Hōʻoiaʻiʻo kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa mōʻaukala III: Chemists in Motion

ʻO kahi kaʻa he huahana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe, ka hopena o nā makahiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ʻaʻole i ʻike ka poʻe hana lāʻau a me ka poʻe chemist i ke ʻano kemika pololei a me ke ʻano molekala o nā mea maka a lākou e hana pū ai, a ʻo ka maikaʻi o nā kaila. ʻO kā lākou pilikia nui ka maʻalahi abrasion a me ka lole, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi ola lawelawe pōkole loa. Ma mua koke o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua ʻike ka poʻe chemists ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kalapona ʻeleʻele ma ke ʻano he mea waiwai i kahi hale i hoʻonui nui i ka ikaika, elasticity, a me ka pale ʻana i ka abrasion. Sulfur, kalapona ʻeleʻele, zinc, a me ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka silicon dioxide a i ʻole ka quartz kaulana (silicon dioxide), i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui, e pāʻani nui i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano kemika o ka rubber a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kāna. nā waiwai, a me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana no kēia kumu e hoʻi i nā manawa like ʻole o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana kaila. Akā, e like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana, he mea pohihihi loa ka molecular structure o ka huila.

Eia naʻe, ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻi i ka makahiki 1829, ua wehewehe ʻo Michael Faraday i ke kumu kūkulu hale o ka lāʻau me ke ʻano kemika C5H8, a i ʻole, isoprene. I ka makahiki 1860, ua loa'a i ka mea ho'oma'ama'a 'o Williams ka wai o ia ano. I ka makahiki 1882, ua hana mua ʻia ka isoprene synthetic, a i ka makahiki 1911, ua ʻike kūʻokoʻa nā chemists ʻo Francis Matthews lāua ʻo Carl Harris he hiki ke polymerized ka isoprene, ke kaʻina hana ma hope o ka hana kūleʻa ʻana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki mai ka kūleʻa o nā ʻepekema i ka manawa e hōʻole lākou e kope piha i ke ʻano kemika o ka ʻōpala maoli.

ʻAilā maʻamau a me IG Farben

I ka makahiki 1906, ua hoʻokumu nā loea mai ka hui Kelemania ʻo Bayer i kahi papahana ikaika no ka hana ʻana i ka kāpili synthetic. I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ma muli o ka lawa ʻole o nā mea maoli, ua hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana o nā pika ma muli o ka methyl rubber i kapa ʻia e Bayer. Eia nō naʻe, ma hope o ke Kaua Honua Honua, ua hoʻopau ʻia ia ma muli o ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me nā huahana kūlohelohe i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. Eia nō naʻe, i ka makahiki 20, ua ala hou ka hapa o ka laholio maoli, a ua alakaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka noiʻi ikaika ma ka USSR, USA a me Kelemania.

Hoʻi i ka pūnāwai o 1907, Fritz Hoffmann a me Kauka Karl Kutel, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lanahu, hoʻomohala i kahi ʻenehana no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā huahana hoʻomaka o isoprene, methyl isoprene a me gaseous butadiene, a ʻo ka hana aʻe i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hana ʻo ia ka polymerization o ka nā mole o kēia mau mea. Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua nānā ka poʻe noiʻi ma ka nunui IG Farben, i kēia manawa me Bayer, i ka polymerization o ka monomer butadiene a ua kūleʻa i ka hana ʻana i kahi lāʻau synthetic i kapa ʻia ʻo Buna, pōkole no ka butadiene a me ka sodium. I ka makahiki 1929, ua hana mua ka hopohopo i nā kaila mai ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Buna S, kahi i hoʻohui ʻia ai ka soot. ʻO Du Pont, ʻo ia hoʻi, synthesized neoprene, a laila kapa ʻia ʻo duprene. I ka makahiki 30, ua lanakila nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻaila Standard mai New Jersey, ka mea ma mua o Exxon, i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi kaʻina hana no ka synthesis o ka butadiene me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka aila ka huahana nui. ʻO ka paradox i kēia hihia, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa me German IG Farben e hiki ai i ka hui ʻAmelika ke hana i kahi kaʻina hana synthetic rubber e like me Buna S a lilo i kumu nui i ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia lāʻau. USA i ke Kaua Honua II. Ma ka laulā, akā naʻe, ʻehā mau hui nui i hoʻomalu i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea pani kaila multifunctional ma ka ʻāina: Firestone Tire & Rubber Company, BF Goodrich Company, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, United States Rubber Company (Uniroyal). ʻO kā lākou hui pū ʻana i ka wā o ke kaua he mea pono e hana i nā huahana synthetic maikaʻi. I ka makahiki 1941, ua pūlima lāua me Standard i ka ʻaelike e hoʻololi i nā patent a me nā ʻike ma lalo o ka mana o ka Rubber Reserve Company, i hoʻokumu ʻia e Roosevelt, a lilo i kumu hoʻohālike o ka hui ʻana o ka ʻoihana nui a me ka mokuʻāina ma ka inoa o nā lako kaua. Mahalo i ka hana nui a me nā kālā lehulehu, 51 mau mea kanu no ka hana ʻana i nā monomers a me nā polymers i hoʻohui ʻia e lākou, nā mea e pono ai no ka hana ʻana i nā kaila synthetic, ua kūkulu ʻia i kahi manawa pōkole loa. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia no kēia kumu ma ke kaʻina hana Buna S no ka mea hiki iā ia ke hoʻohui maikaʻi i ka lāʻau kūlohelohe a me ka synthetic a hoʻohana i nā mīkini hana i loaʻa.

I ka Soviet Union, i ka wā o ke kaua, 165 mau mahiʻai hui i ulu i ʻelua mau ʻano dandelion, a ʻoiai ʻaʻole i lawa ka hana a haʻahaʻa nā hua o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana, ua kōkua ka hopena i ka lanakila. I kēia lā, manaʻo ʻia kēia dandelion kekahi o nā koho ʻē aʻe i hiki i ka hevea. Hoʻohui ʻia kēia huahana me ka butadiene synthetic a i ʻole ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka soprene, i hana ʻia e Sergei Lebedev, kahi e lawe ʻia ai ka wai ʻona mai kahi ʻuala i mea waiwai.

(e ukali)

Kikokikona: ʻO Georgy Kolev