Nā ʻano o nā aila ʻenekini
Nā mea
Nā ʻano o nā aila ʻenekini hōʻike i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻaila i nā ʻano wela like ʻole a me nā kūlana haʻahaʻa, a ma laila e kōkua ai i ka mea nona ke kaʻa e koho pono i ka wai lubricating no ka ʻenekini puhi ahi. No laila, i ke koho ʻana, pono e hoʻolohe ʻaʻole wale i ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka viscosity a me ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana o nā mea hana kaʻa), akā pū kekahi i nā ʻano ʻenehana o nā aila kaʻa, e like me ke kinematic a me ka viscosity dynamic, ka helu kumu, ka ʻona lehu sulfate. , volatility a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. No ka hapa nui o nā mea nona nā kaʻa, ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo iki kēia mau hōʻailona. A ʻOiaʻiʻo, hūnā lākou i ka maikaʻi o ka aila, kāna hana ma lalo o ka ukana a me nā ʻikepili hana ʻē aʻe.
No laila, e aʻo ʻoe i nā kikoʻī e pili ana i nā ʻāpana aʻe:
- Kinematic viscosity;
- Dynamic viscosity;
- Hōʻike viscosity;
- volatility;
- hiki ke coking;
- ka lehu sulfate;
- helu alkaline;
- ʻO ka mānoanoa;
- kiko uila;
- wahi ninini;
- Nā mea hoʻohui;
- Manawa ola.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nui o nā aila kaʻa
I kēia manawa e neʻe kākou i nā ʻāpana kino a me nā kemika e hōʻike ana i nā aila kaʻa āpau.
ʻO ka Viscosity ka waiwai nui, ma muli o ka hiki ke hoʻohana i ka huahana i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mīkini hoʻopau i loko. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i nā ʻāpana o ke kinematic, dynamic, conditional a me ka viscosity kikoʻī. Hoʻoholo ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ductility o ka mea kaʻa e nā hōʻailona ʻelua - kinematic a me nā viscosities dynamic. ʻO kēia mau ʻāpana, me ka ʻona sulfate lehu, ka helu kumu a me ka viscosity index, nā hōʻailona nui o ka maikaʻi o nā aila kaʻa.
Viscosity Kinematic
Ka pakuhi o ka hilina'i o ka viscosity i ka wela o ka aila engine
ʻO ka viscosity kinematic (ke wela kiʻekiʻe) ke kumu hana maʻamau no nā ʻano aila āpau. ʻO ia ka ratio o ka viscosity dynamic i ka mānoanoa o ka wai ma ka mahana like. ʻAʻole pili ka viscosity kinematic i ke kūlana o ka ʻaila, hoʻoholo ia i nā ʻano o ka ʻikepili wela. Hōʻike kēia hōʻailona i ka friction kūloko o ka haku mele a i ʻole kona kūʻē ʻana i kona kahe ponoʻī. Hōʻike i ka wai o ka ʻaila ma nā mahana hana o +100°C a me +40°C. Nā ʻāpana ana - mm² / s (centiStokes, cSt).
Ma nā ʻōlelo maʻalahi, hōʻike kēia hōʻailona i ka viscosity o ka ʻaila mai ka mahana a hiki iā ʻoe ke koho i ka wikiwiki o ka mānoanoa i ka wā e hāʻule ai ka mahana. Ma hope o nā mea āpau ʻo ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻaila e hoʻololi i kona viscosity me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mahana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻaila.
Dynamic viscosity
Hōʻike ka viscosity dynamic o ka aila (absolute) i ka ikaika kū'ē o ka wai ʻaila i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana o ʻelua papa o ka aila, 1 cm kaawale mai kēlā me kēia, e neʻe ana i ka wikiwiki o 1 cm / s. ʻO ka Dynamic viscosity ka huahana o ka viscosity kinematic o ka ʻaila a me kona ʻano. ʻO nā ʻāpana o kēia waiwai he mau kekona Pascal.
ʻO ka waiho wale ʻana, hōʻike ia i ka hopena o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana o kahi ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko. A ʻo ka haʻahaʻa o ka viscosity ikaika a me ka kinematic i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka ʻōnaehana lubrication e paila ai i ka aila i ke anuanu, a no ka mea hoʻomaka e hoʻohuli i ka ICE flywheel i kahi hoʻomaka anu. He mea nui ka viscosity index o ka aila mīkini.
Papa kuhikuhi viscosity
Hōʻike ʻia ka wikiwiki o ka emi ʻana o ka viscosity kinematic me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana index viscosity aila. Hoʻohālikelike ka viscosity index i ke kūpono o nā aila no nā kūlana hana i hāʻawi ʻia. no ka hoʻoholoʻana i ka viscosity index, e hoʻohālikelike i ka viscosity o kaʻaila ma nā mahana likeʻole. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi o ka viscosity e pili ana i ka mahana, a no laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona ʻano. I ka pōkole, Hōʻike ka viscosity index i ka "degree of thinning" o ka aila.. He mea nui ʻole kēia, ʻo ia hoʻi. ʻaʻole i ana ʻia i nā ʻāpana - he helu wale nō.
ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka papa kuhikuhi ʻaila ʻaila viscosity ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ka ʻaila, i.e. liʻiliʻi loa ka mānoanoa o ke kiʻi ʻaila (no ka mea i hoʻonui ʻia ka lole). ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka index ʻaila ʻaila viscosity, emi ka aila thins, i.e. ua hāʻawiʻia ka mānoanoa o kaʻaila kiʻi e pono ai e pale i nā'āpana'ōpala.
ʻO nā aila me ka helu helu kiʻekiʻe e hōʻoia i ka hana o ka mīkini hoʻopau i loko i kahi ākea ākea ākea (ka puni). No laila, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻenekini puhi ahi i nā mahana haʻahaʻa a me ka mānoanoa kūpono o ke kiʻi ʻaila (a no laila ka pale ʻana o ka ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko mai ka ʻaʻahu ʻana) i nā wela kiʻekiʻe.
Loaʻa i nā aila kaʻa mineral kiʻekiʻe ka viscosity index o 120-140, semi-synthetic 130-150, synthetic 140-170. Aia kēia waiwai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka haku ʻana o nā hydrocarbons a me ka hohonu o ka mālama ʻana i nā hakina.
Pono kahi kaulike ma aneʻi, a i ke koho ʻana, pono e noʻonoʻo i nā koi o ka mea hana kaʻa a me ke ʻano o ka mana. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity index, ʻoi aku ka laulā o ka pae wela e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻaila.
Hoʻohuehu
ʻO ka evaporation (kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo volatility a i ʻole ka ʻōpala) e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka nui o ka wai lubricating i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o hoʻokahi hola ma kona mahana o +245,2 ° C a me ke kaomi hana o 20 mm. rt. Art. (± 0,2). Kūlike i ka maʻamau ACEA. Ana ʻia e like me ka pākēneka o ka huina nui, [%]. Hoʻohana ʻia ia me kahi mea Noack kūikawā e like me ASTM D5800; DIN 51581.
Uaʻoi aku ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻaila viscosity, no laila he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa wahi a Noa. ʻO nā waiwai volatility kikoʻī e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka aila kumu, ʻo ia hoʻi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka mea hana. Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ka volatility maikaʻi i ka pae a hiki i ka 14%, ʻoiai ke loaʻa nei nā aila ma ke kūʻai aku, ʻo ka volatility a hiki i 20%. No nā aila synthetic, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku kēia waiwai ma mua o 8%.
Ma keʻano laulā, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ka haʻahaʻa o ka waiwai volatility Noack, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻaila. ʻOiai kahi ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi - 2,5 ... 3,5 mau ʻāpana - hiki ke hoʻopili i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka aila. ʻO kahi huahana viscous ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. Heʻoiaʻiʻo kēia no nā aila mineral.
ʻO ke kalapona
I nā huaʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo ka manaʻo o ka coking ka hiki o kahi ʻaila e hana i nā resins a waiho i loko o kona leo, e like me kāu e ʻike ai, he mau mea haumia ʻino i loko o kahi wai lubricating. ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia e pili pono ana i ke ʻano o kona hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia e ka ʻaila kumu i hoʻohana mua ʻia e hana i ka huahana i hoʻopau ʻia, a me ka ʻenehana hana.
ʻO ka hōʻailona maikaʻi loa no nā aila me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity ka waiwai 0,7%. Inā he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka ʻaila, a laila aia paha ke kumukūʻai kūpono i ka laulā o 0,1 ... 0,15%.
ʻAhu lehu
ʻO ka ʻaila Sulfate lehu o ka ʻaila ʻenekini (sulphate ash) kahi hōʻailona o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui i loko o ka ʻaila, ʻo ia hoʻi nā pūhui metala organik. I ka wā o ka hana ʻana o ka lubricant, hana ʻia nā mea hoʻohui āpau a me nā mea hoʻohui - puhi lākou, e hana ana i ka lehu (slag a me ka soot) e kau ana ma nā pistons, valves, apo.
ʻO ka maʻiʻo lehu sulphated o ka aila kaohi i ka hiki o ka ʻaila ke hōʻiliʻili i nā pūhui lehu. Hōʻike kēia waiwai i ka nui o nā paʻakai inorganic (lehu) i koe ma hope o ka puhi ʻana (evaporation) o ka ʻaila. ʻAʻole hiki ke lilo i sulfates wale nō (e "hoʻoweliweli" lākou i nā mea nona nā kaʻa, nā kaʻa me nā mīkini alumini e "makaʻu" i ka sulfuric acid). Ana 'ia ka lehu ma ke 'ano he pakeneka o ka huina nui o ka haku mele, [% mass].
Ma keʻano laulā, hoʻopaʻa ka lehu i nā kānana particulate diesel a me nā catalysts. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia inā nui ka ʻai ʻana o ka aila ICE. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka sulfuric acid i loko o ka aila ma mua o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka lehu sulfate.
I ka hui ʻana o nā aila lehu piha, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea hoʻohui kūpono ma mua o 1% (a hiki i 1,1%), i ka aila lehu waena - 0,6 ... 0,9%, i nā aila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa - ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 0,5% . ʻO kēlā me kēia, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa o kēia waiwai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
ʻO nā aila lehu haʻahaʻa, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Low SAPS (ua hōʻailona ʻia e like me ACEA C1, C2, C3 a me C4). ʻO lākou ke koho maikaʻi loa no nā kaʻa hou. Hoʻohana maʻamau i nā kaʻa me kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻopau kino ma hope o ka mālama ʻana a me nā kaʻa e holo ana ma ke kinoea kūlohelohe (me LPG). ʻO ka nui o ka lehu koʻikoʻi no nā mīkini ʻaila he 1,5%, no nā ʻenekini diesel he 1,8%, a no nā mīkini diesel mana kiʻekiʻe he 2%. Akā, he mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻaila ʻaʻole i haʻahaʻa i ka sulfur haʻahaʻa, no ka mea, loaʻa ka ʻike lehu haʻahaʻa e ka helu kumu haʻahaʻa.
ʻO nā mea hoʻohui lehu piha, ʻo lākou pū kekahi SAPA piha (me ka kaha ʻana iā ACEA A1 / B1, A3 / B3, A3 / B4, A5 / B5). Hoʻopilikia maikaʻi i nā kānana DPF, a me nā catalysts ʻekolu-pae. ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia kēlā mau aila no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenekini i hoʻolako ʻia me nā ʻōnaehana kaiapuni Euro 4, Euro 5 a me Euro 6.
ʻO ka nui o ka lehu sulfate ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui detergent i loaʻa nā metala i ka haku ʻana o ka ʻaila ʻenekini. Pono ia mau ʻāpana e pale i ka waiho ʻana o ke kalapona a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka varnish ma nā pistons a hāʻawi i nā aila i ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā waikawa, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka helu kumu.
Helu ʻalekini
Hōʻike kēia waiwai i ka lōʻihi o ka hiki ʻana o ka aila ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻakika e pōʻino ai iā ia, ka mea e hoʻopau ai i ka corrosive o nā ʻāpana mīkini hoʻopau i loko a hoʻonui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā waihona kalapona like ʻole. Hoʻohana ʻia ka potassium hydroxide (KOH) e hoʻokaʻawale. ʻO kēlā me kēia ana ka helu kumu ma ka mg KOH no ka gram o ka aila, [mg KOH/g]. ʻO ke kino, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka nui o ka hydroxide e like me ka hopena o ka pūʻolo hoʻohui. No laila, inā hōʻike ka palapala i ka huina kumu helu (TBN - Total Base Number), no ka laʻana, 7,5, a laila ʻo ia ka nui o KOH he 7,5 mg no ka ʻaila.
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka helu kumu, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka ʻaila e hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka hana o nā waikawa.hana ʻia i ka wā o ka oxidation o ka aila a me ka puhi ʻana i ka wahie. ʻO ia hoʻi, hiki ke hoʻohana lōʻihi (ʻoiai nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻopili i kēia hōʻailona). ʻO nā waiwai detergent haʻahaʻa he meaʻino ia no kaʻaila, no ka mea, ma kēiaʻano, e hoʻokumuʻia kahi waihona indelible ma nā'āpana.
I ka hana ʻana o ka ʻaila i loko o ka ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko, e emi ana ka helu alkaline, a hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻohui neutralizing. He mau palena ʻae ʻia kēlā hōʻemi, ma waho aʻe o ka ʻaila ʻaʻole hiki ke pale aku i ka corrosion e nā pūhui acidic. No ka waiwai maika'i loa o ka helu kumu, ua mana'o'i'o mua 'ia no ka ICE o ka'aila ma kahi o 8 ... 9, a no nā engines diesel - 11 ... 14. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā helu lubricant hou, a hiki i ka 7 a me 6,1 mg KOH/g. E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo i nā ICE hou mai hoʻohana i nā aila me ka helu kumu o 14 a i ʻole.
ʻO ka helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i nā aila hou i hana ʻia e kūpono i nā koi kūlohelohe o kēia manawa (EURO-4 a me EURO-5). No laila, i ka wā e puhi ʻia ai kēia mau ʻaila i loko o ka mīkini hoʻopau i loko, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi liʻiliʻi o ka sulfur, kahi hopena maikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o nā kinoea hoʻopau. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole pale pinepine ka aila me ka helu kumu haʻahaʻa i nā ʻāpana ʻenekini mai ka ʻaʻahu maikaʻi.
ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole pono ka SC maikaʻi loa i ka helu kiʻekiʻe a liʻiliʻi paha.
ʻO ke kikowaena
ʻO ka Density e pili ana i ka nui a me ka viscosity o ka ʻaila ʻenekini. Hoʻoholo ʻia ma kahi mahana ambient o +20 ° C. Ana ia ma kg/m³ (kakaikahi ma g/cm³). Hōʻike ia i ka lakio o ka huina nui o ka huahana i kona leo a pili pono i ka viscosity o ka aila a me ka mea compressibility. Hoʻoholo ʻia e ka ʻaila kumu a me nā mea hoʻohui kumu, a pili pū kekahi i ka viscosity dynamic.
Inā kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka ʻaila, e hoʻonui ka nui. Conversely, ina ka aila he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ma ka ia manawa he kiʻekiʻe flash helu (ʻo ia hoʻi, he haʻahaʻa volatility waiwai), a laila hiki ke hoʻokolokolo 'ia i ka aila i hana ma luna o kiʻekiʻe-quality synthetic kumu aila.
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nui, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻaila ma nā ala āpau a me nā āpau i loko o ka mīkini hoʻopau i loko, a ma muli o kēia, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka crankshaft. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu, nā waihona, nā waiho kalapona a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wahie. Akā ʻino ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka lubricant - ma muli o ia mea, ua hana ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni pale lahilahi a paʻa ʻole, kona wikiwiki wikiwiki. Inā holo pinepine ka ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko a i ʻole ma ke ʻano hoʻomaka, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai lubricating liʻiliʻi. A me ka neʻe lōʻihi i nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe - ʻoi aku ka paʻa.
No laila, pili nā mea hana aila a pau i ka nui o nā aila i hana ʻia e lākou ma ka laulā o 0,830 .... 0,88 kg / m³, kahi i manaʻo ʻia ai nā pae kiʻekiʻe loa. Akā ʻo ka nui mai 0,83 a 0,845 kg / m³ he hōʻailona o nā esters a me nā PAO i ka aila. A inā he 0,855 ka nui ... 0,88 kg / m³, ʻo ia hoʻi ua nui nā mea hoʻohui i hoʻohui ʻia.
Tihi Flash
ʻO kēia ka wela haʻahaʻa loa e hana ai nā mahu o ka ʻaila ʻenekini wela, ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, i hui pū ʻia me ka ea, e pahū ana ke hoʻāla ʻia kahi lapalapa (ka uila mua). Ma ke kiko uila, ʻaʻole e ʻā ka ʻaila. Hoʻoholo ʻia ke kiko uila e ka ʻaila ʻenekini hoʻomehana i loko o ke kīʻaha hāmama a pani ʻia paha.
He hōʻailona kēia o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hakina haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i loko o ka ʻaila, ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ka hiki o ka haku mele ke hana i nā waihona kalapona a puhi ʻia i ka pilina me nā ʻāpana mīkini wela. Pono e loaʻa i kahi ʻaila maikaʻi a maikaʻi ke kiʻekiʻe. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā aila ʻenekini hou i +200°C, maʻamau +210…230°C a ʻoi aku.
Kuhi kiko
ʻO ka waiwai o ka mahana ma Celsius, i ka wā e nalowale ai ka ʻaila i kona mau waiwai kino, ke ʻano o ka wai, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua paʻa, lilo i immobile. He mea koʻikoʻi no nā kaʻa kaʻa e noho ana ma nā latitude ʻākau, a no nā mea nona nā kaʻa ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaka pinepine i ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko "anu".
ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, no nā kumu kūpono, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka waiwai o ka wahi ninini. No ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ka aila i ka hau, aia kekahi manaʻo - ka palena iki o ka paila ana, 'o ia ho'i, ka wela li'ili'i loa e hiki ai i ka 'aila pauma ke ho'oku'u i ka 'aila i loko o ka pūnaewele. A e ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka helu ninini. No laila, i loko o ka palapala e pono e hoʻolohe i ka liʻiliʻi loa pumping wela.
E like me ka ninini ʻana, pono ia he 5 ... 10 degere haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hana ai ka ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko. Hiki iā -50 ° C ... -40 ° C a pēlā aku, e pili ana i ka viscosity kiko'ī o kaʻaila.
Hoʻohui mea
Ma kahi o kēia mau hiʻohiʻona kumu o nā aila kaʻa, hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i nā hopena hou o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua no ka nui o ka zinc, phosphorus, boron, calcium, magnesium, molybdenum a me nā mea kemika ʻē aʻe. Hoʻonui kēia mau mea hoʻohui a pau i ka hana o nā aila. Mālama lākou i ka helu ʻana a me ka ʻaʻahu ʻana o ka ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko, a hoʻolōʻihi i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻaila ponoʻī, e pale ana iā ia mai ka oxidizing a i ʻole ka paʻa ʻana i nā paʻa intermolecular.
Sulfur - loaʻa nā waiwai puʻe. Phosphorus, chlorine, zinc a me ka sulfur - nā waiwai anti-wear (hoʻoikaika i ka kiʻi ʻaila). Boron, molybdenum - ho'ēmi i ka friction (mea hoʻololi hou no ka hopena kiʻekiʻe o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka lole, ka helu ʻana a me ka friction).
Akā ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana, loaʻa iā lākou nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻo ia hoʻi, noho lākou ma ke ʻano o ka soot i loko o ka ʻenekini puhi ahi a i ʻole ke komo ʻana i ka catalyst, kahi e hōʻiliʻili ai lākou. No ka laʻana, no nā mīkini diesel me DPF, SCR a me nā mea hoʻololi mālama, ʻo ka sulfur ka ʻenemi, a no nā mea hoʻololi oxidation, ʻo ka ʻenemi ka phosphorus. Akā ʻo nā mea hoʻohui hoʻomaʻemaʻe (detergents) Ca a me Mg hana lehu i ka wā o ka puhi ʻana.
ʻO nā mea pale o nā mea hoʻohui e pili ana i nā ʻano o ka hana ʻana a me ka maikaʻi o nā mea maka, no laila ʻaʻole ʻo kā lākou nui ka hōʻailona o ka palekana maikaʻi loa a me ka maikaʻi. No laila, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia automaker kona mau palena ponoʻī no ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kaʻa.
Ke ola lawelawe
I ka nui o nā kaʻa, hoʻololi ka ʻaila ma muli o ka mileage o ke kaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ma kekahi mau ʻano wai lubricating ma nā canisters, hōʻike pololei ʻia ko lākou lā pau. ʻO kēia ma muli o nā hopena kemika i hana ʻia i ka ʻaila i ka wā o kāna hana. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo ia ka helu o nā mahina o ka hana mau (12, 24 a me Long Life) a i ʻole ka helu o nā kilomika.
Nā papa ʻaina ʻaila ʻenekini
No ka piha ʻana o ka ʻike, hōʻike mākou i kekahi mau papa e hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hilinaʻi ʻana o kekahi mau ʻāpana aila ʻenekini ma luna o nā mea ʻē aʻe a i ʻole nā kumu waho. E hoʻomaka kākou me kahi hui o nā aila kumu e like me ke kūlana API (API - American Petroleum Institute). No laila, ua māhele ʻia nā aila e like me ʻekolu mau hōʻailona - viscosity index, sulfur content a me ka hapa nui o ka naphthenoparaffin hydrocarbons.
| Heluhelu API | I | II | III | IV | V |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ʻO ka maʻiʻo o nā hydrocarbons saturated, % | > 90 | > 90 | PAO | ʻEtera | |
| Maʻiʻo Sulfur, % | > 0,03 | ||||
| Papa kuhikuhi viscosity | 80 ... 120 | 80 ... 120 | > 120 |
I kēia manawa, aia ka nui o nā mea hoʻohui aila ma ka mākeke, kahi e hoʻololi ai i kona ʻano. No ka laʻana, nā mea hoʻohui e hoʻemi i ka nui o nā kinoea hoʻopau a hoʻonui i ka viscosity, nā mea hoʻohui anti-friction e hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hoʻonui i ke ola lawelawe. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ko lākou ʻokoʻa, pono e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻike e pili ana iā lākou ma ka papaʻaina.
| Hui waiwai | Nā ʻano mea hoʻohui | Ka koho |
|---|---|---|
| ʻāpana pale ʻili | Nā mea holoi (detergents) | Mālama i ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana mai ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā waihona ma luna o lākou |
| Nā mea hoʻopuehu | Kāohi i ka waiho ʻana o nā huahana ʻaʻahu o ka ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka aila (e hōʻemi i ka hana ʻana o ka sludge) | |
| ʻAi-ʻaʻahu a me ke kaomi loa | E ho'ēmi i ka friction a me ka ʻaʻahu, e pale i ka hopu ʻana a me ka scuffing | |
| Anti-corrosion | Kāohi i ka corrosion o nā ʻāpana ʻenekini | |
| Hoʻololi i nā waiwai aila | Mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa | E hoemi i ke koena hau. |
| Nā mea hoʻololi viscosity | E hoʻonui i ka pae wela o ka noi, e hoʻonui i ka viscosity index | |
| Pale ʻaila | Anti-huhū | Kāohi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka huʻa |
| ʻO nā antioxidants | Kāohi i ka ʻaila oxidation |
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i kekahi o nā ʻāpana aila ʻenekini i helu ʻia ma ka pauku mua e pili pono ana i ka hana a me ke kūlana o ka ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko o ke kaʻa. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia kēia ma kahi pākaukau.
| Hōʻike | Ke hele hāmeʻa | Ke kumu | Parane koʻikoʻi | He aha ka hopena |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ʻO ka'ikehue | Ke piʻi nei | ʻO nā huahana oxidation | 1,5 manawa hoʻonui | Hoʻomaka Waiwai |
| Kuhi kiko | Ke piʻi nei | ʻO ka wai a me nā huahana oxidation | No | Hoʻomaka Waiwai |
| Helu ʻalekini | E emi ana | Hana holoi | E hoemi i 2 manawa | ʻO ka ʻinoʻino a me ka emi ʻana o ke ola o nā ʻāpana |
| maʻiʻo lehu | Ke piʻi nei | Nā mea hoʻohui alkaline | No | ʻO ke ʻano o ka waiho ʻana, ka lole o nā ʻāpana |
| ʻO nā haumia mīkini | Ke piʻi nei | ʻAʻahu nā lako huahana | No | ʻO ke ʻano o ka waiho ʻana, ka lole o nā ʻāpana |
Nā lula koho ʻaila
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, pono ke koho ʻia o ka aila ʻenekini ʻaʻole wale ma ka heluhelu viscosity a me ka hoʻomanawanui o nā mea hana kaʻa. Eia kekahi, aia ʻekolu mau palena pono e pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia:
- nā waiwai lubricant;
- nā kūlana hana ʻaila (ICE operating mode);
- nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻolālā o ka ʻenekini puhi ahi.
ʻO ka helu mua e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka aila synthetic, semi-synthetic a i ʻole mineral piha. He mea makemake ia e loaʻa i ka wai lubricating nā ʻano hana penei:
- High detergent dispersing-stabilizing a me ka solubilizing waiwai e pili ana i na mea hiki ole ke hooheheeia i ka aila. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona i ʻōlelo ʻia e ʻae iā ʻoe e hoʻomaʻemaʻe wikiwiki a maʻalahi i ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana hana o ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko mai nā ʻano mea haumia. Eia kekahi, mahalo iā lākou, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā ʻāpana mai ka lepo i ko lākou wehe ʻana.
- ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā hopena o nā waikawa, no laila e pale ai i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o nā ʻāpana mīkini hoʻopau i loko a hoʻonui i kāna kumu waiwai.
- Kiʻekiʻe wela a me ka thermal-oxidative waiwai. Pono lākou i mea e hoʻomaha maikaʻi ai i nā apo piston a me nā pistons.
- ʻO ka volatility haʻahaʻa, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka aila haʻahaʻa no ka ʻōpala.
- ʻO ka nele o ka hiki ke hana i ka huʻa ma kekahi mokuʻāina, ʻoiai i ke anuanu, ʻoiai i ka wela.
- Hoʻopili piha me nā mea i hana ʻia ai nā sila (maʻa mau i ka ʻaila-kūpaʻa i ka ʻaila) i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻōnaehana neutralization kinoea, a me nā ʻōnaehana ʻenekini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko.
- ʻO ka lubrication kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻāpana ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi (i ka wā hau a wela paha).
- ʻO ka hiki ke puhi i nā mea o ka ʻōnaehana lubrication me ka pilikia ʻole. ʻAʻole wale kēia e hāʻawi i ka palekana hilinaʻi o nā mea ʻenekini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko, akā maʻalahi hoʻi i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka mīkini hoʻopau i loko i ke anuanu.
- ʻAʻole i komo i loko o nā hopena kemika me nā mea metala a me nā mea hao o ka ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko i kona wā lōʻihi me ka hana ʻole.
ʻO nā hōʻailona i helu ʻia o ka maikaʻi o ka ʻaila ʻenekini he mea koʻikoʻi, a inā ʻoi aku ko lākou mau waiwai ma lalo o ka maʻamau, a laila piha kēia me ka lawa ʻole o ka lubrication o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko, ko lākou ʻaʻahu nui, overheating, a me kēia. ʻO ka mea maʻamau e alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka waiwai o nā ʻāpana ʻelua a me ka ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO kēlā me kēia kaʻa kaʻa e nānā pono i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻaila ʻenekini i loko o ka pahu pahu, a me kona ʻano, no ka mea, ʻo ka hana maʻamau o ka ʻenekini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko e pili pono i kēia. No ke koho, pono e hoʻokō ʻia, me ka hilinaʻi, ka mea mua, ma nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a ka mea hana mīkini. ʻAe, ʻo ka ʻike ma luna e pili ana i nā waiwai kino a me nā ʻāpana o nā aila e kōkua maoli iā ʻoe e hana i ke koho kūpono.
