻole e hāʻule i waho kahi mole e hele ana i loko o kahi lua nui). ipu ma ka lalo, a, eia kekahi, ua hoʻopili ʻia e nā mana interatomic). Ma muli o ko lākou pōʻino ʻole i ke olakino, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i mea hoʻohui i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā huahana meaʻai.

Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohana mua ʻana i nā cyclodextrins, i ʻike ʻia ma hope koke o ka wehewehe ʻana, he hana catalytic. Ua ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻokoʻa loa kekahi mau hopena me ko lākou komo ʻana ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻole o kēia mau pūhui i ke kaiapuni. ʻO ke kumu ke komo ʻana o ka substrate mole ("guest") i loko o ka bākeke ("host") (4, 5). No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa kahi ʻāpana o ka mole i nā reagents, a hiki ke hoʻololi i nā wahi wale nō e kū mai. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana e like me ka hana o nā enzymes he nui, ʻo ia hoʻi ka "mask" i nā ʻāpana o nā mole.

4. Ke kŘkohu o ka mole cyclodextrin i loko o kekahi mole.

5. Nānā hou i ka paʻakikī like

He aha nā moleke e hiki ke mālama ʻia i loko o nā cyclodextrins? ʻO nā mea a pau e kūpono i loko - he mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka nui o ka malihini a me ka mea hoʻokipa (e like me nā corona ethers a me kā lākou mau mea i loaʻa; e ʻike i ka ʻatikala o ka mahina i hala) (6). ʻO kēia waiwai o cyclodextrins

6. Kau ʻia ʻo Cyclodextrin ma kahi kaulahao ʻē aʻe

nā molekala, ʻo ia hoʻi rotaxane (nā kikoʻī hou aku: ma ka pukana

Ianuali)

he mea pono ia lakou no ka hopu ana i na mea hoohui mai ke kaiapuni. No laila, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā mea kanu a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka hui ʻana ma hope o ka hopena (no ka laʻana, i ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau).

Nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe? Hiki i kekahi ke haʻi i nā ʻāpana mai ka ʻatikala ma mua o ka moʻo (nā hoʻohālike o nā enzymes a me nā transporters, ʻaʻole wale nā ​​mea ionic - cyclodextrins lawe i nā mea like ʻole) a me kahi ʻāpana e wehewehe ana i nā dendrimers (ka lawe ʻana i nā mea ikaika i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā huahana pale mea kanu). ʻO nā mea maikaʻi o ka cyclodextrin packaging ua like like - hoʻoheheʻe nā mea a pau i ka wai (ʻaʻole like me ka hapa nui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā pesticides), hoʻokuʻu mālie ʻia ka mea ikaika a lōʻihi loa (e ʻae ana i nā kumu liʻiliʻi e hoʻohana ʻia), a ʻo ka ipu i hoʻohana ʻia he biodegradable (wikiwiki nā microorganisms. decompose). he huahana kūlohelohe, ua hoʻololi ʻia i loko o ke kino kanaka). Mālama pū ʻia nā mea o loko o ka pūʻolo mai nā hopena o ka kaiapuni (hoʻemi ʻia ke komo ʻana i ka mole i mālama ʻia). He ʻano maʻalahi ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana pale mea kanu i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā cyclodextrins. He pauda keʻokeʻo e like me ka palaoa ʻuala i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana. No laila, ʻaʻohe pono e hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe a hiki ke ahi.

Ke nānā nei mākou i ka papa inoa o nā hoʻohana no ka cyclodextrin, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kekahi mau "ʻala" a me nā "ʻala" ʻē aʻe i loko. ʻOiai he mea hoʻohālike maʻamau ka mea mua, e kāhāhā paha ka mea hope iā ʻoe. Eia naʻe, hoʻopau nā bākeke kemika i nā mea ʻala ʻino a mālama a hoʻokuʻu i nā ʻala i makemake ʻia. ʻO nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ea, nā mea ʻala, nā mea ʻala a me nā pepa ʻala he mau hiʻohiʻona wale nō ia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā complexes cyclodextrin. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi, ʻo nā mea ʻono i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o nā cyclodextrins i hoʻohui ʻia i ka pauka holoi. I ka wā e hao ʻia ai a hoʻopaʻa ʻia, wāwahi mālie ʻia ka ʻala a hoʻokuʻu ʻia.

Ka manawa e ho'āʻo ai. "ʻO ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa ka lāʻau ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi," akā ʻoi aku ka ʻono. Eia nō naʻe, inā e lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano o kahi paʻakikī me ka cyclodextrin, ʻaʻohe mea leʻaleʻa (ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka waiwai mai nā ʻono ʻono). Hoʻopau ʻia ka ʻawaʻawa o ka wai hua waina me ke kōkua o cyclodextrins. ʻO nā unuhi o ke kāleka a me nā mea ʻala ʻē aʻe i ʻoi aku ka paʻa ma ke ʻano o nā complexes ma mua o ke ʻano manuahi. Hoʻonui ka ʻono o ke kofe a me ke kī i nā mea ʻala like pūʻolo. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nānā ʻana i kā lākou hana anticholesterol e ʻōlelo i ka makemake o cyclodextrins. Hoʻopaʻa nā ʻāpana o ka "kino" cholesterol i loko o ka bākeke kemika a hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ke kino ma kēia ʻano. No laila, ʻo cyclodextrins, nā huahana o ke kumu maoli, ʻo ia ke olakino ponoʻī.