ʻO ka lewa o ka mua - a ma waho ...

Ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, pono lākou e kōkua iā mākou e lanakila i ka maʻi kanesa, wānana pololei i ke aniau, a haku i ka hui nuklea. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, aia nā hopohopo e hoʻopau lākou i ka honua a hoʻokauwā paha i ke kanaka. I kēia manawa, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i nā monsters computational ke hana i ka maikaʻi nui a me ka hewa honua i ka manawa like.

I nā makahiki 60, loaʻa i nā kamepiula ʻoi loa ka mana megaflops (mau miliona o nā hana kiko lana i kēlā me kēia kekona). Kamepiula mua me ka mana hana kiekie 1 GFLOPS (gigaflops) ʻo ia Cray 2, i hana ʻia e Cray Research i ka makahiki 1985. ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike mua me ka mana hana maluna o 1 TFLOPS (teraflops) was ASCI Ulaula, i hana ʻia e Intel i ka makahiki 1997. Loaʻa ka mana 1 PFLOPS (petaflops). Luna Hōʻailona, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e IBM i ka makahiki 2008.

No ka Chinese Sunway TaihuLight ka mooolelo mana computing a he 9 PFLOPS.

ʻOiai, e like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻaʻole i hiki i nā mīkini ikaika loa i nā haneli o nā petaflops, ʻoi aku ka nui ʻōnaehana exascalekahi e pono ai ka mana exaflopsach (EFLOPS), i.e. ma kahi o 1018 mau hana i kēlā me kēia kekona. Eia nō naʻe, aia wale nō ia mau hoʻolālā i ka pae o nā papahana o nā pae like ʻole o ka maʻalahi.

NA HOEMI (, nā hana kiko lana i kēlā me kēia kekona) he ʻāpana o ka mana helu i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā noi ʻepekema. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o ka poloka MIPS i hoʻohana mua ʻia, ʻo ia ka helu o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo i kēlā me kēia kekona. ʻAʻole he SI ka flop, akā hiki ke unuhi ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o 1/s.

Pono ʻoe i kahi exascale no ka maʻi kanesa

ʻO kahi exaflops, a i ʻole hoʻokahi tausani petaflops, ʻoi aku ma mua o nā supercomputers kiʻekiʻe XNUMX i hui pū ʻia. Manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka hanauna hou o nā mīkini me ia mana e lawe mai i nā holomua ma nā ʻano like ʻole.

Pono e kōkua ka mana hana Exascale i hui pū ʻia me nā ʻenehana aʻo mīkini wikiwiki, no ka laʻana, hope. e haki i ke code cancer. ʻO ka nui o nā ʻikepili i loaʻa i nā kauka i mea e ʻike ai a mālama i ka maʻi kanesa he mea paʻakikī loa i nā kamepiula maʻamau ke hoʻokō i ka hana. Ma kahi noiʻi biopsy maʻamau maʻamau, ʻoi aku ma mua o 8 miliona mau ana i lawe ʻia, i ka wā e nānā ai nā kauka i ke ʻano o ka ʻōpū, kāna pane ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, a me ka hopena i ke kino o ka mea maʻi. He moana maoli kēia o ka ʻikepili.

wahi a Rick Stevens o ka US Department of Energy (DOE) Argonne Laboratory. -

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka noiʻi olakino me ka mana computing, ke hana nei nā ʻepekema ʻōnaehana neural CANDLE (). Hiki iā ʻoe ke wānana a hoʻomohala i kahi hoʻolālā lapaʻau i kūpono i nā pono o kēlā me kēia maʻi. E kōkua kēia i ka poʻe ʻepekema e hoʻomaopopo i ke kumu molekula o nā pilina protein koʻikoʻi, e hoʻomohala i nā hiʻohiʻona pane ʻana i ka lāʻau wānana, a e hōʻike i nā hoʻolālā lapaʻau maikaʻi loa. Manaʻo ʻo Argonne e hiki i nā ʻōnaehana exascale ke holo i ka noi CANDLE 50 a 100 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o nā supermachine ikaika loa i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā.

No laila, ke kakali nei mākou i ke ʻano o nā supercomputers exascale. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pono e hōʻike ʻia nā mana mua ma US. ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia ka US i ka heihei e hana iā lākou, a me ke aupuni kūloko i kahi papahana i ʻike ʻia Aurora hui pū me AMD, IBM, Intel a me Nvidia, e hoʻoikaika ana i mua o nā mea hoʻokūkū haole. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia e hana ʻia ma mua o 2021. I kēia manawa, i Ianuali 2017, ua hoʻolaha ka poʻe loea Kina i ka hana ʻana o kahi prototype exascale. ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike holoʻokoʻa o kēia ʻano ʻāpana helu helu − tianhe-3 - akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke mākaukau i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.

Paʻa ka Pākē

ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo mai ka makahiki 2013, ua ʻoi aku ka hoʻomohala ʻana o Kina i ka papa inoa o nā kamepiula ikaika loa ma ka honua. Ua noho aliʻi ʻo ia no nā makahiki tianhe-2a i kēia manawa, aia ka pāma i ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia Sunway Taihu Light. Manaʻo ʻia he ʻoi aku ka ikaika o kēia mau mīkini ikaika ʻelua ma ke Aupuni Waena ma mua o nā supercomputers he iwakāluakūmākahi ma ka US Department of Energy.

ʻO ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻAmelika, ʻoiaʻiʻo, makemake lākou e loaʻa hou ke kūlana alakaʻi a lākou i paʻa ai i ʻelima mau makahiki i hala, a ke hana nei lākou i kahi ʻōnaehana e hiki ai iā lākou ke hana i kēia. Ke kūkulu ʻia nei ma ka Oak Ridge National Laboratory ma Tennessee. Kukuna (2), kahi supercomputer i hoʻonohonoho ʻia no ka hoʻokō ʻana ma hope o kēia makahiki. Ua ʻoi aku ma mua o ka mana o Sunway TaihuLight. E hoʻohana ʻia ia e hoʻāʻo a hoʻomohala i nā mea hou i ʻoi aku ka ikaika a me ka māmā, e hoʻohālike i ka loko o ka Honua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nalu acoustic, a e kākoʻo i nā papahana astrophysics e noiʻi ana i ke kumu o ke ao holoʻokoʻa.

2. Hoʻolālā Spatial o ka Summit supercomputer

Ma ka Argonne National Laboratory i ʻōlelo ʻia, hoʻolālā koke nā kānaka ʻepekema e kūkulu i kahi mea ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki. ʻIke ʻia ʻo A21Manaʻo ʻia ka hana e hiki i 200 petaflops.

Ke komo pū nei ʻo Iapana i ka heihei supercomputer. ʻOiai ua uhi ʻia i kēia manawa e ka hoʻokūkū US-China, ʻo ia ka ʻāina e manaʻo nei e hoʻomaka. ʻōnaehana ABC (), hāʻawi 130 petaflops o ka mana. Manaʻo ka poʻe Kepanī e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēlā supercomputer e hoʻomohala i AI (artificial intelligence) a i ʻole ke aʻo hohonu.

I kēia manawa, ua hoʻoholo wale ka Pāremata ʻEulopa e kūkulu i kahi supercomputer EU billion euro. E hoʻomaka ana kēia monster computing i kāna hana no nā kikowaena noiʻi o kā mākou ʻāina i ka manawa o 2022 a me 2023. E kūkulu ʻia ka mīkini i loko papahana EuroGPKa ʻo kona kūkulu ʻia ʻana e uku kālā ʻia e nā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa - no laila e komo pū ʻo Polani i kēia papahana. Ua kapa ʻia kona mana wānana ʻo "pre-exascale".

I kēia manawa, e like me ka helu 2017, o ka ʻelima haneli supercomputers wikiwiki loa i ka honua, aia ʻo Kina i 202 mau mīkini (40%), ʻoiai ʻo ʻAmelika e hoʻomalu i ka 144 (29%).

Hoʻohana pū ʻo Kina i ka 35% o ka mana computing o ka honua i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 30% ma US. ʻO nā ʻāina aʻe me ka nui o nā supercomputers ma ka papa inoa ʻo Iapana (35 ʻōnaehana), Kelemānia (20), Farani (18) a me UK (15). Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia, me ka ʻole o ka ʻāina kumu, ʻelima haneli o nā supercomputers ikaika loa e hoʻohana i nā ʻano like ʻole o Linux ...

Hoʻolālā lākou iā lākou iho

He mea waiwai nui nā Supercomputers e kākoʻo ana i nā ʻoihana ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana. Hāʻawi lākou i nā mea noiʻi a me nā ʻenekinia e holomua mau (a i kekahi manawa ke lele nui i mua) ma nā wahi e like me ka biology, weather and weather forecasting, astrophysics, a me nā mea kaua nuklea.

ʻO ke koena e pili ana i ko lākou mana. I nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā supercomputers ke hoʻololi nui i ke kūlana hoʻokele waiwai, pūʻali koa a me ka geopolitical o kēlā mau ʻāina i loaʻa i kēia ʻano o ka ʻoihana ʻoki.

ʻO ka holomua ma kēia kahua ʻoi loa ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā hanauna hou o nā microprocessors ua lilo i mea paʻakikī loa no ka nui o nā kumuwaiwai kanaka. No kēia kumu, ke pāʻani nei nā polokalamu kamepiula kiʻekiʻe a me nā supercomputers i ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kamepiula, me ka poʻe me ka prefix "super".

3. Kepania supercomputer

Hiki koke i nā hui lāʻau lapaʻau ke hoʻohana piha i ka mahalo i nā mana nui ka hana ʻana i ka nui o nā genome kanaka, holoholona a me nā mea kanu e kōkua i ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau no nā maʻi like ʻole.

ʻO kekahi kumu (ʻoiaʻiʻo kekahi o nā mea nui) no ke kumu e hoʻolilo nui ai nā aupuni i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā supercomputers. ʻO nā kaʻa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e kōkua i nā alakaʻi o ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā hakakā ma nā kūlana hakakā, e ʻae i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana mea kaua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a kākoʻo i nā ʻoihana hoʻokō kānāwai a me nā keʻena naʻauao i ka ʻike mua ʻana i nā mea hoʻoweliweli.

ʻAʻole lawa ka mana no ka simulation lolo

Pono nā supercomputers hou e wehewehe i ka supercomputer kūlohelohe i ʻike ʻia e mākou no ka manawa lōʻihi - ka lolo kanaka.

Ua hoʻomohala hou kahi hui o nā ʻepekema honua i kahi algorithm e hōʻike ana i kahi hana hou koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻohālike ʻana i nā pilina neural o ka lolo. Hou NEST algorithm, i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o ka wehe 'ana pepa i paʻi 'ia ma Frontiers ma Neuroinformatics, ua manaoia e simulate 100 billion interconnected kanaka lolo neurons ma luna o supercomputers. ʻO nā kānaka ʻepekema mai ke kikowaena noiʻi Kelemania ʻo Jülich, ka Norwegian University of Life Science, ke Kulanui o Aachen, ka Japanese RIKEN Institute a me ka KTH Royal Institute of Technology ma Stockholm i komo i ka hana.

Mai ka makahiki 2014, ke holo nei nā hoʻohālikelike pūnaewele neural nui ma ka RIKEN a me JUQUEEN supercomputers ma Jülich Supercomputing Center ma Kelemānia, e hoʻohālikelike ana i nā pilina o kahi 1% o nā neurons i loko o ka lolo kanaka. No ke aha he nui wale? Hiki i nā supercomputers ke hoʻohālike i ka lolo holoʻokoʻa?

ʻO Susanne Kunkel mai ka hui Swedish KTH wehewehe.

I ka wā o ka hoʻohālikelike, pono e hoʻouna ʻia kahi hana neuron (nā hoʻoulu uila pōkole) ma kahi o 100 poʻe. nā lolouila liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia nā nodes, ua lako kēlā me kēia me ka helu o nā mea hana e hana i nā helu maoli. Nānā kēlā me kēia node i ka pili o kēia mau impulses i nā neurons virtual e noho nei ma kēia node.

4. Hoʻohālike i nā pilina lolo o nā neurons, i.e. aia mākou ma ka hoʻomaka o ka huakaʻi (1%)

ʻIke loa, piʻi ka nui o ka hoʻomanaʻo kamepiula e nā mea hana no kēia mau bits hou i kēlā me kēia neuron me ka nui o ka pūnaewele neural. No ka hele ma mua o ka 1% simulation o ka lolo kanaka holoʻokoʻa (4) pono XNUMX manawa hou aku ka hoʻomanaʻo ma mua o ka mea i loaʻa i nā supercomputers āpau i kēia lā. No laila, hiki ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka simulation o ka lolo holoʻokoʻa i ka pōʻaiapili o nā supercomputers exascale e hiki mai ana. ʻO kēia kahi e hana ai ka hanauna hou NEST algorithm.

TOP-5 supercomputers o ka honua

1. Sunway TaihuLight - Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi supercomputer 93 PFLOPS ma 2016 ma Wuxi, Kina. Mai ka mahina ʻo Iune 2016, ua lanakila ʻo ia i ka papa inoa TOP500 o nā supercomputers me ka mana helu kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua.

2. Tianhe-2 (Milky Way-2) he 33,86 PFLOPS supercomputer i kūkulu ʻia e NUDT () ma Kina. Mai Iune 2013

a hiki i Iune 2016, ʻo ia ka supercomputer wikiwiki loa ma ka honua.

3. Piz Daint - he hoʻolālā i kūkulu ʻia e Cray, i hoʻokomo ʻia ma Swiss National Supercomputing Center (). Ua hoʻonui hou ʻia - ua hoʻololi ʻia nā accelerators Nvidia Tesla K20X me nā mea hou, Tesla P100, i hiki ai ke hoʻonui i ka mana computing mai 2017 a i 9,8 PFLOPS i ke kauwela o 19,6.

4. Gyokou he supercomputer i hoʻomohala ʻia e ExaScaler a me PEZY Computing. Aia ma ke Keʻena ʻOihana ʻEpekema a me ʻenehana (JAMSTEC) ʻo Yokohama Institute of Geosciences; ma ka papahele like me ka Earth simulator. Mana: 19,14 PFLOPs.

5. Titanium he 17,59 PFLOPS supercomputer i hana ʻia e Cray Inc. a hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ʻOkakopa 2012 ma ka Oak Ridge National Laboratory ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Mai Nowemapa 2012 a Iune 2013, ʻo Titan ka supercomputer wikiwiki loa o ka honua. Aia i kēia manawa ma kahi ʻelima, akā ʻo ia ka supercomputer wikiwiki loa ma US.

Hoʻokūkū pū lākou no ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe ma quantum

Manaʻo ʻo IBM i loko o nā makahiki ʻelima e hiki mai ana, ʻaʻole nā ​​supercomputers i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā ʻāpana silika kuʻuna, akā e hoʻomaka i ka hoʻolaha. Ke hoʻomaka nei ka ʻoihana e hoʻomaopopo pehea e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā kamepiula quantum, e like me ka poʻe noiʻi o ka hui. Manaʻo nā ʻenekinia e ʻike i nā noi nui mua no kēia mau mīkini i loko o ʻelima mau makahiki.

Hoʻohana nā lolouila quantum i kahi ʻāpana helu i kapa ʻia kubitem. Hōʻike nā semiconductor maʻamau i ka ʻike ma ke ʻano o nā kaʻina o 1 a me 0, ʻoiai e hōʻike ana nā qubits i nā waiwai quantum a hiki ke hana i ka helu ʻana e like me 1 a me 0. ʻO ia hoʻi, hiki i nā qubits ʻelua ke hōʻike i nā kaʻina o 1-0, 1-1, 0-1. . ., 0-0. Ke ulu nui nei ka mana computing me kēlā me kēia qubit, no laila, ʻoi aku ka mana o kahi kamepiula quantum me 50 qubits wale nō ke loaʻa i ka mana hana ma mua o nā supercomputers ikaika loa o ka honua.

Ke kūʻai aku nei ʻo D-Wave Systems i kahi kamepiula quantum, kahi i ʻōlelo ʻia he 2. qubits. Eia naʻe Nā kope D-Wave(5) hiki ke hoopaapaa. ʻOiai ua hoʻohana maikaʻi kekahi poʻe noiʻi iā lākou, ʻaʻole naʻe lākou i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā kamepiula kahiko a pono wale lākou no kekahi mau papa o nā pilikia hoʻoponopono.

5. D-Wave quantum computers

I kekahi mau mahina i hala aku nei, ua hōʻike ka Google Quantum AI Lab i kahi kaʻina hana quantum 72-qubit hou i kapa ʻia cones bristle (6). Hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō koke i ka "quantum supremacy" ma o ka ʻoi aku o ka supercomputer maʻamau, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i ka wā e hoʻoponopono ai i kekahi mau pilikia. Ke hōʻike ka mea hana quantum i kahi hapa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka hana, hiki ke ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o kahi supercomputer maʻamau me kahi hana IT i wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia.

6. Bristlecone 72 qubit quantum processor

ʻO ka mea aʻe ma ka laina ʻo ka Google processor, no ka mea ma Ianuali, no ka laʻana, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Intel i kāna ʻōnaehana quantum 49-qubit, a ua hoʻokomo mua ʻo IBM i kahi mana 50-qubit. intel chip, Loihi, he mea hou ma nā ʻano ʻē aʻe kekahi. ʻO ia ka "neuromorphic" kaapuni hoʻohui mua i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻohālike i ke ʻano o ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana o ka lolo kanaka. He "hana piha" a loaʻa i nā hoa noiʻi ma hope o kēia makahiki.

Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻomaka wale nō kēia, no ka mea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hana me nā monsters silicon, pono ʻoe i z miliona qubits. Ke manaʻolana nei kekahi pūʻulu ʻepekema ma ke Kulanui ʻenehana Dutch ma Delft ʻo ke ala e hoʻokō ai i ia pālākiō ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke silika ma nā kamepiula quantum, no ka mea ua loaʻa i kā lākou mau lālā kahi hopena pehea e hoʻohana ai i ke silika e hana i kahi polokalamu quantum programmable.

I kā lākou aʻo ʻana, i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke pai Nature, ua hoʻomalu ka hui Dutch i ka hoʻololi ʻana o hoʻokahi electron me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu microwave. I loko o ke silika, e wili ka electron i luna a i lalo i ka manawa like, e paʻa pono ana ia ma kahi. I ka manawa i hoʻokō ʻia ai, hoʻopili ka hui i ʻelua mau electrons a hoʻonohonoho iā lākou e holo i nā algorithm quantum.

Ua hiki ke hana ma ke kumu o ke silika ʻelua-bit quantum processor.

Ua wehewehe ʻo Dr Tom Watson, kekahi o nā mea kākau o ke aʻo ʻana i ka BBC. Inā hoʻokō ʻo Watson a me kāna hui e hoʻohui i nā electrons hou aʻe, hiki ke alakaʻi i kahi kipi. nā mea hana qubite lawe mai kēia iā mākou i kahi ʻanuʻu kokoke i nā kamepiula quantum o ka wā e hiki mai ana.

- ʻO ka mea nāna e kūkulu i ka lolouila quantum e hoʻokō nei i ka honua ʻO Manas Mukherjee o ka National University of Singapore a me ka mea noiʻi nui ma ka National Center for Quantum Technology i ʻōlelo ʻia ma kahi ninaninau. ʻO ka heihei ma waena o nā ʻoihana ʻenehana nui a me nā keʻena noiʻi i kēia manawa i kālele ʻia i ka mea i kapa ʻia quantum supremacy, kahi e hiki ai i ke kamepiula quantum ke hana i ka helu ʻana ma mua o nā mea a nā kamepiula ʻoi loa o kēia wā hiki ke hāʻawi.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona i luna o nā mea i hoʻokō ʻia e Google, IBM a me Intel e hōʻike ana i nā hui mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (a no laila ka mokuʻāina) e noho aliʻi ma kēia wahi. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻokuʻu hou ʻo Alibaba Cloud o Kina i kahi 11-qubit processor-based cloud computing platform e hiki ai i nā ʻepekema ke hoʻāʻo i nā algorithm quantum hou. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole uhi ʻo Kina i ka pā o ka quantum computing blocks i nā pears me ka lehu.

Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hana i nā supercomputers quantum ʻaʻole makemake wale i nā mea hou, akā ke kumu hoʻi i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa.

ʻO kekahi mau mahina i hala aku nei, i ka wā o ka International Conference on Quantum Technologies ma Moscow, Alexander Lvovsky (7) mai ka Russian Quantum Center, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kumu aʻoaʻo o ka physics ma ke Kulanui o Calgary ma Kanada, i ʻōlelo ʻia nā kamepiula quantum. mea hana lukume ka hana ole.

7. Kumu Alexander Lvovsky

He aha kāna ʻōlelo? ʻO ka mea mua, palekana kikohoʻe. I kēia manawa, hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻike kikohoʻe koʻikoʻi a pau i hoʻouna ʻia ma ka Pūnaewele no ka pale ʻana i ka pilikino o nā poʻe hoihoi. Ua ʻike mua mākou i nā hihia kahi e hiki ai i nā mea hacker ke hoʻopaʻa i kēia ʻikepili ma ka uhai ʻana i ka hoʻopunipuni.

Wahi a Lvov, ʻo ke ʻano o kahi kamepiula quantum e maʻalahi wale ia no nā cybercriminals. ʻAʻohe mea hana hoʻopunipuni i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā hiki ke pale iā ia iho mai ka mana hana o kahi kamepiula quantum maoli.

ʻO nā moʻolelo lapaʻau, nā ʻike kālā, a me nā mea huna o nā aupuni a me nā hui pūʻali koa e loaʻa i loko o kahi pā, ʻo ia hoʻi, e like me kā Lvovsky i ʻōlelo ai, hiki i ka ʻenehana hou ke hoʻoweliweli i ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Manaʻo nā poʻe loea ʻē aʻe he kumu ʻole ka makaʻu o nā Lūkini, ʻoiai ʻo ka hana ʻana i kahi supercomputer quantum maoli e ʻae pū kekahi. hoʻomaka i ka quantum cryptography, ua manaoia he hiki ole ke hoopau.

ʻO kahi ala ʻē aʻe

Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻenehana kamepiula kahiko a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana quantum, ke hana nei nā kikowaena like ʻole i nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā supercomputers o ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Hāʻawi ka hui ʻAmelika ʻo DARPA i ʻeono mau kikowaena no nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolālā kamepiula ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hoʻolālā i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mīkini hou i kapa ʻia von Neumann hale hanaʻAe, he kanahiku kona mau makahiki. ʻO ke kākoʻo o ka hui pale no nā mea noiʻi kulanui e hoʻomohala i kahi ala ʻoi aku ka naʻauao i ka lawelawe ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻikepili ma mua o ka wā ma mua.

Buffering a me ka helu like Eia kekahi mau laʻana o nā ʻano hana hou e hana nei kēia mau hui. ʻO kekahi ADA (), ka mea e maʻalahi ai ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā noi ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka CPU a me nā ʻāpana hoʻomanaʻo me nā modules i hoʻokahi hui, ma mua o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia o kā lākou pilina ma ka motherboard.

I ka makahiki i hala, ua hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia kahi hui o nā mea noiʻi mai UK a me Rūsia i kēlā ʻano "Ka lepo kilokilo"i haku ia lakou māmā a me ka mea - ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ka "hana" ma mua o nā supercomputers ikaika loa.

Ua hoʻohana nā kānaka ʻepekema mai nā kulanui Pelekania o Cambridge, Southampton a me Cardiff a me ka Russian Skolkovo Institute i nā ʻāpana quantum i ʻike ʻia o polaritonhiki ke wehewehe ʻia he mea ma waena o ka māmā a me ka mea. He ala hou loa kēia i ka hoʻopili kamepiula. Wahi a ka poʻe ʻepekema, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokumu i ke kumu o kahi ʻano kamepiula hou e hiki ke hoʻoponopono i nā nīnau hiki ʻole ke hoʻonā i kēia manawa - ma nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka biology, kālā a me ka huakaʻi lewa. Ua paʻi ʻia nā hopena o ke aʻo ʻana ma ka puke pai Nature Materials.

E hoʻomanaʻo e hiki i nā supercomputers o kēia lā ke mālama i kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o nā pilikia. ʻO kahi kamepiula quantum hypothetical, inā i kūkulu ʻia, e hāʻawi maikaʻi i ka wikiwiki quadratic no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia paʻakikī. I kēia manawa, hana ʻia nā polaritons i hana i ka "fairy dust" e ka hoʻāla ʻana i nā papa o ka gallium, arsenic, indium a me nā alumini me nā kukui laser.

ʻO nā electron i loko o kēia mau papa e hoʻomoe a hoʻokuʻu i ka mālamalama o kekahi kala. ʻO nā polaritons he ʻumi kaukani manawa ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o nā electrons a hiki ke hōʻea i ka lawa kūpono e hoʻāla ai i kahi kūlana hou o ka mea i ʻike ʻia. Kūleʻa Bose-Einstein (ʻewalu). Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻāpana quantum o polaritons i loko a hana i kahi mea quantum macroscopic, hiki ke ʻike ʻia e nā ana photoluminescence.

8. Plot e hōʻike ana i kahi condensate Bose-Einstein

ʻIke ʻia ma kēia mokuʻāina, hiki i kahi condensate polariton ke hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia optimization a mākou i ʻōlelo ai i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā kamepiula quantum ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā kaʻina hana qubit. Ua hōʻike nā mea kākau o nā haʻawina Pelekane-Russian i ka wā e hoʻopili ai nā polaritons, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kā lākou quantum phases i kahi hoʻonohonoho e pili ana i ka liʻiliʻi loa o kahi hana paʻakikī.

"Aia mākou i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻimi ʻana i ka hiki o nā pā polariton no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia paʻakikī," kākau ʻo Nature Materials co-author Prof. ʻO Pavlos Lagoudakis, ke poʻo o ka Hybrid Photonics Laboratory ma ke Kulanui o Southampton. "Ke hoʻonui nei mākou i kā mākou hāmeʻa i nā haneli o nā nodes aʻo ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka mana hoʻoili lalo."

I loko o kēia mau hoʻokolohua mai ka honua o nā māhele quantum maʻalahi o ka māmā a me ka mea, ʻoiai nā mea hana quantum me he mea lā he mea palaka a pili paʻa i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻaʻole e hana wale ana nā ʻepekema i nā supercomputers o ka lā ʻapōpō a me nā mīkini o ka lā ma hope o ka lā ʻapōpō, akā ke hoʻolālā nei lākou i nā mea e hiki mai ana i ka lā ʻapōpō.

I kēia manawa he paʻakikī loa ka hiki ʻana i ka exascale, a laila e noʻonoʻo ʻoe i nā milestone e hiki mai ana ma ka pālākiō flop (9). E like me kāu i manaʻo ai, ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā processors a me ka hoʻomanaʻo i kēlā. Inā manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ka poʻe ʻepekema, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ia mana helu helu ikaika e ʻae iā mākou e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia mega i ʻike ʻia e mākou, e like me ka deciphering cancer a i ʻole ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻikepili astronomical.

9. ʻO ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka supercomputing

E hoʻohālikelike i ka nīnau me ka pane

He aha ka mea e hiki mai ana?

ʻAe, i ka hihia o nā kamepiula quantum, kū mai nā nīnau e pili ana i ka mea e hoʻohana ai lākou. Wahi a ka ʻōlelo kahiko, hoʻoponopono nā kamepiula i nā pilikia i loaʻa ʻole me ka ʻole o lākou. No laila pono paha mākou e kūkulu mua i kēia mau supermachine futuristic. A laila e kū mai nā pilikia ma o lākou iho.

Ma nā wahi hea e hoʻohana pono ai nā kamepiula quantum?

Akamai ʻimi hoʻopunipuni. Ke hana nei ʻo AI () ma ke kumu o ke aʻo ʻana ma o ka ʻike, ʻoi aku ka pololei o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā manaʻo a hiki i ka lilo ʻana o ka polokalamu kamepiula i "akamai". Hoʻokumu ʻia ka manaʻo manaʻo ma ka helu ʻana i nā probabilities o kekahi mau koho koho. Ua ʻike mua mākou ʻo Lockheed Martin, no ka laʻana, ke hoʻolālā nei e hoʻohana i kāna kamepiula quantum D-Wave no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā polokalamu autopilot i kēia manawa paʻakikī loa no nā kamepiula kahiko, a ke hoʻohana nei ʻo Google i kahi kamepiula quantum e hoʻomohala i nā polokalamu e hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā kaʻa mai nā pae ʻāina. .

Hoʻohālike molekala. Mahalo i nā kamepiula quantum, hiki ke hoʻohālike pololei i nā pilina molekala, e ʻimi ana i nā hoʻonohonoho kūpono no nā hopena kemika. He paʻakikī loa ka kemika quantum i hiki i nā kamepiula kikohoʻe hou ke kālailai wale i nā molekala maʻalahi loa. He quantum ka hopena kemika no ka mea, ua hana lakou i na mokuaina kuantum i hoopili loa ia e pili ana kekahi i kekahi, no laila, hiki i na computer quantum i hoomohala piha ke maalahi i na hana paakiki loa. Loaʻa iā Google nā ​​hoʻomohala ma kēia wahi - ua hoʻohālike lākou i ka mole hydrogen. ʻO ka hopena e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā huahana, mai nā panela lā a i nā lāʻau lapaʻau.

ʻO ka cryptography. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana palekana i kēia lā e hilinaʻi ʻia i ka hana mua kūpono. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kēia me nā lolouila kikohoʻe ma ka nānā ʻana i kēlā me kēia kumu, akā ʻo ka nui o ka manawa i koi ʻia e hana pēlā e lilo ai ka "code breaking" i ke kumu kūʻai a hiki ʻole. I kēia manawa, hiki i nā kamepiula quantum ke hana i kēia me ka exponentially, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mīkini kikohoʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi e lilo koke nā ala palekana o kēia lā. Aia kekahi ʻano hana hoʻopunipuni quantum e hoʻomohala ʻia e hoʻohana pono i ke ʻano unidirectional o quantum entanglement. Ua hōʻike mua ʻia nā pūnaewele puni honua ma kekahi mau ʻāina, a ua hoʻolaha aku nei nā kānaka ʻepekema Kina e hoʻouna maikaʻi ana lākou i nā kiʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai kahi satelite "quantum" orbit i ʻekolu mau kahua kahua kaʻawale i ka Honua.

Hoʻohālike kālā. ʻO nā mākeke o kēia manawa kekahi o nā ʻōnaehana paʻakikī i ke ola. ʻOiai ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea ʻepekema a me ka makemakika no kā lākou wehewehe ʻana a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana, ʻaʻole lawa ka maikaʻi o ia mau hana ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa kumu ma waena o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻepekema: ʻaʻohe wahi hoʻomalu e hiki ai ke hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻokolohua. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia pilikia, ua huli nā mea hoʻopukapuka a me nā mea loiloi i ka quantum computing. ʻO kahi pōmaikaʻi koke, ʻo ka randomness i loko o nā kamepiula quantum e kūlike me ke ʻano stochastic o nā mākeke kālā. Makemake pinepine nā mea hoʻopukapuka e loiloi i ka māhele ʻana o nā hopena i kahi helu nui loa o nā hiʻohiʻona i hana ʻole ʻia.

Ka wānana ʻana. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo NOAA Luna Hoʻokele waiwai ʻo Rodney F. Weiher, ʻaneʻane 30% o ka US GDP ($6 trillion) e hilinaʻi pololei a ʻaʻole pololei paha i ka lewa. no ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai, ka lawe ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wānana i ka aura ma nā wahi he nui, ʻaʻole e haʻi i ka manawa lōʻihi i hāʻawi ʻia no ka pale ʻana i nā pōʻino kūlohelohe. Ua hoʻomaka mua ka lima meteorological aupuni o UK, ka Met Office, i ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i ia mau mea hou e hoʻokō ai i ka mana a me nā pono scalability e hana ai mai 2020 ma mua, a ua paʻi i kahi hōʻike e pili ana i kāna pono ponoʻī exascale.

Pilikino Pilikino. ʻO nā kumu hoʻohālike physics paʻa paʻa pinepine paʻakikī, paʻakikī paʻakikī e koi nui i ka manawa helu no nā hoʻohālikelike helu. He mea maikaʻi kēia no ka computing quantum, a ua hoʻonui mua nā ʻepekema i kēia. Ua hoʻohana nā mea noiʻi ma ke Kulanui o Innsbruck a me ka Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) i kahi ʻōnaehana quantum programmable e hana i kēia simulation. Wahi a kekahi paʻi ma Nature, ua hoʻohana ka hui i kahi mana maʻalahi o kahi kamepiula quantum kahi i hana ai nā ion i nā hana logical, nā ʻanuʻu kumu o kēlā me kēia helu kamepiula. Ua hōʻike ka simulation i ka ʻaelike piha me nā hoʻokolohua maoli o ka physics i wehewehe ʻia. wahi a ke kanaka physicist theoretical Peter Zoller. -