Pau nā ʻōpuʻu kukui kaʻa

ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻōnaehana uila kaʻa i pili i ka lole a me ka waimaka. I kekahi mau ʻōpuʻu kukui, ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona holomua o ka ʻelemakule ma ka ʻili o ka ʻōpuʻu aniani.

ʻO ka ʻaʻahu mālie o nā kukui ka hopena o nā kaʻina thermochemical e kū nei i loko o lākou. Nā kaula i nā ʻōpuʻu kukui ua hana ʻia lākou me ka tungsten, he metala me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka heheʻe ʻana ma kahi o 3400 degere Celsius. I loko o kahi ʻōpuʻu kukui maʻamau, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻātoma metala mai ia mea ke puhi ʻia ke filament. ʻO kēia ʻano o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā ʻātoma tungsten ke kumu e nalowale ai ka filament i ka mānoanoa, e hōʻemi ana i kāna ʻāpana keʻa. I ka huli ʻana, noho nā ʻātoma tungsten i wehe ʻia mai ke filament ma ka ʻili o loko o ka ipu aniani o ka ipu. Ma laila lākou e hana ai i kahi precipitate, ma muli o ka pōʻeleʻele o ka puʻupuʻu. He hōʻailona kēia e ʻā ana ke kaula. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ʻaʻole e kali iā ia, e hoʻololi wale iā ia me kahi mea hou i ka wā e ʻike ai ʻoe i kahi ʻōpuʻu kukui.

ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā kukui halogen ma mua o nā mea maʻamau, akā ʻaʻole lākou e hōʻike i nā hōʻailona o ka lole. No ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pae o ka evaporation o nā tungsten atoms mai ka filament, ua hoʻopiha ʻia lākou ma lalo o ke kaomi me kahi kinoea i loaʻa mai ka bromine. I ka wā o ka ʻālohilohi o ka filament, piʻi ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaomi i loko o ka pahu i nā manawa he nui, kahi e hoʻopiʻi nui ai i ka wehe ʻana o nā atom tungsten. Hoʻopili ka poʻe e mahuka me ke kinoea halogen. Hoʻokomo hou ʻia nā tungsten halides ma ka filament. ʻO ka hopena, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia nā waihona ma ka ʻili o loko o ka ipu, e hōʻike ana ua kokoke e pau ke kaula.