Ma hea mākou i hewa ai?

Ua loaʻa ʻo Physics iā ia iho i kahi hopena make ʻole. ʻOiai ua loaʻa iā ia kāna Kūlana Kūlana ponoʻī, i hoʻohui hou ʻia e ka ʻāpana Higgs, ʻaʻole hiki i kēia mau holomua āpau ke wehewehe i nā mea pohihihi nui o kēia wā, ka ikehu ʻeleʻele, ka mea ʻeleʻele, ka ʻumekaumaha, nā mea-antimatter asymmetries, a me nā neutrino oscillations.

ʻO Roberto Unger lāua ʻo Lee Smolin

ʻO Lee Smolin, he physicist kaulana i ʻōlelo ʻia no nā makahiki ma ke ʻano ʻo ia kekahi o nā moho koʻikoʻi no ka makana Nobel, i paʻi ʻia me ka mea akeakamai. ʻO Roberto Ungerem, ka puke "The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time". I loko o ia mea, kālele nā ​​mea kākau, kēlā me kēia mai ka manaʻo o kā lākou aʻo ʻana, ke kūlana huikau o ka physics hou. "Holo ka ʻepekema ke haʻalele i ke aupuni o ka hōʻoia hoʻokolohua a me ka hiki ke hōʻole," kākau lākou. Ke koi nei lākou i nā physicists e hoʻi i ka manawa a e ʻimi i kahi hoʻomaka hou.

He kiko'ī loa kā lākou hāʻawi. ʻO Smolin a me Unger, no ka laʻana, makemake mākou e hoʻi i ka manaʻo Hoʻokahi honua. He maʻalahi ke kumu - ʻike mākou i hoʻokahi honua, a hiki ke noiʻi ʻia kekahi o lākou, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻoia ʻia nā koi o ke ola ʻana o kā lākou plurality.. ʻO kekahi manaʻo a Smolin lāua ʻo Unger i manaʻo ai e ʻae e like me kēia. ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka manawaʻaʻole e hāʻawi i nā theorists i kahi manawa e haʻalele ai i ke ʻano o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me kāna mau hoʻololi. A ʻo ka mea hope loa, koi nā mea kākau e kāohi i ka makemake no ka makemakika, i loko o kāna mau hiʻohiʻona "nani" a nani hoʻi, e haʻalele i ka honua ʻike maoli a hiki. nānā hoʻokolohua.

ʻO wai ka mea ʻike i ka "makemake nani" manaʻo kaula, ʻike maʻalahi ka mea hope i kāna hoʻohewa ʻana ma nā postulates ma luna. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka laulā o ka pilikia. Nui nā ʻōlelo a me nā puke i kēia lā e manaʻoʻiʻo ua hiki i ka physics i kahi hopena make. Ua hewa paha mākou ma kahi o ke ala, ʻae nā mea noiʻi he nui.

No laila ʻaʻole ʻo Smolin lāua ʻo Unger wale nō. He mau mahina i hala aku nei ma "Nature" George Ellis i Joseph Silika paʻi ʻatikala e pili ana pale ana i ka pono o ka physicsma ka hoʻohewa ʻana i ka poʻe i makemake nui e hoʻopaneʻe i kahi hoʻokolohua "ʻapōpō" mau loa e hoʻāʻo ai i nā ʻano manaʻo cosmological "fashionable". Pono lākou e hōʻike ʻia e ka "kūpono nani" a me ka waiwai wehewehe. “Ua haki kēia i ka moʻomeheu ʻepekema kahiko o ka ʻike ʻepekema ʻo ka ʻike. hōʻoia ʻia empiricallyhoʻomanaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema. Hōʻike maopopo nā ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka "impasse hoʻokolohua" o ka physics hou.. ʻO nā manaʻo hou loa e pili ana i ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka honua a me ka Universe, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻoia ʻia e nā hoʻokolohua i loaʻa i nā kānaka.

Nā Analogi ʻāpana Supersymmetric - ʻIke

Ma ka ʻike ʻana i ka boson Higgs, ua "loaʻa" nā ʻepekema. ʻO ke kūlana kūlike. Eia naʻe, mamao loa ka māʻona o ka honua o ka physics. Ua ʻike mākou e pili ana i nā quark a me nā lepton, akā ʻaʻohe o mākou manaʻo pehea e hoʻohui ai i kēia me ka manaʻo ʻumekaumaha a Einstein. ʻAʻole maopopo iā mākou pehea e hoʻohui ai i nā mechanics quantum me ka ʻumekaumaha e hana i ka manaʻo coherent o ka quantum gravity. ʻAʻole mākou ʻike i ke ʻano o ka Big Bang (a inā he hoʻokahi maoli nō).

I kēia manawa, e kapa mākou iā ia he physicists mainstream, ʻike lākou i ka pae aʻe ma hope o ka Model Model in supersymmetry (SUSY), e wānana ana he "hoa" like ko kēlā me kēia ʻāpana haʻahaʻa i ʻike ʻia e mākou. Hoʻopālua kēia i ka huina o nā poloka kūkulu hale no ka mea, akā ua kūpono ke kumumanaʻo i nā hoʻohālikelike makemakika a, ʻo ka mea nui, hāʻawi i kahi manawa e wehe ai i ka mea pohihihi o ka cosmic dark matter. Noho wale ia e kali i nā hopena o nā hoʻokolohua ma ka Large Hadron Collider, e hōʻoia i ke ola o nā ʻāpana supersymmetric.

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i lohe ʻia nā mea like ʻole mai Geneva. Inā ʻaʻohe mea hou e puka mai ana mai nā hoʻokolohua LHC, manaʻo ka poʻe physicists he pono e hoʻoneʻe mālie ʻia nā manaʻo supersymmetric. hale kiʻekiʻee pili ana i ka supersymmetry. Aia nā kānaka ʻepekema i mākaukau e pale aku, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka hōʻoia hoʻokolohua, no ka mea, ʻo ke kumumanaʻo SUSA he "nani loa e hoʻopunipuni." Inā pono, manaʻo lākou e loiloi hou i kā lākou mau hoohalike no ka hōʻoia ʻana aia ma waho o ka laulā o ka LHC nā ʻāpana ʻāpana supersymmetric.

Anomaly pagan anomaly

Nā manaʻo - he maʻalahi ke ʻōlelo! Eia naʻe, i ka laʻana, inā lanakila ka poʻe physicists i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi muon i loko o ka orbit a puni kahi proton, a "huhū" ka proton, a laila hoʻomaka nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka physics i ʻike ʻia e mākou. Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi mana kaumaha o ka hydrogen atom a ua hoʻololi ʻia ka nucleus, ʻo ia. ʻoi aku ka nui o ka proton i loko o ia ʻātoma (ʻo ia hoʻi ka radius nui aʻe) ma mua o ka proton "maʻamau".

ʻAʻole hiki i ka physics ke wehewehe i kēia hanana. ʻO ka muon, ka lepton e pani ana i ka electron i loko o ka atom, pono e hana like me ka electron - a pēlā nō, akā no ke aha e pili ai kēia hoʻololi i ka nui o ka proton? ʻAʻole maopopo ka physicists i kēia. Hiki paha iā lākou ke hoʻopau, akā ... e kali i kahi minuke. ʻO ka nui o ka proton e pili ana i nā manaʻo physics o kēia manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Model Model. Ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe Theorists e hoʻopuka i kēia pilina hiki ʻole ke wehewehe he ano hou o ka launa kumu. Eia naʻe, he manaʻo kuhi wale kēia i kēia manawa. Ma ke ala, ua hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua me nā atom deuterium, me ka manaʻo e hiki i kahi neutron i loko o ka nucleus ke hoʻololi i nā hopena. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā protons me nā muon a puni ma mua o nā electrons.

ʻO kekahi mea ʻē aʻe hou o ke kino, ʻo ia ka mea i puka mai ma muli o ka noiʻi ʻana e nā ʻepekema mai Trinity College Dublin. hou o ka malamalama. ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona i ana ʻia o ka māmā, ʻo ia ka manawa angular. A hiki i kēia manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma nā ʻano kukui he nui, ʻo ka momentum angular he nui o ʻO Planck mau. I kēia manawa, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Dr. ʻO Kyle Ballantyne a he polopeka Paul Eastham i John Donegan ua ʻike i ke ʻano o ka mālamalama i loko o ka manawa o kēlā me kēia photon ka hapalua o ka mau o Planck.

Hōʻike kēia ʻike kupaianaha hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā waiwai kumu o ka mālamalama a mākou i manaʻo ai he mau. He hopena maoli kēia i ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mālamalama a loaʻa i nā noi kūpono, no ka laʻana, i nā kamaʻilio optical paʻa. Mai ka 80s, ua noʻonoʻo ka poʻe physicists i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana i ʻelua mau ʻāpana o ke ākea ʻekolu. Ua ʻike lākou e pili ana mākou i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, me nā ʻāpana he mau hakina ka nui o nā waiwai. I kēia manawa ua hōʻoia ʻia no ka māmā. He mea hoihoi loa kēia, akā ʻo ia hoʻi he nui nā manaʻo e pono e hoʻonui ʻia. A ʻo kēia wale nō ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pilina me nā ʻike hou e lawe mai i ka fermentation i ka physics.

I hoʻokahi makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻike ma ka media i hōʻoia ʻia e nā physicists mai Cornell University i kā lākou hoʻokolohua. Ka hopena Quantum Zeno - ka hiki ke ho'ōki i ka ʻōnaehana quantum wale nō ma ka hana ʻana i nā nānā mau. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ma hope o ka ʻepekema Helene kahiko nāna i ʻōlelo he hoʻopunipuni ka neʻe ʻana i hiki ʻole i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO ka pilina o ka manaʻo kahiko me ka physics hou ka hana Baidyanatha ʻAigupita i George Sudarshan mai ke Kulanui o Texas, nāna i wehewehe i kēia paradox i ka makahiki 1977. David Wineland, He physicist American a me ka Nobel Prize lanakila ma ka physics, me ka MT i kamaʻilio ai ma Nowemapa 2012, i ka nānā mua ʻana o ka hopena Zeno, akā ʻaʻole i ʻae nā ʻepekema inā ua hōʻoia ʻo kāna hoʻokolohua i ke ola ʻana o ka hanana.

ʻIke ʻia o ka hoʻokolohua Wheeler

I ka makahiki i hala ua hana ʻo ia i kahi mea hou Mukund Vengalattoreʻo ia, me kāna hui noiʻi, i hana i kahi hoʻokolohua ma ke keʻena ultracold ma ke Kulanui ʻo Cornell. Ua hana nā kānaka ʻepekema a hoʻomaha i ke kinoea o kahi o hoʻokahi piliona rubidium atoms i loko o kahi keʻena māmā a hoʻokuʻu i ka nui ma waena o nā kukuna laser. Hoʻonohonoho nā ʻātoma iā lākou iho a hana i kahi ʻōnaehana lattice - ua hana lākou me he mea lā aia lākou i loko o ke kino crystalline. I ke anuanu loa, hiki iā lākou ke neʻe i kēlā me kēia wahi me ka māmā haʻahaʻa loa. Nānā nā physicists iā lākou ma lalo o kahi microscope a hoʻomālamalama iā lākou me kahi ʻōnaehana kiʻi laser i hiki iā lākou ke ʻike iā lākou. I ka wā i pio ai ka laser a i ʻole ka ikaika haʻahaʻa, ua hoʻokuʻu wale ʻia nā atoms, akā i ka wā i ʻoi aku ka mālamalama o ka kukuna laser a ua lawe pinepine ʻia nā ana. ua emi loa ka helu komo.

Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo Vengalattore i kāna hoʻokolohua penei: "I kēia manawa ua loaʻa iā mākou kahi manawa kūʻokoʻa e hoʻomalu i ka quantum dynamics ma o ka nānā wale ʻana." Ua hoʻohenehene ʻia ka poʻe noʻonoʻo "idealistic", mai Zeno a Berkeley i ka "makahiki o ka noʻonoʻo", pono anei lākou i ke ola ʻana o nā mea no ka nānā ʻana iā lākou?

I kēia mau lā, ua ʻike pinepine ʻia nā anomalies like ʻole a me nā ʻano like ʻole me nā manaʻo (ʻike ʻia) i kūpaʻa i nā makahiki. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona mai ka nānā ʻana i ka astronomical - i kekahi mau mahina i hala aku nei ua hoʻonui ʻia ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma mua o ka manaʻo o nā kumu hoʻohālike kino. Wahi a kahi ʻatikala Nature ʻApelila 2016, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke ana ʻana e nā ʻepekema ʻo Johns Hopkins University ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e ka physics hou. Ua hoʻohana nā kānaka ʻepekema i kahi ala hou ka nānā 'ana i nā kukui ma'amau, i.e. ʻO nā kumu kukui i manaʻo ʻia he kūpaʻa. Eia hou, ʻōlelo nā manaʻo mai ke kaiāulu ʻepekema i kēia mau hopena i kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi me nā manaʻo o kēia manawa.

ʻO kekahi o nā physicists hou loa, John Archibald Wheeler, ua mana'o 'ia kahi mana o ka ho'okolohua lua-slit i 'ike 'ia i ia manawa. I loko o kāna hoʻolālā noʻonoʻo, hele ka mālamalama mai kahi quasar, hoʻokahi piliona mau makahiki māmā, ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka galaxy. Inā nānā kaʻawale ka poʻe nānā i kēlā me kēia ala, ʻike lākou i nā kiʻi kiʻi. Inā ʻelua i ka manawa like, ʻike lāua i ka nalu. No laila Sam hoʻololi ka hana o ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mālamalamai haʻalele i ka quasar i hoʻokahi piliona makahiki i hala.

Wahi a Wheeler, hōʻike ka mea i luna nei ʻaʻole hiki i ke ao holoʻokoʻa ke noho ma ke ʻano kino, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ma ke ʻano i maʻa ai mākou e hoʻomaopopo i "kahi kūlana kino." ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻano pēlā i ka wā ma mua, a hiki i... ua ana mākou. No laila, pili ko mākou ʻano o kēia manawa i ka wā i hala. No laila, me kā mākou nānā ʻana, ʻike a me nā ana, hana mākou i nā hanana o ka wā i hala, i ka wā kahiko, a hiki i ... ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ao holoʻokoʻa!

Pau ka hoʻonā Hologram

ʻO ka physics puka ʻeleʻele e hōʻike ana, e like me ka manaʻo o kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona makemakika, ʻaʻole ko ke ao holoʻokoʻa ka mea a ko mākou naʻau e haʻi mai ai iā mākou, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻekolu-dimensional (ʻo ka hā o ka manawa, ʻike ʻia e ka noʻonoʻo). ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻopuni nei iā mākou hologram he kuhi ia o ka mokulele lua-nui, mamao loa. Inā pololei kēia kiʻi o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia ka hoʻopunipuni o ke ʻano ʻekolu-dimensional o ka spacetime i ka wā e lilo ai nā mea hana noiʻi i kā mākou makemake. Craig Hogan, he polopeka o ka physics ma Fermilab nāna i hoʻohana i nā makahiki e aʻo ana i ke ʻano kumu o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, e hōʻike ana ua hiki i kēia pae. Inā he hologram ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ua hōʻea paha mākou i nā palena o ka hoʻoholo maoli. Ua hoʻopuka kekahi poʻe physicists i ke kuhiakau hoihoi ʻaʻole hoʻomau ka manawa-manawa a mākou e noho nei, akā, e like me ke kiʻi i loko o ke kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi, ma kona pae kumu, aia kekahi ʻano "palaoa" a i ʻole "pixel". Inā pēlā, pono e loaʻa i kā mākou ʻoiaʻiʻo kekahi ʻano "hoʻoholo" hope loa. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka unuhi ʻana o kekahi poʻe noiʻi i ka "noise" i ʻike ʻia ma nā hopena o ka Geo600 gravitational wave detector i kekahi mau makahiki i hala.

No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kēia kuhiakau maʻamau, ua kūkulu ʻo Craig Hogan a me kāna hui i ka interferometer pololei loa o ka honua, i kapa ʻia. Hogan holometerʻo ia ka mea e hāʻawi iā mākou i ke ana pololei loa o ke ʻano o ka manawa-manawa. ʻO ka hoʻokolohua, codenamed Fermilab E-990, ʻaʻole ia kekahi o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Manaʻo ia e hōʻike i ke ʻano quantum o ka lewa ponoʻī a me ke alo o ka mea i kapa ʻia e nā ʻepekema ʻo "holographic noise". Aia i loko o ka holometer nā interferometer ʻaoʻao ʻelua e hoʻouna i nā kukuna laser hoʻokahi kilowatt i kahi mea hana e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou i ʻelua mau kukui kū pololei 40-mika. Hōʻike ʻia lākou a hoʻihoʻi ʻia i kahi o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, e hana ana i nā fluctuations i ka ʻōlinolino o nā kukuna māmā. Inā hana lākou i kekahi neʻe ʻana i loko o ka mea hoʻokaʻawale, a laila e hōʻike kēia i ka haʻalulu o ka lewa ponoʻī.

Mai ka manaʻo o ka quantum physics, hiki ke ala mai me ke kumu ʻole. kekahi helu o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Ua ʻike mākou iā mākou iho i kēia ʻano, pono e hoʻokō i nā kūlana maʻalahi no ke kanaka e noho ai. A laila kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana honua anthropic. No ka mea manaʻoʻiʻo, ua lawa ka honua anthropic i hana ʻia e ke Akua. ʻAʻole ʻae ka ʻike honua materialistic i kēia a manaʻo ʻo ia he nui nā universe a i ʻole ke ao holoʻokoʻa i kēia manawa he pae wale nō ia i ka hoʻomohala palena ʻole o ka multiverse.

Mea kākau o ka mana hou Nā kuhiakau o ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano he simulation (he manaʻo pili o ka hologram) he mea manaʻo Niklas Bostrum. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a mākou e ʻike nei he simulation wale nō a mākou i ʻike ʻole ai. Manaʻo ka ʻepekema inā hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i kahi simulation hilinaʻi o kahi civilization holoʻokoʻa a i ʻole ke ao holoʻokoʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kamepiula ikaika, a hiki i ka poʻe simulated ke ʻike i ka ʻike, ʻoi aku ka nui o ia mau mea. nā simulation i hana ʻia e nā moʻomeheu holomua - a ke noho nei mākou i kekahi o lākou, i kahi mea like me ka "Matrix".

ʻAʻole pau ka manawa

No laila, ʻo ka manawa paha e wāwahi i nā paradigms? ʻAʻole ia he mea hou loa kā lākou hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻepekema a me ka physics. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua hiki ke hoʻokahuli i ka geocentrism, ka manaʻo o ka lewa ma ke ʻano he hana ʻole a me ka manawa honua, mai ka manaʻoʻiʻo he static ka Universe, mai ka manaʻoʻiʻo i ka ʻino o ke ana ...

kuʻuna kūloko ʻAʻole ʻo ia i ʻike hou ʻia, akā ua make pū kekahi. ʻO Erwin Schrödinger a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe o ka quantum mechanics i ʻike ma mua o ke ana ʻana, ʻo kā mākou photon, e like me ka pōpoki kaulana i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka pahu, ʻaʻole ia i kahi kūlana, ua polarized vertically a horizontally i ka manawa like. He aha ka hopena inā mākou e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kiʻi paʻi ʻelua a nānā kaʻawale i ko lākou mokuʻāina? I kēia manawa, ʻike mākou inā ua hoʻopololei ʻia ka photon A, a laila pono e hoʻopololei ʻia ʻo photon B, ʻoiai inā mākou i hoʻonoho iā ia i hoʻokahi piliona mau makahiki māmā ma mua. ʻAʻohe kūlana pololei o nā ʻāpana ʻelua ma mua o ke ana ʻana, akā ma hope o ka wehe ʻana i kekahi o nā pahu, "ʻike" koke nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka waiwai e lawe ai. Hele mai ia i kekahi kamaʻilio kupaianaha e hana ʻia ma waho o ka manawa a me ka lewa. Wahi a ka manaʻo hou o ka entanglement, ʻaʻole maopopo ka ʻāina, a ʻelua mau ʻāpana like ʻole e hiki ke hana ma ke ʻano he kumu kuhikuhi, me ka nānā ʻole ʻana i nā kikoʻī e like me ka mamao.

No ka pili ʻana o ka ʻepekema i nā paradigms like ʻole, no ke aha e wāwahi ʻole ai ia i nā manaʻo paʻa e hoʻomau nei i loko o ka noʻonoʻo o nā physicists a hana hou ʻia i nā pōʻai noiʻi? Malia paha ʻo ia ka supersymmetry i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, ʻo ka manaʻoʻiʻo paha i ke ola ʻana o ka ikehu ʻeleʻele a me nā mea, a i ʻole ka manaʻo o ka Big Bang a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka Universe?

I kēia manawa, ʻo ka manaʻo nui e hoʻonui nei ke ao holoʻokoʻa i ka piʻi nui ʻana a e hoʻomau mau ʻia ka hana no ka pau ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi poʻe physicists i ʻike i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻonui mau ʻana o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, a ʻoi loa ka hopena o ka manawa pau ʻole, ke hōʻike nei i kahi pilikia i ka helu ʻana i ka hiki ke hiki mai kahi hanana. Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei kekahi poʻe ʻepekema i nā makahiki he 5 e hiki mai ana, e pau ana ka manawa ma muli o kekahi ʻano pōʻino.

Kaukaikaho Raphael Busso mai ke Kulanui o Kaleponi a me nā hoa hana i hoʻopuka i kahi ʻatikala ma arXiv.org e wehewehe ana i loko o ke ao mau loa, ʻo nā hanana kupaianaha loa e hiki mai ana ma hope koke a ma hope paha - a ʻo ia hoʻi, e hiki mai ana. he mau manawa pau ole. No ka mea, ua wehewehe ʻia ka probability ma nā huaʻōlelo o ka helu pili o nā hanana, ʻaʻole kūpono ke haʻi ʻana i kekahi likelika i ka wā mau loa, no ka mea, e like ana kēlā me kēia hanana. "He hopena koʻikoʻi ka hoʻonui mau ʻana," kākau ʻo Busso. "ʻO kēlā me kēia hanana i loaʻa ʻole ka nui o ka hopena e hiki mai ana i nā manawa he nui, ʻo ka pinepine ma nā wahi mamao ʻaʻole i launa pū ʻia." Hoʻohaʻahaʻa kēia i ke kumu o nā wānana probabilistic i nā hoʻokolohua kūloko: inā he helu pau ʻole o nā mea nānā ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa e lanakila i ka hailona, ​​a laila ma ke kumu hea ʻoe e ʻōlelo ai ʻaʻole hiki ke lanakila i ka hailona? ʻOiaʻiʻo, he nui ʻole ka poʻe lanakila ʻole, akā ma ke ʻano he aha ka nui o lākou?

ʻO kahi hoʻonā i kēia pilikia, wehewehe ka physicists, ʻo ka manaʻo e pau ka manawa. A laila e nui ka helu o nā hanana, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā hanana like ʻole ma mua o nā hanana.

ʻO kēia manawa "ʻoki" e wehewehe i kahi pūʻulu o kekahi mau hanana i ʻae ʻia. No laila ua hoʻāʻo ka poʻe physicists e helu i ka hiki ke pau ka manawa. Hāʻawi ʻia ʻelima mau ʻano hoʻopau manawa like ʻole. Ma nā hiʻohiʻona ʻelua, aia he 50 pakeneka o ka manawa e hiki ai kēia i 3,7 biliona makahiki. Loaʻa i nā mea ʻelua he 50% manawa i loko o 3,3 biliona makahiki. He liʻiliʻi ka manawa i koe ma ke ʻano ʻelima (Planck time). Me ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ke kūlana, aia paha ʻo ia i ... kekona aʻe.

ʻAʻole i hana?

ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ke wānana nei kēia mau helu ʻana i ka hapa nui o nā mea nānā i kapa ʻia ʻo Boltzmann Children, e puka mai ana mai ka haunaele o ka fluctuations quantum i ka honua mua. No ka mea ʻaʻole ka hapa nui o mākou, ua hoʻokuʻu nā physicists i kēia hiʻohiʻona.

"Hiki ke nānā ʻia ka palena ma ke ʻano he mea me nā ʻano kino, me ka mahana," kākau nā mea kākau i kā lākou pepa. "I ka hui ʻana i ka hopena o ka manawa, hiki i ka mea ke hōʻea i ka thermodynamic equilibrium me ka lewa. Ua like kēia me ka wehewehe ʻana o ka mea i hāʻule i loko o ka lua ʻeleʻele, i hana ʻia e kahi mea nānā waho.

Cosmic inflation a me ka multiverse

ʻO ka manaʻo mua kēlā Ke hoʻonui mau nei ke ao holoʻokoʻa i ka palena ʻoleʻo ia ka hopena o ka manaʻo nui o ka relativity a ua hōʻoia maikaʻi ʻia e ka ʻikepili hoʻokolohua. ʻO ka manaʻo ʻelua e pili ana ka probability pili pinepine hanana. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ke kolu o ka manaʻo inā he palena ʻole ka spacetime, a laila ʻo ke ala wale nō e hoʻoholo ai i ka hiki o kahi hanana ke kaupalena i kou nānā. he ʻāpana palena ʻole o ka multiverse pau ʻole.

E manaʻo paha ia?

ʻO nā manaʻo hoʻopaʻapaʻa a Smolin lāua ʻo Unger, ʻo ia ke kumu o kēia ʻatikala, manaʻo e hiki iā mākou ke ʻimi wale i ko mākou ao holoʻokoʻa ma ka hoʻokolohua, me ka hōʻole ʻana i ka manaʻo o ka multiverse. I kēia manawa, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi o ka ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka European Planck space telescope i ke alo o nā anomalies e hōʻike ana i kahi pilina lōʻihi ma waena o kā mākou ao a me kekahi. No laila, ʻo ka nānā wale ʻana a me ka hoʻokolohua e kuhikuhi ana i nā ʻano honua ʻē aʻe.

ʻIke ʻia nā anomali e ka Planck Observatory

Ke manaʻo nei kekahi poʻe physicists inā aia kekahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Multiverse, a me kāna mau ʻano honua āpau, i hoʻokumu ʻia i hoʻokahi Big Bang, a laila ua hiki ke hana ma waena o lākou. nā collisions. Wahi a ka noiʻi a ka hui ʻo Planck Observatory, ua ʻano like kēia mau hui ʻana me ka hui ʻana o ʻelua mau ʻōhū kopa, e waiho ana i nā meheu ma ka ʻili o waho o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma ke ʻano he anomalies i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka radiation microwave background. ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻo nā hōʻailona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka telescope Planck me he mea lā he ʻokoʻa loa kekahi ʻano Universe kokoke iā mākou mai kā mākou, no ka mea, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka helu o nā ʻāpana subatomic (baryons) a me nā photon i loko o ia mea hiki ke ʻoi aku i ʻumi mau manawa i ʻoi aku ka " maanei". . ʻO ia ke ʻano he ʻokoʻa ke kumu o ke kino mai ka mea a mākou i ʻike ai.

ʻO nā hōʻailona i ʻike ʻia mai ka wā mua o ke ao holoʻokoʻa - ka mea i kapa ʻia hui houi ka wā i hoʻomaka mua ai nā protons a me nā electrons e hui pū e hana i nā ʻātoma hydrogen (ʻo ka hiki ke loaʻa kahi hōʻailona mai nā kumu pili kokoke he 30%). ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau hōʻailona e hōʻike paha i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ke kaʻina hana hou ma hope o ka hui ʻana o kā mākou Universe me kekahi, me kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka mea baryonic.

I kahi kūlana i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ai nā manaʻo kūʻē a me ka pinepine maʻemaʻe, ua nalowale kekahi mau ʻepekema i ko lākou hoʻomanawanui. Hōʻike ʻia kēia e kahi ʻōlelo ikaika a Neil Turok o ka Perimeter Institute ma Waterloo, Kanada, ʻo ia, ma kahi hālāwai ninaninau 2015 me NewScientist, ua huhū ʻo "ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo i ka mea a mākou e ʻike nei." Ua hoʻohui ʻo ia: "Ke ulu nei ka ʻepekema a paʻakikī a paʻakikī hoʻi. Hoʻolei mākou i nā māla, nā ana a me nā symmetries i ka pilikia, ʻoiai me kahi wīwī, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke wehewehe i nā mea maʻalahi loa. Nui ka poʻe physicists i ka huhū ma muli o ka hele ʻana o ka poʻe manaʻo noʻonoʻo o kēia wā, e like me ka manaʻo ma luna a i ʻole ka manaʻo superstring, ʻaʻohe pili i nā hoʻokolohua e hana ʻia nei i loko o nā keʻena hana, a ʻaʻohe mea hōʻike e hiki ke hoʻāʻo ʻia. hoʻokolohua. .

He hopena make maoli anei ia a he mea pono e puka i waho, e like me ka manaʻo o Smolin a me kāna hoa ʻepekema? A i ʻole ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka huikau a me ka huikau ma mua o kekahi ʻano ʻike epoch e kali koke mai ana iā mākou?

Kāhea mākou iā ʻoe e kamaʻāina iā ʻoe iho me ke kumuhana o ka pilikia ma.