Moolelo o na Hana Hana - Nanotechnology

Aia ma kahi o 600 BC. Ke hana nei nā kānaka i nā hale nanotype, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kaula cementite i ke kila, i kapa ʻia ʻo Wootz. Ua hana kēia ma India, a hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mōʻaukala o nanotechnology.

VI-XV c. ʻO nā mea pena i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa no ka pena ʻana i nā puka aniani ʻeleʻele e hoʻohana i nā nanoparticles chloride gula, nā chlorides o nā metala ʻē aʻe, a me nā ʻokikene metala.

IX-XVII keneturia Ma nā wahi he nui ma ʻEulopa, ua hana ʻia nā "glitters" a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻomālamalama i nā seramika a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa iā lākou nā nanoparticles o nā metala, ʻo ke kālā a i ʻole ke keleawe.

XIII-XVIII w. ʻO ka "Damascus steel" i hanaʻia i kēia mau kenekulia, kahi i hanaʻia ai nā mea kaua keʻokeʻo kaulana o ka honua, aia nā nanotubes carbon a me nā nanofibers cementite.

1857 Ua ʻike ʻo Michael Faraday i ke gula colloidal kala ruby, kahi ʻano o nā nanoparticles gula.

1931 Ua kūkulu ʻo Max Knoll lāua ʻo Ernst Ruska i kahi microscope electron ma Berlin, ka mea hana mua e ʻike i ke ʻano o nā nanoparticles ma ka pae atomic. ʻO ka ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu o nā electrons, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ko lākou nalu nalu a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻonā o ka microscope. Aia ka laʻana i loko o kahi ʻōpala a uhi pinepine ʻia me kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni metala. Holo ka uila uila i ka mea i hoʻāʻo ʻia a komo i nā mea ʻike. Ma muli o nā hōʻailona i ana ʻia, hana hou nā mea uila i ke kiʻi o ka hāpana hoʻāʻo.

1936 Hana ʻo Erwin Müller, e hana ana ma ka Siemens Laboratories, i ka microscope emission field, ke ʻano maʻalahi o ka microscope electron emission. Ke hoʻohana nei kēia microscope i ke kahua uila ikaika no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ke kahua a me ke kiʻi.

1950 Hoʻokumu ʻo Victor La Mer lāua ʻo Robert Dinegar i nā kumu kumu no ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea colloidal monodisperse. Ua ʻae kēia i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano pepa kūikawā, nā pena a me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni ma ke ʻano ʻoihana.

1956 Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Arthur von Hippel o ka Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) i ka huaʻōlelo "molecular engineering".

1959 'Ōleloʻo Richard Feynman ma "He nui ka lumi ma lalo." E hoʻomaka ana ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka mea e pono ai ke kūpono i kahi Encyclopædia Britannica 24-volume ma kahi pinhead, ua hoʻolauna ʻo ia i ka manaʻo o ka miniaturization a me ka hiki ke hoʻohana i nā ʻenehana hiki ke hana ma ka pae nanometer. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i ʻelua mau makana (ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Feynman Prizes) no nā hoʻokō ma kēia wahi - hoʻokahi tausani kālā kēlā me kēia.

1960 ʻO ka uku makana mua i hōʻino iā Feynman. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia e koi ʻia kahi holomua ʻenehana no ka hoʻokō ʻana i kāna mau pahuhopu, akā i ka manawa ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻo ia i ka hiki o ka microelectronics. ʻO ka mea lanakila ʻo William H. McLellan he 35 makahiki. Ua hana ʻo ia i kahi kaʻa e kaupaona ana he 250 micrograms, me ka mana o 1 mW.

1968 Hoʻokumu ʻo Alfred Y. Cho lāua ʻo John Arthur i ke ʻano epitaxy. Hāʻawi ia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā papa monoatomic surface me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana semiconductor - ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻāpana kristal hoʻokahi hou ma luna o kahi substrate crystalline e kū nei, e hoʻolike i ke ʻano o ka substrate substrate crystalline. ʻO kahi hoʻololi o ka epitaxy ka epitaxy o nā pūhui molekala, kahi e hiki ai ke waiho i nā ʻāpana crystalline me ka mānoanoa o hoʻokahi papa atomika. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana i ka hana ʻana i nā kiko quantum a i kapa ʻia ʻo nā ʻāpana lahilahi.

1974 Hoʻomaka i ka huaʻōlelo "nanotechnology". Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia e ka mea noiʻi o ke Kulanui o Tokyo ʻo Norio Taniguchi ma kahi hālāwai ʻepekema. Hoʻohana ʻia ka wehewehe ʻana o ka physics Iapana a hiki i kēia lā a penei: "Nanotechnology kahi hana e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻenehana e hiki ai ke hoʻokō i ka pololei kiʻekiʻe a me nā nui liʻiliʻi loa, ʻo ia hoʻi. pololei o ke kauoha o 1 nm.

ʻIke ʻana i kahi hāʻule nui

80s a me 90s ʻO ka manawa o ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻenehana lithographic a me ka hana ʻana o nā ʻāpana ultrathin o nā kristal. ʻO ka mua, MOCVD(), he ʻano no ka waiho ʻana i nā papa ma ka ʻili o nā mea me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūhui organometallic kinoea. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā ala epitaxial, no laila kona inoa ʻē aʻe - MOSFE (). ʻO ke ala ʻelua, ʻo MBE, hiki iā ia ke waiho i nā ʻāpana nanometer lahilahi loa me kahi hoʻohui kemika i wehewehe pono ʻia a me ka hāʻawi pololei ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao o ka hoʻohaumia haumia. Hiki kēia ma muli o ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana o nā ʻāpana papa i ka substrate e nā kaola molekala kaʻawale.

1981 Hoʻokumu ʻo Gerd Binnig lāua ʻo Heinrich Rohrer i ka microscope tunneling scanning. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā ikaika o nā pilina interatomic, hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi i kahi kiʻi o ka ʻili me ka hoʻonā o ke kauoha o ka nui o kahi atom hoʻokahi, ma ke kau ʻana i ka lau ma luna a ma lalo paha o ka ʻili o ka hāpana. I ka makahiki 1989, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hana e hoʻoponopono i nā ʻātoma pākahi. Ua loaʻa ʻo Binnig lāua ʻo Rohrer i ka 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics.

1985 Ua ʻike ʻo Louis Brus o Bell Labs i nā nanocrystals semiconductor colloidal (kuantum dots). Ua wehewehe ʻia lākou he wahi liʻiliʻi o ka lewa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana e nā mea pale i ka wā e komo ai kahi ʻāpana me ka lōʻihi nalu e like me ka nui o kahi kiko.

Ka uhi o ka puke Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology na C. Eric Drexler

1985 Ua ʻike ʻo Robert Floyd Curl, Jr., Harold Walter Kroto, a me Richard Erret Smalley i nā fullerenes, nā molekala i hana ʻia me ka helu like o nā ʻātoma kalapona (mai ka 28 a hiki i ka 1500) i hana ʻia i kahi kino puka pani. ʻO nā waiwai kemika o fullerenes ma nā ʻano he nui e like me nā mea o nā hydrocarbons aromatic. ʻO Fullerene C60, a i ʻole buckminsterfullerene, e like me nā fullerenes ʻē aʻe, he ʻano allotropic o carbon.

1986-1992 Hoʻopuka ʻo C. Eric Drexler i ʻelua mau puke koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka futurology e hoʻolaha i ka nanotechnology. ʻO ka mea mua, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma 1986, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. Ua wānana ʻo ia, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hiki i nā ʻenehana i ka wā e hiki mai ana ke hoʻopololei i nā ʻātoma pākahi ma ke ʻano hoʻomalu. I ka makahiki 1992, ua paʻi ʻo ia i nā Nanosystems: Molecular Hardware, Manufacturing, and the Computational Idea, ʻo ia hoʻi i wānana e hiki i nā nanomachines ke hana hou iā lākou iho.

1989 Ua kau ʻo Donald M. Aigler o IBM i ka huaʻōlelo "IBM" - i hana ʻia mai 35 xenon atoms - ma luna o kahi nickel surface.

1991 Ua ʻike ʻo Sumio Iijima o NEC ma Tsukuba, Iapana, i nā nanotubes kalapona, nā hale cylindrical hollow. I kēia lā, ʻo nā nanotubes kalapona kaulana loa, nā paia i hana ʻia me ka graphene i ʻōwili ʻia. Aia kekahi mau nanotubes non-carbon a me DNA nanotubes. ʻO nā nanotubes kalapona lahilahi loa aia ma ke kauoha o hoʻokahi nanometer ke anawaena a hiki ke lōʻihi i miliona mau manawa. Loaʻa iā lākou ka ikaika tensile kupaianaha a me nā waiwai uila kūikawā, a he mau alakaʻi maikaʻi loa o ka wela. Hāʻawi kēia mau waiwai iā lākou i mea hoʻohiki no nā noi i ka nanotechnology, electronics, optics, a me nā ʻepekema waiwai.

1993 Ke kūkulu nei ʻo Warren Robinett o ke Kulanui o North Carolina a me R. Stanley Williams o ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, Los Angeles i kahi ʻōnaehana ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi microscope tunneling scanning e hiki ai i ka mea hoʻohana ke ʻike a hoʻopā i nā ʻātoma.

1998 Ke kūkulu nei ka hui Cees Dekker ma ke Kulanui o ʻenehana Delft ma Netherlands i kahi transistor e hoʻohana ana i nā nanotubes kalapona. I kēia manawa, ke hoʻāʻo nei nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻohana i nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa o nā nanotubes carbon e hana i nā mea uila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka wikiwiki e hoʻopau i ka uila. Ua kaupalena ʻia kēia e kekahi mau kumu, ua lanakila mālie kekahi o lākou, a ma 2016 i alakaʻi i nā mea noiʻi ma ke Kulanui o Wisconsin-Madison e hana i kahi transistor kalapona me nā ʻāpana maikaʻi aʻe ma mua o nā prototypes silicon maikaʻi loa. Ua alakaʻi ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana e Michael Arnold lāua ʻo Padma Gopalan i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi transistor nanotube carbon hiki ke lawe i ʻelua manawa o kāna mea hoʻokūkū silicon.

2003 Hoʻopaneʻe ʻo Samsung i kahi ʻenehana holomua e pili ana i ka hana o nā ion kālā microscopic, nāna e luku i nā germs, mold a ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻeono haneli mau ʻano bacteria a pale i ko lākou laha. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāpana kala i loko o nā ʻōnaehana kānana koʻikoʻi o ka hui - nā kānana āpau a me ka ʻohi lepo a ʻeke paha.

2004 Hoʻopuka ka British Royal Society a me ka Royal Academy of Engineering i ka hōʻike "Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Opportunities and Uncertainties", e kāhea ana i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā pilikia kūpono o ka nanotechnology no ke olakino, ke kaiapuni a me ke kaiāulu, e noʻonoʻo ana i nā ʻano etika a me ke kānāwai.

Hoʻohālike Nanomotor ma nā huila fullerene

2006 ʻO James Tour, me kahi hui ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui ʻo Rice, ke kūkulu nei i kahi "van" microscopic mai kahi mole oligo (phenyleneethynylene), nā koʻi i hana ʻia me nā atom alumini, a ua hana ʻia nā huila me C60 fullerenes. Ua neʻe ka nanovehicle ma luna o ka ʻili, nona nā ʻātoma gula, ma lalo o ka mana o ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā "huila" fullerene. Ma luna o kahi mahana o 300 ° C, ua wikiwiki loa ia i hiki ʻole i nā chemists ke hahai hou iā ia ...

2007 Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻenehana nanotechnologists i ka "Kauoha Kahiko" a pau o ka Iudaio i kahi ʻāpana o 0,5 mm wale nō.² wafer silika i uhi ʻia i ke gula. Ua kalai ʻia ka kikokikona ma ke kuhikuhi ʻana i kahi kahawai o nā iona gallium ma luna o ka pā.

2009-2010 Ke hana nei ʻo Nadrian Seaman a me nā hoa hana ma ke Kulanui o New York i kahi pūʻulu o nā nanomounts like me DNA kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻolālā ʻia nā hale DNA synthetic e "hana" i nā hale ʻē aʻe me nā ʻano a me nā waiwai i makemake ʻia.

2013 Ke hana nei nā kānaka ʻepekema IBM i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hiki ke nānā wale ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana i 100 miliona mau manawa. Kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "The Boy and His Atom" a huki ʻia me nā kiko diatomic i hoʻokahi piliona piliona o ka mika ka nui, ʻo ia nā molekala hoʻokahi o ka carbon monoxide. Hōʻike ke kiʻi kiʻi i kahi keikikāne e pāʻani mua ana me ka pōleʻa a laila lele i luna o kahi trampoline. Hoʻokani kekahi o nā molekala i ke ʻano o ka pōleʻa. Hana ʻia nā hana a pau ma ka ʻili keleawe, a ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o kēlā me kēia kiʻi kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma mua o nā ʻumi nanometer.

2014 Ua lanakila nā kānaka ʻepekema mai ka ETH University of Technology ma Zurich i ka hana ʻana i kahi membrane porous ma lalo o hoʻokahi nanometer mānoanoa. ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka mea i loaʻa ma o ka nanotechnological manipulation ʻo 100 XNUMX. ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka lauoho kanaka. Wahi a nā lālā o ka hui o nā mea kākau, ʻo ia ka mea ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ka porous i hiki ke loaʻa a hiki ke hiki. Loaʻa iā ia he ʻelua papa o ka hana graphene ʻelua-dimensional. He permeable ka membrane, akā i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi wale nō, e lohi ana a i ʻole e paʻa loa i nā ʻāpana nui.

2015 Ke hana ʻia nei kahi pauma molekala, kahi mea nanoscale e hoʻololi i ka ikehu mai kekahi mole i kekahi, e hoʻohālike ana i nā kaʻina hana kūlohelohe. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka hoʻolālā e ka poʻe noiʻi ma ke Koleke ʻOihana a me ʻEpekema ʻo Weinberg Northwestern. Hoʻomanaʻo ka mīkini i nā kaʻina hana biological i nā protein. Ua manaʻo ʻia e loaʻa nā ʻenehana like ʻole i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā kahua o ka biotechnology a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, no ka laʻana, i nā ʻiʻo artificial.

2016 Wahi a kekahi paʻi ma ka puke moʻolelo ʻepekema Nature Nanotechnology, ua hoʻomohala nā mea noiʻi ma ka Dutch Technical University Delft i ka groundbreaking single-atom storage media. Pono ke ala hou e hāʻawi i ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelima haneli ka nui o ka nui o ka mālama ʻana ma mua o nā ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa. Hoʻomaopopo nā mea kākau e hiki ke loaʻa i nā hopena maikaʻi aʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻekolu-dimensional o kahi o nā ʻāpana i ka lewa.

Hoʻokaʻawale i nā nanotechnologies a me nā nanomaterials

1. ʻO nā hale Nanotechnological nā:

• luawai quantum, uwea a me na kiko, i.e. nā hale like ʻole e hoʻohui i kēia hiʻohiʻona - ka palena ākea o nā ʻāpana ma kekahi wahi ma o nā mea pale;
• nā plastics, ka mea i hoʻomaluʻia ma ke kiʻekiʻe o nā molekala pākahi, mahalo i hiki ai, no ka laʻana, ke kiʻi i nā mea me nā waiwai mechanical i ʻike ʻole ʻia;
• nā fiber artificial - nā mea me kahi ʻano molekala pololei loa, ʻike ʻia hoʻi e nā ʻano mechanical like ʻole;
• nanotubes, supramolecular structures in the form of hollow cylinders. I kēia lā, ʻo nā nanotubes kalapona kaulana loa, ua hana ʻia nā paia o ka graphene i pelu ʻia (nā papa graphite monatomic). Aia kekahi mau nanotubes non-carbon (no ka laʻana, mai tungsten sulfide) a mai DNA;
• nā mea i ʻoki ʻia i loko o ke ʻano o ka lepo, ʻo nā ʻano o ia mau mea, no ka laʻana, ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā ʻātoma metala. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ke kālā () me nā waiwai antibacterial ikaika i kēia ʻano;
• nanowires (no ka laʻana, kālā a keleawe paha);
• nā mea i hana ʻia me ka lithography electron a me nā ʻano nanolithography ʻē aʻe;
• fullerenes;
• graphene a me nā mea ʻelua-dimensional (borophene, graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, silicene, germanene, molybdenum sulfide);
• nā mea hoʻohuihui i hoʻoikaika ʻia me nā nanoparticles.

ʻili nanolithographic

2. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā nanotechnologies i nā ʻōnaehana ʻepekema, i hoʻomohala ʻia ma 2004 e ka Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD):

• nanomaterials (hana a me nā waiwai);
• nā nanoprocesses (nā noiʻi nano - nā biomaterials no ka biotechnology ʻenehana).

3. ʻO nā nanomaterials nā mea a pau i loaʻa nā hale maʻamau i ka pae mole, ʻo ia hoʻi. ʻaʻole ma mua o 100 nanometer.

Hiki i kēia palena ke kuhikuhi i ka nui o nā kāʻei kapu ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana kumu o ka microstructure, a i ʻole ka mānoanoa o nā papa i loaʻa a waiho ʻia paha ma ka substrate. I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, ʻokoʻa ka palena ma lalo e pili ana i nā nanomaterials no nā mea me nā ʻano hana like ʻole - pili nui ia me ke ʻano o nā waiwai kikoʻī ke ʻoi aku. Ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā hale i kauoha ʻia o nā mea, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i kā lākou physicochemical, mechanical, a me nā waiwai ʻē aʻe.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā nanomaterials i nā hui ʻehā:

• ʻano-ʻole (dot nanomaterials) - no ka laʻana, nā kiko quantum, nā nanoparticles kālā;
• hoʻokahi ʻāpana - no ka laʻana, metala a semiconductor nanowires, nanorods, polymeric nanofibers;
• ʻelua ʻāpana - no ka laʻana, nā papa nanometer o kahi ʻano hoʻokahi-phase a i ʻole ʻano multi-phase, graphene a me nā mea ʻē aʻe me ka mānoanoa o hoʻokahi atom;
• ʻekolu manaʻo (a i ʻole nanocrystalline) - i loko o nā kikowaena crystalline a me nā hōʻiliʻili o nā ʻāpana me ka nui o ke kauoha o nā nanometers a i ʻole nā ​​mea composites i hoʻoikaika ʻia me nā nanoparticles.