Huli, hoʻolohe a honi

"I loko o hoʻokahi ʻumi makahiki, e ʻike mākou i nā hōʻike koʻikoʻi o ke ola ma waho o ka Honua," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Ellen Stofan, ka luna ʻepekema o ke keʻena, ma ka NASA's Habitable Worlds in Space Conference i ʻApelila 2015. Ua hoʻohui ʻo ia e hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana i ke ola extraterrestrial i loko o 20-30 mau makahiki.

"ʻIke mākou i kahi e nānā ai a pehea e nānā ai," wahi a Stofan. "A no ka mea aia mākou ma ke ala pololei, ʻaʻohe kumu e kānalua ai e loaʻa iā mākou ka mea a mākou e ʻimi nei." He aha ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e ke kino lani, ʻaʻole i wehewehe nā ʻelele o ka ʻoihana. Hōʻike kā lākou mau ʻōlelo e hiki paha iā ia, no ka laʻana, ʻo Mars, kahi mea ʻē aʻe i ka ʻōnaehana solar, a i ʻole kekahi ʻano exoplanet, ʻoiai ma ka hihia hope he paʻakikī ke manaʻo e loaʻa nā hōʻike paʻa i hoʻokahi hanauna. ʻOiaʻiʻo ʻO nā mea iʻikeʻia o nā makahiki a me nā mahina i hala iho nei e hōʻike ana i hoʻokahi mea: ka wai - a i loko o kahi wai wai, i manaʻoʻia he kūlana kūpono no ka hoʻokumuʻana a me ka mālamaʻana i nā mea ola - ua nui i ka'ōnaehana solar.

"Ma ka 2040, e ʻike mākou i ke ola extraterrestrial," wahi a NASA's Seth Szostak o ka SETI Institute i kāna mau ʻōlelo hoʻolaha lehulehu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka launa pū ʻana me kahi lāhui malihini - i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hauʻoli mākou i nā ʻike hou e pili ana i nā mea e pono ai ke ola, e like me nā wai wai wai i loko o nā kino o ka ʻōnaehana solar, nā ʻāpana o nā waihona. a me nā kahawai. ma Mars a i ʻole ka noho ʻana o nā hōkūhele like me ka Honua ma nā wahi ola o nā hōkū. No laila, lohe mākou e pili ana i nā kūlana kūpono i ke ola, a e pili ana i nā traces, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kemika. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēia manawa a me nā mea i hana ʻia i kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae, nā hōʻailona a me nā kūlana o ke ola ma nā wahi āpau, ʻoiai ma Venus a i loko o ka ʻōpū o nā mahina mamao o Saturn.

Ke ulu nei ka nui o nā mea hana a me nā ʻano hana no ka ʻike ʻana i nā hōʻailona kikoʻī. Ke hoʻomaikaʻi nei mākou i nā ʻano o ka nānā ʻana, ka hoʻolohe ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā lōʻihi nalu like ʻole. Ua nui nā kamaʻilio ʻana i kēia mau lā e pili ana i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻili kemika, nā pūlima o ke ola a puni nā hōkū mamao loa. ʻO kā mākou "sniff" kēia.

ʻO ka uhi pākē maikaʻi loa

ʻOi aku ka nui o kā mākou mau mea kani. I Kepakemapa 2016, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka pilikua. Telescope lekiō KinaʻO kāna hana ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hōʻailona o ke ola ma nā honua ʻē aʻe. Manaʻolana nā kānaka ʻepekema a puni ka honua i kāna hana. "E hiki iā ia ke nānā wikiwiki a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka wā ma mua o ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻimi extraterrestrial," wahi a Douglas Vakoch, ka luna hoʻomalu. METI International, he hui i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻano ʻike haole. E palua ka nui o ke kahua o ka ike FAST telescope Arecibo ma Puerto Rico, ka mea i poʻokela no nā makahiki he 53 i hala iho nei.

He 500 m ke anawaena o ka FAST canopy (telescope spherical me ka puka aniani he elima haneri. Aia he 4450 mau panela alumini triangular. Noho ia i kahi e like me kanakolu kahua pōpeku. No ka hana, pono ʻo ia e noho mālie i loko o ka radius o 5 km, no laila, aneane 10 kanaka mai kahi a puni i hoʻoneʻe ʻia. kanaka. Aia ka telescope lekiō i loko o kahi kīʻaha kūlohelohe ma waena o nā hiʻohiʻona nani o nā ʻano karst ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma ka ʻāina hema o Guizhou.

Eia nō naʻe, ma mua o ka hiki ʻana iā FAST ke nānā pono i ke ola extraterrestrial, pono e hoʻoponopono pono ʻia. No laila, ʻo nā makahiki ʻelua o kāna hana e hoʻolaʻa nui ʻia i ka noiʻi mua a me ka hoʻoponopono.

Miliona a me ka physicist

ʻO kekahi o nā papahana kaulana loa e ʻimi ai i ke ola naʻauao ma ka lewa he papahana ia o nā ʻepekema Pelekane a me ʻAmelika, i kākoʻo ʻia e ka piliona piliona Lūkini ʻo Yuri Milner. Ua hoʻohana ka mea kālepa a me ka physicist i $ 100 miliona ma ka noiʻi i manaʻo ʻia e mau ma kahi o ʻumi makahiki. "I ka lā hoʻokahi, e hōʻiliʻili mākou i ka nui o nā ʻikepili e like me nā papahana like ʻole i hōʻiliʻili i ka makahiki," wahi a Milner. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Physicist Stephen Hawking, ka mea i komo i ka papahana, ua kūpono ka ʻimi ʻana i kēia manawa no ka nui o nā hokele extrasolar i ʻike ʻia. "He nui nā honua a me nā molekala organik i ka lewa me he mea lā hiki ke ola ma laila," wahi āna. E kapa ʻia ka papahana ʻo ka noiʻi ʻepekema nui loa a hiki i kēia lā ke ʻimi nei i nā hōʻailona o ke ola naʻauao ma waho o ka Honua. E alakaʻi ʻia e kahi hui ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, Berkeley, e loaʻa iā ia ke ala ākea i ʻelua o nā telescopes ikaika loa o ka honua: panakō ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma West Virginia a Pāka telescope ma New South Wales, Australia.

Hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kahi moʻomeheu holomua mai kahi mamao aku ma o:

• ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kinoea, ʻoi aku nā mea haumia ea, chlorofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia;
• nā kukui a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka mālamalama mai nā mea i kūkulu ʻia e ka moʻomeheu;
• hoʻopau wela;
• ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka radiation ikaika;
• nā mea pohihihi - no ka laʻana, nā kikowaena nui a me nā moku neʻe;
• ka noho ʻana o nā hale i hiki ʻole ke wehewehe ʻia ma ke kuhikuhi ʻana i nā kumu kūlohelohe.

Ua hoʻolauna ʻo Milner i kahi hana i kapa ʻia. Ua hoʻohiki ʻo ia e uku i $1 miliona. nā makana i ka mea nāna e hana i kahi leka uila kūikawā e hoʻouna i ka lewa e hōʻike maikaʻi ana i ke kanaka a me ka Honua. A ʻaʻole pau nā manaʻo o ka Milner-Hawking duo. I kēia mau lā, ua hōʻike ka media i kahi papahana e pili ana i ka hoʻouna ʻana i kahi nanoprobe alakaʻi laser i kahi ʻōnaehana hōkū e hiki i ka wikiwiki o ... hoʻokahi hapalima o ka māmā o ka māmā!

kemika lewa

ʻAʻohe mea ʻoi aku ka hōʻoluʻolu i ka poʻe e ʻimi nei i ke ola ma waho ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kemika "maʻa" kaulana i waho o ka lewa. ʻOiai nā ao mahu wai "E kau ana" ma waho. I kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ao a puni ka quasar PG 0052+251. Wahi a ka ʻike hou, ʻo kēia ka waihona wai nui loa i ʻike ʻia ma ka lewa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā helu pololei inā e hoʻohālua ʻia kēia mahu wai a pau, he 140 trillion ka nui o ka wai ma mua o ka wai ma nā moana āpau o ka Honua. ʻO ka nui o ka "reservoir of water" i loaʻa ma waena o nā hōkū he 100 XNUMX. manawa i ka nui o ka la. ʻAʻole no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai ma kekahi wahi he ola ma laila. I mea e ulu ai, pono e hoʻokō i nā kūlana like ʻole.

I kēia mau lā, lohe pinepine mākou i nā "loaʻa" astronomical o nā mea ola ma nā kihi mamao o ka lewa. Ma 2012, no ka laʻana, ua ʻike nā ʻepekema ma kahi mamao o XNUMX mau makahiki māmā mai iā mākou hydroxylamineka mea i hana ʻia me ka nitrogen, oxygen a me nā ʻātoma hydrogen a, ke hui pū ʻia me nā molekala ʻē aʻe, hiki iā ia ke hana i nā hale o ke ola ma nā honua ʻē aʻe.

ʻO nā pūhui kino i loko o kahi diski protoplanetary e ʻōpuni ana i ka hōkū MWC 480.

Methylcyanide (CH₃CN) a cyanoacetylene (HC₃N) i loko o ka protoplanetary disk e hoʻopuni ana i ka hōkū MWC 480, i ʻike ʻia ma 2015 e nā mea noiʻi ma ka American Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), kahi ʻike ʻē aʻe e loaʻa ana ke kemika ma ka lewa me kahi manawa no ka biochemistry. No ke aha i ʻike nui ai kēia pilina? Aia lākou i loko o kā mākou ʻōnaehana solar i ka manawa i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ke ola ma ka Honua, a inā ʻaʻole lākou, ʻaʻole paha ko mākou honua i ke ʻano o kēia lā. ʻO ka hōkū MWC 480 ponoʻī he pālua ka nui o kā mākou hōkū a ma kahi o 455 mau makahiki māmā mai ka Lā, ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mamao i loaʻa ma ka lewa.

I kēia mau lā, i Iune 2016, ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi mai kahi hui e komo pū ana, ʻo Brett McGuire o ka NRAO Observatory a me Professor Brandon Carroll o ka California Institute of Technology i nā ʻāpana o nā molekala organik paʻakikī e pili ana i ka mea i kapa ʻia. nā molekala kiral. Hōʻike ʻia ʻo Chirality i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole like ka molela kumu a me kāna aniani aniani a, e like me nā mea chiral ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia e ka unuhi a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka lewa. ʻO Chirality kahi hiʻohiʻona o nā pūhui kūlohelohe - sugars, proteins, etc. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike i kekahi o lākou, koe wale nō ka Honua.

ʻAʻole manaʻo kēia mau mea i ʻike ʻia aia ke ola ma ka lewa. Eia nō naʻe, manaʻo lākou e hana ʻia ma kahi liʻiliʻi o kekahi o nā ʻāpana e pono ai no kona hānau ʻana, a laila hele i ka honua me nā meteorites a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

kala o ke ola

Pono Kepler space telescope Ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka ʻike ʻana o ka ʻoi aku o hoʻokahi haneli honua honua a he mau kaukani o nā moho exoplanet. I ka makahiki 2017, hoʻolālā ʻo NASA e hoʻohana i kahi telescope ākea ʻē aʻe, ka mea pani o Kepler. Ke hoʻololi nei i ka Exoplanet Exploration Satellite, TESS. ʻO kāna hana, ʻo ia ke ʻimi ʻana i nā hōkūhele extrasolar i ka neʻe ʻana (ʻo ia hoʻi, e hele ana i nā hōkū makua). Ma ka hoʻouna ʻana iā ia i loko o kahi orbit elliptical kiʻekiʻe a puni ka Honua, hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i ka lewa holoʻokoʻa no nā hīnaʻi e hoʻopuni ana i nā hōkū ʻālohilohi i ko mākou wahi kokoke. He ʻelua mau makahiki ka lōʻihi o ka misionari, a ma kahi o ka hapalua miliona mau hōkū e ʻimi ʻia. Mahalo i kēia, manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema e ʻike i nā haneli he nui e like me ka Honua. ʻO nā mea hana hou e like me eg. ʻO James Webb Space Telescope (James Webb Space Telescope) e hahai a eli i loko o nā mea i ʻike mua ʻia, e ʻimi i ka lewa a e ʻimi i nā hōʻailona kemika e hiki ke alakaʻi i ka loaʻa ʻana o ke ola.

Papahana Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite - ʻIke

Eia nō naʻe, e like me kā mākou ʻike e pili ana i nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo biosignatures o ke ola (e like me ke ʻano o ka oxygen a me ka methane i loko o ka lewa), ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka mea o kēia mau hōʻailona kemika mai kahi mamao o nā ʻumi a me nā haneli o nā kukui. makahiki hope e hoʻoholo i ka mea. Ua ʻae ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka oxygen a me ka methane i ka manawa like he mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi no ke ola, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe ʻike i ʻike ʻia nā kaʻina ola ʻole e hana i nā kinoea ʻelua i ka manawa like. Eia nō naʻe, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia kēlā mau pūlima e nā exo-satellites, hiki ke hoʻopololei i nā exoplanets (e like me kā lākou e hana nei a puni ka hapa nui o nā hōkū o ka ʻōnaehana solar). No ka mea, inā he methane ka lewa o ka Mahina, a he oxygen ka honua, a laila hiki i kā mākou mau mea kani (i kēia manawa o ko lākou ulu ʻana) hiki ke hoʻohui iā lākou i hoʻokahi pūlima oxygen-methane me ka ʻike ʻole i ka exomoon.

ʻAʻole paha mākou e ʻimi i nā ʻili kemika, akā no ke kala? Manaʻo ka nui o nā astrobiologists ʻo ka halobacteria kekahi o nā kānaka mua o ko mākou honua. Hoʻopili kēia mau microbes i ka spectrum ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka radiation a hoʻololi iā ia i ikehu. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hōʻike lākou i ka radiation violet, no laila ke ʻano o ko mākou honua, ke nānā ʻia mai ka lewa mai, ʻo ia wale nō ke kala.

No ke komo ʻana i ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo, hoʻohana ʻia ka halobacteria retinal, ʻo ia hoʻi ka poni ʻike maka, hiki ke ʻike ʻia i nā maka o nā vertebrates. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā lōʻihi, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bacteria ma luna o kā mākou honua. ʻophylelo laulaʻulaka mea e hoʻomoʻa i ke kukui viole a hōʻike i ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo. No laila ke ʻano o ka honua i kona ʻano. Manaʻo ka poʻe Astrologers ma nā ʻōnaehana honua ʻē aʻe, hiki ke ulu mau ka halobacteria, no laila ke kuhi nei lākou e ʻimi i ke ola ma nā hōkūhele poni.

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā mea o kēia kala e ka telescope James Webb i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomaka i 2018. ʻO ia mau mea, akā, hiki ke nānā ʻia, inā ʻaʻole lākou i mamao loa mai ka ʻōnaehana lā, a ʻo ka hōkū waena o ka ʻōnaehana honua he liʻiliʻi ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia i nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe.

ʻO nā mea ola mua ʻē aʻe ma kahi exoplanet e like me ka Honua, i nā mea āpau, nā mea kanu a me nā limu. ʻOiai ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻano o ka ʻili, ʻo ka ʻāina a me ka wai, pono e ʻimi kekahi i kekahi mau kala e hōʻike ana i ke ola. Pono e ʻike nā kelepona hou i ka mālamalama i hōʻike ʻia e nā exoplanets, e hōʻike ana i ko lākou mau kala. No ka laʻana, i ka nānā ʻana i ka Honua mai ka lewa, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi nui o ka radiation. kokoke i ka pāhawewe infraredi loaʻa mai ka chlorophyll i nā mea kanu. ʻO ia mau hōʻailona, ​​i lawe ʻia ma kahi kokoke i kahi hōkū i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā exoplanets, e hōʻike ana e ulu ana kekahi mea "ma waho". ʻOi aku ka ikaika o Green. ʻO kahi honua i uhi ʻia i nā lichens kahiko i ka malu pāpaʻa.

Hoʻoholo nā kānaka ʻepekema i ke ʻano o nā lewa exoplanet e pili ana i ka transit i haʻi ʻia. Hiki i kēia ʻano hana ke aʻo i ke ʻano kemika o ka lewa o ka honua. Hoʻololi ke kukui e hele ana i ka lewa o luna i kona spectrum - ʻo ka nānā ʻana o kēia hanana e hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā mea i loaʻa ma laila.

Ua paʻi ʻia nā mea noiʻi mai University College London a me ke Kulanui o New South Wales i ka makahiki 2014 i loko o ka puke pai Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences he wehewehe ʻana i kahi ala hou a pololei loa no ka nānā ʻana i ka hanana o mokaea, ka mea maʻalahi loa o nā kinoea organik, ʻike ʻia ka hele ʻana o ia mea he hōʻailona o ke ola hiki. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa nā hiʻohiʻona hou e wehewehe ana i ke ʻano o ka methane, no laila e hoʻohaʻahaʻa mau ʻia ka nui o ka methane i ka lewa o nā hōkūhele mamao. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā supercomputers hou loa i hāʻawi ʻia e ka papahana DiRAC () a me ke Kulanui o Cambridge, ma kahi o 10 billion spectral laina i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia me ka absorption o ka radiation e nā molekala methane i nā mahana a hiki i 1220 ° C . ʻO ka papa inoa o nā laina hou, ma kahi o 2 mau manawa lōʻihi ma mua o nā mea ma mua, e ʻae i kahi noiʻi maikaʻi o ka ʻike methane i kahi ākea ākea ākea.

Hōʻike ka Methane i ka hiki ke ola, aʻo kekahi kinoea ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi oxygen - ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻohe mea hōʻoia i ke ola. Hiki mai kēia kinoea ma ka Honua mai nā mea kanu photosynthetic a me nā algae. ʻO ka oxygen kekahi o nā hōʻailona nui o ke ola. Eia naʻe, e like me ka poʻe ʻepekema, hewa paha ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o ka oxygen e like me ke ʻano o nā mea ola.

Ua ʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hou i ʻelua mau hihia kahi e hiki ai i ka ʻike ʻana i ka oxygen i ka lewa o kahi honua mamao ke hōʻike wahaheʻe i ke ola. I loko o lāua ʻelua, ua hana ʻia ka oxygen ma muli o nā huahana non-abiotic. Ma kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona a mākou i kālailai ai, hiki i ke kukui ultraviolet mai kahi hōkū ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka Lā hiki ke hoʻopōʻino i ka carbon dioxide i loko o ka lewa exoplanet, me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā molekole oxygen mai ia mea. Ua hōʻike ka hoʻohālikelike kamepiula i ka palaho o CO₂ haawi wale₂, akā he nui ka nui o ka carbon monoxide (CO). Inā ʻike ikaika ʻia kēia kinoea me ka oxygen i ka lewa o ka exoplanet, hiki ke hōʻike i kahi ala hoʻopunipuni. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i nā hōkū haʻahaʻa. ʻO ke kukui a lākou e hoʻopuka ai e kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā molekole O pōkole.₄. ʻO kā lākou ʻike ma hope o O₂ pono no hoi ia e hoala i ka puolo no ka poe kilo hoku.

Ke ʻimi nei i ka methane a me nā mea ʻē aʻe

ʻO ke ʻano nui o ka transit e ʻōlelo liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka honua ponoʻī. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoholo i kona nui a me ka mamao mai ka hōkū. Hiki ke kōkua ke ʻano o ke ana ʻana i ka wikiwiki radial e hoʻoholo i kona nuipaʻa. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā ʻano ʻelua e hiki ke helu i ka density. Akā hiki paha ke nānā pono i ka exoplanet? ʻIke ʻia ʻo ia. Ua ʻike mua ʻo NASA i ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻana i nā hōkūhele e like me Kepler-7 b, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai nā telescopes Kepler a me Spitzer e palapala i nā ao lewa. Ua ʻike ʻia he wela loa kēia honua no nā mea ola e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai, me nā mahana mai 816 a 982 ° C. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka wehewehe kikoʻī o ia mea he neʻe nui i mua, ʻoiai ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i kahi honua i hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki māmā mai o mākou.

ʻO nā optics adaptive, ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia i ka astronomy e hoʻopau i nā haunaele i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā haʻalulu o ka lewa, e hele mai i ka lima. ʻO kāna hoʻohana ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ke telescope me kahi kamepiula i mea e pale aku ai i ka deformation kūloko o ke aniani (o ke kauoha o kekahi mau micrometers), e hoʻoponopono i nā hewa i ke kiʻi i loaʻa. ʻae hana ʻO Gemini Planet Scanner (GPI) aia ma Chile. Ua hoʻomaka mua ʻia ka hāmeʻa ma Nowemapa 2013. Hoʻohana ʻo GPI i nā mea ʻike infrared, i lawa ka ikaika e ʻike i ke ʻano kukui o nā mea pōʻeleʻele a mamao e like me nā exoplanets. Mahalo i kēia, hiki ke aʻo hou e pili ana i kā lākou haku mele. Ua koho ʻia ka honua e like me kekahi o nā pahuhopu nānā mua. I kēia hihia, hana ka GPI me he coronagraph lā, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻomoe i ka disk o kahi hōkū mamao e hōʻike i ka ʻōlinolino o kahi honua kokoke.

ʻO ke kī i ka nānā ʻana i nā "hōʻailona o ke ola" ʻo ia ka mālamalama mai kahi hōkū e hoʻopuni ana i ka honua. ʻO nā exoplanets, e hele ana ma ka lewa, waiho i kahi ʻano kikoʻī e hiki ke ana ʻia mai ka Honua ma nā ʻano spectroscopic, ʻo ia hoʻi. ka nānā ʻana o ka pāhawewe i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻopuehu ʻia paha e kekahi mea kino. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi ala like e aʻo ai i nā ʻili o nā exoplanets. Eia naʻe, hoʻokahi kūlana. Pono nā ʻili e hoʻomohu a hoʻopuehu i ka mālamalama. He mau moho maikaʻi nā ʻōhua hoʻoheheʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi nā papa hoʻokuʻu o waho i loko o ke ao lepo nui.

E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i nā mea like opua o ka honua. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka noho ʻana o kahi uhi ao ākea a puni nā exoplanets GJ 436b a me GJ 1214b ma muli o ka nānā ʻana spectroscopic o ka mālamalama mai nā hōkū makua. Aia nā hokele ʻelua i ka ʻāpana o nā mea i kapa ʻia he super-Earths. Aia ʻo GJ 436b i 36 mau makahiki māmā mai ka Honua ma ka pūʻulu hōkū Leo. Aia ʻo GJ 1214b i ka hui hōkū ʻo Ophiuchus, he 40 mau makahiki māmā ka mamao.

Ke hana nei ka European Space Agency (ESA) i kahi satellite nona ka hana e hōʻike pololei a noiʻi i ke ʻano o nā exoplanets i ʻike mua ʻia.CHEOPS). Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia misionari no 2017. Makemake ʻo NASA e hoʻouna i ka satellite TESS i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka lewa i ka makahiki hoʻokahi. I Pepeluali 2014, ua ʻae ka European Space Agency i ka misionari PLATO, pili i ka hoʻouna ʻana i kahi telescope i ka lewa i hoʻolālā ʻia e ʻimi i nā hōkū honua. Wahi a ka hoʻolālā o kēia manawa, ma 2024 e hoʻomaka ʻo ia e ʻimi i nā mea pōhaku me ka wai. Pono kēia mau ʻike e kōkua i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka exomoon, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili a Kepler.

Ua hoʻomohala ka European ESA i ka papahana i nā makahiki i hala. ʻO Darwin. Loaʻa iā NASA kahi "planetary crawler" like. TPF (). ʻO ka pahuhopu o nā papahana ʻelua, ʻo ia ke aʻo ʻana i nā hōkūhele honua no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kinoea i ka lewa e hōʻike ana i nā kūlana kūpono no ke ola. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā manaʻo wiwo ʻole no kahi pūnaewele o nā telescopes ākea e hui pū ana i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā exoplanets e like me ka Honua. He ʻumi makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻaʻole i lawa ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻenehana, a ua pani ʻia nā papahana, akā ʻaʻole i makehewa nā mea āpau. Hoʻonui ʻia e ka ʻike o NASA a me ESA, ke hana pū nei lākou ma ka Webb Space Telescope i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna. Mahalo i kāna aniani 6,5 mika nui, hiki ke aʻo i nā lewa o nā hōkū nui. E ʻae kēia i ka poʻe astronomers e ʻike i nā ʻano kemika o ka oxygen a me ka methane. ʻO kēia ka ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i nā lewa o nā exoplanets - ka hana aʻe i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ʻike e pili ana i kēia mau honua mamao.

Ke hana nei nā hui like ʻole ma NASA e hoʻomohala i nā koho noiʻi hou ma kēia wahi. ʻO kekahi o ia ʻano ʻike liʻiliʻi ʻia a aia nō i kona wā mua ʻo ia ka . E pili ana ia i ka uhi ʻana i ka mālamalama o ka hōkū me kahi mea e like me ka malu, i hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā aku i nā hōkū ma waho. Ma ka nānā ʻana i nā lōʻihi nalu, hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā ʻāpana o kā lākou lewa. E loiloi ʻo NASA i ka papahana i kēia makahiki a i ʻole aʻe a hoʻoholo inā pono ka misionari. Inā hoʻomaka, a laila ma 2022.

ʻO nā lāhui ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā galaxies?

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā meheu o ke ola, ʻo ia ka manaʻo haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka ʻimi ʻana i nā moʻomeheu extraterrestrial holoʻokoʻa. Nui nā mea noiʻi, me Stephen Hawking, ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo i ka mea hope - no ka mea hiki ke hoʻoweliweli i ke kanaka. I loko o nā pōʻai koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻohe ʻōlelo maʻamau o nā lāhui malihini, nā kaikunāne ākea a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea naʻauao. Eia naʻe, inā makemake mākou e ʻimi i nā malihini kiʻekiʻe, loaʻa i kekahi mau mea noiʻi nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manawa e loaʻa ai iā lākou.

Eia kekahi laʻana. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Astrophysicist Rosanna Di Stefano o ke Kulanui ʻo Harvard e noho ana nā lāhui kiʻekiʻe i loko o nā puʻupuʻu poʻo honua i paʻa i waho o ka Milky Way. Ua hōʻike ka mea noiʻi i kāna kumumanaʻo i ka hālāwai makahiki o ka American Astronomical Society ma Kissimmee, Florida, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2016. Ua hōʻoia ʻo Di Stefano i kēia kuhiakau hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao o kā mākou galaxy aia ma kahi o 150 mau pūʻulu spherical kahiko a paʻa e hāʻawi i kahi ʻāina maikaʻi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kekahi civilization. Hiki i nā hōkū pili kokoke ke ʻano he nui nā ʻōnaehana honua kokoke. ʻO ka nui o nā hōkū i hui pū ʻia i loko o nā pōpō he kumu maikaʻi ia no ka lele kūleʻa ʻana mai kekahi wahi a i kekahi me ka mālama ʻana i kahi hui holomua. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pili o nā hōkū i ka hoʻomau i ke ola, wahi a Di Stefano.