Ma hea e ʻimi ai i ke ola a pehea e ʻike ai

Ke ʻimi nei mākou i ke ola ma ke ākea, lohe mākou i ka Fermi paradox e hoʻololi ana me ka hoʻohālikelike Drake. Kūkākūkā lāua ʻelua e pili ana i nā ʻano ola naʻauao. Akā, pehea inā ʻaʻole naʻauao ke ola malihini? Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻemi i ka hoihoi ʻepekema. A i ʻole ʻaʻole makemake ʻo ia e kamaʻilio me mākou - a i ʻole ʻo ia e hūnā a hele paha ma mua o ka mea a mākou e noʻonoʻo ai?

ʻO lāua Fermi paradox ("ʻAuhea lākou?!" - no ka mea, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka hiki ke ola ma ke ākea) a ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike a Drake, ka helu ʻana i ka heluna o nā ʻenehana loea holomua, he ʻano ʻiole. I kēia manawa, nā pilikia kikoʻī e like me ka helu o nā honua honua i ka wahi i kapa ʻia o ke ola a puni nā hōkū.

Wahi a ka Planetary Habitability Laboratory ma Arecibo, Puerto Rico, I kēia lā, ua ʻike ʻia ma mua o kanalima mau honua hiki ke noho. Koe naʻe ʻaʻole mākou ʻike inā hiki iā lākou ke noho ma nā ʻano āpau, a i nā manawa he nui wale lākou i mamao loa no mākou e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻike e pono ai mākou me nā ʻano a mākou i ʻike ai. Eia naʻe, ʻoiai ua nānā mākou i kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o ka Milky Way i kēia manawa, me he mea lā ua ʻike nui mākou. Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻonāukiuki nei ka hapa o ka ʻike iā mākou.

Aia e nānā

ʻO kekahi o kēia mau honua aloha he 24 mau makahiki māmā a aia i loko pūʻulu hoku moʻokala, exoplanet Gliese 667 Cc orbiting ʻulaʻula. Me ka nuipaʻa he 3,7 ka nui o ko ka Honua a me ka wela o ka ʻili ma luna o 0°C, inā he lewa kūpono ka honua, he wahi maikaʻi ia e ʻimi ai i ke ola. He ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole ʻo Gliese 667 Cc i kona axis e like me ka Honua - ʻo kekahi ʻaoʻao e kū mau ana i ka Lā a ʻo kekahi ma ke aka, akā hiki i ka lewa mānoanoa ke hoʻololi i ka wela i ka ʻaoʻao malu a mālama pono. kahi mahana paʻa ma ka palena o ka mālamalama a me ke aka.

Wahi a ka poʻe ʻepekema, hiki ke noho ma luna o ia mau mea e hoʻopuni ana i nā dwarfs ʻulaʻula, nā ʻano maʻamau o nā hōkū i kā mākou Galaxy, akā pono ʻoe e hana i nā manaʻo like ʻole e pili ana i kā lākou evolution ma mua o ka Honua, a mākou e kākau ai ma hope.

ʻO Kepler 186f (1), ʻelima haneli mau makahiki māmā ka mamao. ʻIke ʻia he 10% ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka Honua a me ke anuanu e like me Mars. No ka mea ua hōʻoia mua mākou i ka noho ʻana o ka hau wai ma Mars a ʻike mākou ʻaʻole i anuanu kona wela e pale aku ai i ke ola ʻana o nā huakini paʻakikī i ʻike ʻia ma ka Honua, hiki i kēia honua ke lilo i mea hoʻohiki maikaʻi loa no kā mākou mau koi.

ʻO kekahi moho ikaika Kepler 442b, aia ma mua o 1100 mau makahiki māmā mai ka Honua, aia ma ka hui hōkū ʻo Lyra. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ia a me ka Gliese 667 Cc i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei e nalowale nā ​​helu mai nā makani ikaika o ka lā, ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o nā mea i hoʻopuka ʻia e ko mākou lā ponoʻī. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole kēia manaʻo i ka haʻalele ʻana o ke ola ma laila, akā pono e hoʻokō ʻia nā kūlana hou, no ka laʻana, ka hana o kahi kahua magnetic pale.

ʻO kekahi o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka Honua hou a ka poʻe kilo hōkū he honua ma kahi o 41 mau makahiki māmā ka mamao LHS 1140b. Ma ka 1,4 manawa ka nui o ka Honua a ʻelua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mānoanoa, aia ia ma ka ʻāina home o ka ʻōnaehana hōkū home.

"ʻO kēia ka mea maikaʻi loa aʻu i ʻike ai i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei," wahi a Jason Dittmann o ka Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics me ka ʻoliʻoli i loko o kahi nūpepa e pili ana i ka ʻike. "Hiki i ka nānā ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana ke ʻike i kahi lewa hiki ke noho no ka manawa mua. Hoʻolālā mākou e ʻimi i ka wai ma laila, a ma hope o ka oxygen molecular.

Aia kekahi ʻōnaehana hōkū holoʻokoʻa e pāʻani ana i kahi hana kokoke i ka māhele o nā exoplanets terrestrial hiki ke ola. ʻO TRAPPIST-1 kēia ma ka hui hōkū o Aquarius, he 39 mau makahiki māmā. Ua hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻike ʻana i ke ola ʻana o ʻehiku mau hōkūhele liʻiliʻi e hoʻopuni ana i ka hōkū waena. Aia ʻekolu o lākou ma kahi noho.

“He ʻōnaehana honua kupaianaha kēia. ʻAʻole wale no ka mea i loaʻa iā mākou ka nui o nā planeta i loko, akā no ka mea like like lākou a pau i ka nui o ka Honua, "wahi a Mikael Gillon mai ke Kulanui o Liege ma Belgium, nāna i alakaʻi i ke aʻo ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana ma 2016, ma kahi hoʻolaha paʻi. . ʻElua o kēia mau hokele TRAPPIST-1b ʻO Odraz TRAPPIST-1se nana pono malalo o ke aniani hoonui. Ua lilo lākou i mau mea pōhaku e like me ka Honua, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mau moho kūpono no ke ola.

TRAPPIST-1 he ʻulaʻula ia, he hōkū ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka Lā, a he nui nā mea hoʻohālikelike e hāʻule paha iā mākou. He aha inā mākou e ʻimi nei i kahi kī like me ko mākou hōkū makua? A laila, kaʻapuni kekahi hōkū ma ka hui hōkū ʻo Cygnus, ua like loa me ka Lā. He 60% ka nui ma mua o ka Honua, akā e hoʻoholo ʻia inā he honua pōhaku ia a inā he wai wai.

“Ua hoʻohana kēia honua i 6 biliona makahiki ma ka ʻāpana home o kāna hōkū. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka Honua, "i ʻōlelo ai ʻo John Jenkins o ka NASA's Ames Research Center ma kahi hoʻolaha paʻi. "ʻO ia ke ʻano o nā manawa hou aʻe no ke ola e ala mai, ʻoiai inā aia nā mea pono a me nā kūlana i laila."

ʻOiaʻiʻo, i kēia manawa, ma 2017, i ka Astronomical Journal, ua hoʻolaha nā mea noiʻi i ka ʻike ka lewa mua a puni ka honua e like me ka nui o ka Honua. Me ke kōkua o ke telescope o ka Southern European Observatory ma Chile, ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema pehea i ka wā o ke kaʻa ʻana i hoʻololi ai i ka ʻāpana o ka mālamalama o kāna hōkū hoʻokipa. ʻO kēia honua i kapa ʻia ʻo GJ 1132b (2), he 1,4 manawa ka nui o ko kakou honua a he 39 makahiki malamalama ka mamao.

2. ʻIke noʻeau o ka lewa a puni exoplanet GJ 1132b.

Hōʻike ka nānā ʻana ua uhi ʻia ka "super-Earth" me kahi papa mānoanoa o nā kinoea, ka mahu wai a i ʻole ka methane, a i ʻole ka hui ʻana o nā mea ʻelua. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hōkū a puni ʻo GJ 1132b, ʻoi aku ke anuanu a ʻeleʻele hoʻi ma mua o ko kākou Lā. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke noho ʻia kēia mea - ʻo 370 ° C kona mahana wela.

Pehea e huli ai

ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike ʻepekema wale nō i hiki ke kōkua iā mākou i kā mākou ʻimi ʻana i ke ola ma nā hokele ʻē aʻe (3) ʻo ia ka biosphere o ka Honua. Hiki iā mākou ke hana i kahi papa inoa nui o nā kaiaola like ʻole e hāʻawi ʻia e ko mākou honua.e like me: hydrothermal vents hohonu ma ka papakū, nā ana hau Antarctic, nā loko lua pele, nā kahe methane anuanu mai ka papahele o ke kai, nā ana i piha i ka sulfuric acid, nā mines a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe he nui a i ʻole nā ​​​​hanana mai ka stratosphere a i ka ʻahu. ʻO nā mea a pau a mākou e ʻike ai e pili ana i ke ola i loko o ia mau kūlana koʻikoʻi o ko mākou honua e hoʻonui nui i ke kahua o ka noiʻi lewa.

3. ʻIke noʻeau o kahi exoplanet

ʻO ka poʻe ʻepekema i kekahi manawa i ka Honua ʻo Fr. ʻano biosphere ʻano 1. Hōʻike ko mākou honua i nā hōʻailona o ke ola ma luna o kona ʻili, ʻo ka hapa nui mai ka ikehu. I ka manawa like, aia ma ka Honua ponoʻī. ʻano biosphere ʻano 2ʻoi aku ka nui o ka camouflaged. ʻO kāna mau hiʻohiʻona ma ka lewa, ʻo ia nā hōkūhele e like me Mars i kēia manawa a me nā mahina hau o ka pilikua kinoea, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nei Transit satellite no ka ʻimi exoplanet (TESS) e hoʻomau i ka hana, ʻo ia hoʻi, e ʻike a hōʻike i nā wahi hoihoi i ka Universe. Manaʻo mākou e hoʻokō ʻia nā noiʻi kikoʻī hou aku o nā exoplanets i ʻike ʻia. ʻO James Webb Space Telescope, e hana ana ma ka laulā infrared - inā e hele i ka orbit. Ma ke kahua o ka hana manaʻo, aia kekahi mau misionari ʻē aʻe - He hale kiaʻi exoplanet (HabEx), laula-nui Luna Nana Infrared UV Optical Nui (LUVUAR) a i ʻole Origins Space Telescope infrared (OST), manaʻo e hāʻawi i nā ʻikepili hou aʻe e pili ana i nā lewa exoplanet a me nā ʻāpana, me ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻimi. biosignatures o ke ola.

4. Nā ʻano meheu o ke ola ʻana

ʻO ka hope he astrobiology. ʻO nā biosignatures nā mea, nā mea a i ʻole nā ​​​​hanana i loaʻa mai ke ola a me ka hana o nā mea ola. (4). ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻimi nā mikiona i nā biosignatures terrestrial, e like me kekahi mau kinoea lewa a me nā ʻāpana, a me nā kiʻi ʻili o nā kaiaola. Eia naʻe, e like me ka poʻe loea mai ka National Academy of Science, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM), e hui pū me NASA, pono e neʻe aku mai kēia geocentrism.

- memo prof. Barbara Lollar.

ʻO ka tag generic hiki ke ke kō. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi hou e noho ana ka mole kōpaʻa a me ka mea DNA 2-deoxyribose ma nā kihi mamao o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Ua hiki i kahi hui o nā astrophysicists NASA ke hana iā ia i loko o nā kūlana hoʻokolohua e hoʻohālike i ka lewa interstellar. Ma kahi paʻi ma Nature Communications, hōʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema hiki ke hoʻolaha nui ʻia ka kemika ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa.

I ka makahiki 2016, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi hui o nā mea noiʻi ma Farani e pili ana i ka ribose, kahi kōpaʻa RNA i hoʻohana ʻia e ke kino e hana i nā protein a manaʻo ʻia he mea hiki ke hoʻomaka i ka DNA i ka wā mua o ka honua. Nā kō paʻakikī e hoʻohui i ka papa inoa e ulu nei o nā pūhui organik i loaʻa ma nā meteorites a hana ʻia i loko o kahi keʻena hana e hoʻohālike ana i ka lewa. ʻO kēia mau mea he amino acids, nā poloka kūkulu o nā protein, nā kumu nitrogenous, nā ʻāpana kumu o ke code genetic, a me kahi papa o nā moleke e hoʻohana ai ke ola e kūkulu i nā membrane a puni nā cell.

Ua ʻauheʻe ʻia ka Honua mua me ia mau mea e nā meteoroids a me nā kometa e pili ana i kona ʻili. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā mea kūʻai mai i ke kō i hoʻohana ʻia ma DNA a me RNA i ke alo o ka wai, e wehe ana i nā mea hou no ke aʻo ʻana i ka kemika o ke ola mua.

"No nā makahiki ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua mau makahiki, ua noʻonoʻo mākou inā hiki i ka kemika a mākou e ʻike ai ma ka lewa ke hana i nā pūhui e pono ai ke ola," kākau ʻo Scott Sandford o ka NASA's Ames Laboratory of Astrophysics and Astrochemistry, co-mea kākau o ka noiʻi. "ʻO ke ao holoʻokoʻa he mea kemika organik. He mau moku nui kona a he nui ka manawa, a ʻo ka hopena he nui nā mea olaola, a ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea e mau ana ka pono no ke ola.

I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe mea hana maʻalahi no ka ʻike ʻana i ke ola. A hiki i ka hopu ʻana i kahi moʻomeheu bacteria e ulu ana ma kahi pōhaku Martian a i ʻole plankton e ʻauʻau ana ma lalo o ka hau o Enceladus, pono nā ʻepekema e hoʻohana i kahi hui o nā mea hana a me nā ʻikepili e ʻimi ai i nā biosignatures a i ʻole nā ​​hōʻailona o ke ola.

5. CO2-i hoʻonui ʻia ka lewa hale hana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka plasma

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, pono e nānā i kekahi mau ala a me nā biosignatures. Ua ʻike maʻamau ka poʻe akamai, no ka laʻana, ka loaʻa ʻana o ka oxygen i ka lewa honua ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona ʻoiaʻiʻo e noho ana ke ola ma luna. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kahi haʻawina hou o Johns Hopkins University i paʻi ʻia ma Dekemaba 2018 ma ACS Earth and Space Chemistry e manaʻo e noʻonoʻo hou i nā manaʻo like.

Ua hana ka hui noiʻi i nā hoʻokolohua simulation i loko o kahi keʻena keʻena i hoʻolālā ʻia e Sarah Hirst (5). Ua hoʻāʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema i ʻeiwa hui kinoea like ʻole i hiki ke wānana ʻia i ka lewa exoplanetary, e like me ka super-Earth a me ka minineptunium, nā ʻano maʻamau o ka honua. Holo aira. Hōʻike lākou i nā hui ʻana i kekahi o nā ʻano ikehu ʻelua, e like me ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i nā hopena kemika i ka lewa o ka honua. Ua loaʻa iā lākou nā hiʻohiʻona he nui i hoʻopuka i ka oxygen a me nā molekala organik i hiki ke kūkulu i nā kō a me nā waikawa amino. 

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe pilina pili ma waena o ka oxygen a me nā mea o ke ola. No laila, me he mea lā e hiki i ka oxygen ke hana i nā kaʻina hana abiotic, a ma ka manawa like, ʻo ia hoʻi - kahi honua kahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai ka pae o ka oxygen e hiki ke ʻae i ke ola, i hana maoli ʻia ma ... Honua, ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka cyanobacteria. e hana nui i ka oxygen.

Hiki ke mālama ʻia nā mākaʻikaʻi i manaʻo ʻia, me nā mea ākea ka nānā ʻana o ka honua spectrum e ʻimi ana i nā biosignatures i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna. ʻO ka mālamalama i ʻike ʻia mai nā mea kanu, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā hōkū kahiko, mahana, hiki ke lilo i hōʻailona ikaika o ke ola, nā noiʻi hou mai nā ʻepekema ma ke Kulanui ʻo Cornell.

Hoʻopili nā mea kanu i ka mālamalama ʻike ʻia, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka photosynthesis e hoʻohuli iā ia i ikehu, akā ʻaʻole e komo i ka ʻāpana ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka spectrum, ʻo ia ke kumu i ʻike ai mākou he ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻIke ʻia ka hapa nui o nā kukui infrared, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike hou aku. Hoʻokumu ke kukui infrared i ʻike ʻia i kahi piko ʻoi i ka pakuhi kikoʻī, i kapa ʻia ʻo "ka ʻulaʻula" o nā mea kanu. ʻAʻole maopopo loa ke kumu e hōʻike ai nā mea kanu i ke kukui infrared, ʻoiai ke ʻōlelo nei kekahi mau noiʻi e pale aku i ka pōʻino wela.

No laila, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻāpana ʻulaʻula o nā mea kanu ma nā honua ʻē aʻe e lilo i mea hōʻoia o ke ola ʻana ma laila. Ua wehewehe ʻo Jack O'Malley-James a me Lisa Kaltenegger o ke Kulanui o Cornell, nā mea kākau moʻolelo Astrobiology i ka loli ʻana o ka ʻulaʻula o nā mea kanu i ka wā o ka mōʻaukala o ka Honua (6). Ua ʻike mua ʻia nā mea kanu honua e like me nā mosses ma ka Honua ma waena o 725 a 500 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea kanu pua a me nā lāʻau i kēia manawa ma kahi o 130 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻOkoʻa iki nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole, me nā piko a me nā lōʻihi nalu. ʻO nā mosses mua ka nāwaliwali loa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mea kanu hou. Ma keʻano laulā, piʻi mālie ka hōʻailona mea kanu i ka spectrum i ka manawa.

6. Hōʻike ʻia ka mālamalama mai ka Honua ma muli o ke ʻano o ka uhi o nā mea kanu

ʻO kekahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe, i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke pai Science Advances ma Ianuali 2018 e ka hui o David Catling, he mea hoʻokalakupua o ka lewa ma ke Kulanui o Wakinekona ma Seattle, e nānā hohonu i ka mōʻaukala o kā mākou honua e hoʻomohala i kahi meaʻai hou no ka ʻike ʻana i ke ola hoʻokahi. nā mea mamao i ka wā e hiki mai ana. . ʻO nā makahiki ʻehā piliona o ka mōʻaukala o ka Honua, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia nā mea mua ʻelua ma ke ʻano he "honua lepo" i hoʻomalu ʻia e methane-based microorganismsnona ka oxygen ʻaʻole he kinoea ola, akā he mea make. ʻO ka puka ʻana mai o ka cyanobacteria, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā cyanobacteria ʻōmaʻomaʻo photosynthetic i loaʻa mai ka chlorophyll, ua hoʻoholo i nā makahiki ʻelua piliona e hiki mai ana, e hoʻoneʻe ana i nā microorganisms "methanogenic" i loko o nā nooks a me nā crannies kahi i hiki ʻole ai ka oxygen, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ana, nā olai, a pēlā aku. , e hoʻopiha ana i ka lewa me ka oxygen a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kumu no ka honua i ʻike ʻia.

ʻAʻole hou loa nā ʻōlelo he poni paha ke ola mua ma ka Honua, no laila hiki ke ʻano poni ke ola malihini hypothetical ma nā exoplanets.

ʻO ka Microbiologist Shiladitya Dassarma o ke Kulanui o Maryland School of Medicine a me ka haumāna puka kula ʻo Edward Schwiterman o ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, Riverside nā mea kākau o kahi noiʻi ma ke kumuhana, i paʻi ʻia ma ʻOkakopa 2018 ma ka International Journal of Astrobiology. ʻAʻole wale ʻo Dassarma lāua ʻo Schwiterman, akā he nui nā astrobiologists ʻē aʻe i manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo kekahi o nā kānaka mua o ko kākou honua. halobacteria. Hoʻopili kēia mau microbes i ka spectrum ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka radiation a hoʻololi iā ia i ikehu. Ua hōʻike lākou i ka ʻulaʻula violet i hoʻohālikelike i ko mākou honua me kēia ke nānā ʻia mai ka lewa.

No ke komo ʻana i ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo, hoʻohana ka halobacteria i ka retina, ke kala violet ʻike i loaʻa i nā maka o nā vertebrates. I ka manawa wale nō, ua hoʻomaka ka bacteria e hoʻomalu i ko mākou honua, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka chlorophyll, ka mea e hoʻomoʻi i ke kukui violet a hōʻike i ka kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo. No laila ke ʻano o ka honua i kona ʻano. Eia nō naʻe, manaʻo ka poʻe astrobiologists e ulu hou aʻe ka halobacteria i nā ʻōnaehana honua ʻē aʻe, no laila ke manaʻo nei lākou i ke ola ʻana ma nā hōkū poni (7).

ʻO ka biosignature kekahi mea. Eia naʻe, ke ʻimi nei ka poʻe ʻepekema i nā ala e ʻike ai i nā technosignatures pū kekahi, ʻo ia hoʻi. nā hōʻailona o ka noho ʻana o ke ola holomua a me ka moʻomeheu ʻenehana.

Ua hoʻolaha ʻo NASA i ka makahiki 2018 ua hoʻoikaika ʻo ia i kāna ʻimi ʻana i ke ola malihini me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā "hōʻailona ʻenehana," e like me ka kākau ʻana o ka ʻoihana ma kāna pūnaewele, "he mau hōʻailona a hōʻailona paha e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻopau i ke ola ʻenehana ma kahi o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. .” . ʻO ka ʻenehana kaulana loa i hiki ke loaʻa nā hōʻailona lekiō. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike mākou i nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui, ʻo nā ʻāpana o ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o nā megastructure hypothetical, e like me ka mea i kapa ʻia. Nā pōʻai Dyson (ʻewalu). Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia kā lākou papa inoa ma kahi papa hana i mālama ʻia e NASA i Nowemapa 8 (e ʻike i ka pahu ma ke alo).

- he papahana haumāna UC Santa Barbara - hoʻohana i kahi hui o nā telescopes e kuhikuhi ana i ke aniani Andromeda kokoke, a me nā galaxies ʻē aʻe, me kā mākou ponoʻī, e ʻike i nā ʻenehana. Ke ʻimi nei ka poʻe ʻimi ʻōpio i kahi moʻomeheu like me kā mākou a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o kā mākou, e hoʻāʻo ana e hōʻailona i kona hele ʻana me kahi kukui optical e like me nā lasers a i ʻole masers.

ʻO nā hulina kuʻuna—no ka laʻana, me nā telescope lekiō a SETI—ʻelua mau palena. ʻO ka mea mua, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻāʻo nei nā malihini naʻauao (inā loaʻa) e kamaʻilio pololei me mākou. ʻO ka lua, e ʻike mākou i kēia mau memo inā loaʻa iā mākou.

ʻO nā holomua hou i loko (AI) wehe i nā manawa hoihoi e nānā hou i nā ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia no nā ʻokoʻa maʻalahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia. Aia kēia manaʻo ma ka puʻuwai o ka hoʻolālā SETI hou. ʻimi no nā anomaliesʻAʻole ia he mau hōʻailona kamaʻilio, akā he mau huahana o kahi moʻomeheu kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka pahuhopu ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi ākea a naʻauao "ʻenekini abnormal"hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā waiwai ʻikepili a me nā hiʻohiʻona pili ʻokoʻa.

ʻOihana Hanaʻenehana

Ma muli o ka hōʻike aʻoaʻo ʻo Nowemapa 28, 2018 NASA, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i kekahi mau ʻano ʻenehana.

Kamaʻilio ʻana

"Nā memo i loko o ka'ōmole" a me nā mea waiwai malihini. Ua hoʻouna mākou i kēia mau leka iā mākou iho ma luna o Pioneer a me Voyager. ʻO kēia nā mea kino a me kā lākou radiation e pili pū ana.

Akamai ʻimi hoʻopunipuni. Ke aʻo nei mākou e hoʻohana iā AI no kā mākou pono ponoʻī, hoʻonui mākou i ko mākou hiki ke ʻike i nā hōʻailona AI malihini. ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, aia kekahi mea hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia kahi loulou ma waena o ka ʻōnaehana honua me ka naʻauao artificial a me ke ʻano o ka naʻauao artificial i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o AI i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe, a me ke kōkua ʻana i ka ʻikepili nui a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano, he mea maikaʻi loa ia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maopopo ʻole e kaʻawale ʻo AI mai nā manaʻo maʻamau o nā kānaka.

Lewa

ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa loa e hoʻololi i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka Honua i ʻike ʻia e nā kānaka, ʻo ia ka haumia o ka lewa. No laila, inā paha he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kēia i hana ʻia e like me nā huahana i makemake ʻole ʻia o ka ʻoihana a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka geoengineering, ʻike ʻia ka noho ʻana o ke ola mai ia mau pilina hiki ke lilo i kekahi o nā ʻenehana ikaika loa a maopopo ʻole.

Kūleʻa

ʻO nā hale mega artificial. ʻAʻole pono lākou he Dyson spheres a puni ka hōkū makua. Hiki iā lākou ke lilo i mau hale liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā ʻāina, e like me ka hoʻomanaʻo nui ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka photovoltaic structures (power generators) aia ma luna o ka ʻili a i ʻole i ka circuplanetary space ma luna o nā ao.

Nā mokupuni wela. Hoʻokumu ʻia ko lākou ola ʻana ma ka manaʻo ua lawa ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā civilizations e lawelawe ikaika ana i ka wela wela.

kukui hana. Ke ulu nei nā ʻenehana nānā, pono e ʻike ʻia nā kumu kukui artificial ma ka ʻaoʻao pō o nā exoplanets.

Ma ka pae honua

Ka hoopau ana i ka ikehu. No nā biosignatures, ua kūkulu ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ikehu i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā kaʻina ola ma nā exoplanets. Ma kahi e loaʻa ai nā hōʻike o ka hiki ʻana o kekahi ʻenehana, hiki ke hana ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i kā mākou moʻomeheu ponoʻī, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke hilinaʻi ʻia. 

Paʻa a i ʻole kū ʻole ke ea. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā technosignatures ikaika me ka paʻa, inā ʻaʻohe preconditions no ia, a i ʻole me ka instability. 

Geoengineering. Manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema makemake paha kahi moʻomeheu holomua e hana i nā kūlana e like me nā mea āna i ʻike ai ma kona honua honua, ma kāna mau honua hoʻonui. ʻO kekahi o nā technosignatures hiki ke loaʻa, no ka laʻana, ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau hīnaʻi i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokahi me kahi ʻano ʻano kānalua.

Pehea e ʻike ai i ke ola?

Nā haʻawina moʻomeheu hou, ʻo ia hoʻi. ka palapala a me ka cinematic, nā manaʻo e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā Aliens i hele mai i kahi kanaka hoʻokahi - Herbert George Wells. A hiki i ka makahiki ʻumikūmāiwa, ma kahi ʻatikala i kapa ʻia ʻo "The Million Man of the Year," ua ʻike mua ʻo ia i hoʻokahi miliona mau makahiki ma hope, i ka makahiki 1895, ma kāna puke ʻo The Time Machine, ua hana ʻo ia i ka manaʻo o ka wā e hiki mai ana o ke kanaka. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka prototype o nā malihini e ka mea kākau ma The War of the Worlds (1898), e hoʻomohala ana i kāna manaʻo o Selenite ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka puke The First Men in the Moon (1901).

Eia nō naʻe, manaʻo nui nā astrobiologists ʻo ka hapa nui o ke ola a mākou e ʻike ai ma waho o ka Honua nā mea ola unicellular. Hoʻomaopopo lākou i kēia ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ka hapa nui o nā honua a mākou i ʻike ai i nā wahi i kapa ʻia ʻo habitats, a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka noho ʻana o ke ola ma ka Honua ma kahi kūlana unicellular ma kahi o 3 biliona makahiki ma mua o ka ulu ʻana i nā ʻano multicellular.

Ua piha paha ka galaxy i ke ola, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o ka microscopic.

I ka hāʻule o 2017, ua paʻi nā ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o Oxford ma UK i kahi ʻatikala "Darwin's Aliens" ma ka International Journal of Astrobiology. I loko o ia mea, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa lākou e pili ana nā ʻano ola ʻē aʻe i nā kānāwai kumu o ke koho kūlohelohe e like me mākou.

"I loko o kā mākou galaxy wale nō, aia paha he mau haneli haneli o nā hīnaʻi noho ʻia," wahi a Sam Levin o ka Oxford Department of Zoology. "Akā, hoʻokahi wale nō hiʻohiʻona maoli o ke ola, ma ke kumu e hiki ai iā mākou ke hana i kā mākou mau ʻike a me nā wānana - ʻo ia mai ka Honua."

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Levin a me kāna hui he mea maikaʻi ia no ka wānana ʻana i ke ʻano o ke ola ma nā honua ʻē aʻe. manaʻo evolution. Pono ʻo ia e hoʻomohala mālie i mea e lilo ai i mea ikaika i ka manawa i mua o nā pilikia like ʻole.

"Me ka ʻole o ke koho kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole e loaʻa i ke ola nā hana e pono ai ke ola, e like me ka metabolism, ka hiki ke neʻe a loaʻa paha nā ʻano ʻike," wahi a ka ʻatikala. "ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻololi i kona kaiapuni, e ulu ana i ke kaʻina hana i mea paʻakikī, ʻike a hoihoi."

Ma nā wahi a pau e hana ai kēia, e kū mau ana ke ola me nā pilikia like - mai ka ʻimi ʻana i ke ala e hoʻohana pono ai i ka wela o ka lā a hiki i ka pono e hoʻoponopono i nā mea i loko o kona kaiapuni.

Ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe noiʻi ʻo Oxford, aia nā hoʻāʻo koʻikoʻi i ka wā ma mua e hoʻonui i ko mākou honua ponoʻī a me ka ʻike kanaka o ke kemika, geology a me ka physics i manaʻo ʻia he ola malihini.

Wahi a Levin. -.

Ua hele nui nā mea noiʻi o Oxford i ka hana ʻana i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona hypothetical no lākou iho. nā ʻano ola ʻē aʻe (9).

9 Nā malihini i ʻike ʻia mai ke Kulanui ʻo Oxford

Wahi a Levine. -

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hīnaʻi noho ʻana i ʻike ʻia e mākou i kēia lā e hoʻopuni ana i nā dwarf ʻulaʻula. Ua ālai ʻia lākou e ke au, ʻo ia hoʻi, e kū mau ana kekahi ʻaoʻao i ka hōkū wela, a ʻo kekahi ʻaoʻao e kū pono ana i waho.

wahi a prof. ʻO Graziella Caprelli mai ke Kulanui o South Australia.

Ma muli o kēia kumumanaʻo, ua hana nā mea pena kiʻi o Australia i nā kiʻi hoihoi o nā mea hypothetical e noho ana i kahi honua e hoʻopuni ana i kahi dwarf ʻulaʻula (10).

10. ʻIke ʻia o kahi mea i manaʻo ʻia ma ka honua e hoʻopuni ana i kahi dwarf ʻulaʻula.

ʻO nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo i wehewehe ʻia e hoʻokumu ʻia ke ola ma luna o ke kalapona a i ʻole silika, maʻamau i ke ao holoʻokoʻa, a ma nā loina o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, akā naʻe, hiki ke kūʻē i ko mākou anthropocentrism a me ka manaʻo ʻole i hiki ke ʻike i ka "mea ʻē aʻe". Ua hōʻike hoihoi ʻia e Stanislav Lem i kāna "Fiasco", nona nā ʻano e nānā iā Aliens, akā ma hope o kekahi manawa ʻike lākou he Aliens lākou. No ka hōʻike ʻana i ka nāwaliwali o ke kanaka i ka ʻike ʻana i kahi mea kupanaha a "haole" wale nō, ua hana nā kānaka ʻepekema Spanish i kahi hoʻokolohua i hoʻoulu ʻia e kahi noiʻi psychological kaulana i ka makahiki 1999.

E hoʻomanaʻo i loko o ka mana mua, ua noi nā ʻepekema i ka poʻe i komo e hoʻopau i kahi hana i ka nānā ʻana i kahi hiʻohiʻona i loaʻa kahi mea kupanaha - e like me ke kanaka i ʻaʻahu ʻia me he gorilla - kahi hana (e like me ka helu ʻana i ka helu o nā pā i ka pāʻani basketball). . Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea nānā i makemake i kā lākou mau hana ... ʻaʻole i ʻike i ka gorilla.

I kēia manawa, noiʻi nā mea noiʻi mai ke Kulanui o Cadiz i nā poʻe 137 e nānā i nā kiʻi lewa o nā kiʻi interplanetary a ʻike i nā hale i kūkulu ʻia e nā mea akamai i ʻike ʻole ʻia. I loko o hoʻokahi kiʻi, ua hoʻokomo nā mea noiʻi i kahi kiʻi liʻiliʻi o ke kanaka i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me he gorila. ʻO 45 wale nō o 137 i komo, a i ʻole 32,8% o ka poʻe i komo, i ʻike i ka gorila, ʻoiai he "alien" a lākou i ʻike maopopo ai i mua o ko lākou mau maka.

Eia naʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ka hōʻike ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ka malihini he hana paʻakikī ia no mākou, ʻo ka manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo "They're Here" ua like ia me ka moʻomeheu a me ka moʻomeheu.

ʻOi aku ma mua o 2500 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo Anaxagoras e ola ana ke ola ma nā honua he nui no ka "hua" i hoʻopuehu iā ia ma ka honua. Ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua ʻike ʻo Epicurus he hoʻokahi wale nō o ka honua i noho ʻia, a he ʻelima mau keneturi ma hope ona, ua manaʻo kekahi mea manaʻo Helene ʻo Plutarch, ua noho ʻia ka Moon e nā mea ʻē aʻe.

E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻaʻole ka manaʻo o ke ola extraterrestrial i kēia manawa. I kēia lā naʻe, ua loaʻa iā mākou nā wahi hoihoi ʻelua e nānā ai, a me nā ʻenehana hulina hoihoi hou, a me ka ulu ʻana o ka makemake e ʻimi i kahi mea ʻokoʻa loa mai ka mea a mākou i ʻike mua ai.

Eia naʻe, aia kahi kikoʻī liʻiliʻi.

ʻOiai inā hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa i nā ʻōuli hiki ʻole ke hōʻole ʻia o ke ola ma kekahi wahi, ʻaʻole anei e hōʻoluʻolu iā mākou no ka hiki ʻole ʻana i kēia wahi?

Nā kūlana ola kūpono

Honua ma ka ecosphere/ecozone/habitable zone,

ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi ʻāpana a puni ka hōkū i like ke ʻano me kahi papa pōʻai. I loko o ia ʻāpana, hiki ke loaʻa nā kūlana kino a me nā kemika e hōʻoia i ka puka ʻana, mālama a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea ola. ʻO ka noho ʻana o ka wai wai ka mea nui loa. ʻO nā kūlana kūpono a puni ka hōkū i kapa ʻia ʻo "Goldilocks Zone" - mai kahi moʻolelo moʻolelo kaulana o nā keiki ma ka honua Anglo-Saxon.

Ka nuipaʻa kūpono o ka honua. He kūlana o kekahi mea e like me ka nui o ka ikehu. ʻAʻole hiki ke nui ka nui, no ka mea, ʻaʻole kūpono ka umekaumaha ikaika iā ʻoe. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ia e mālama i ka lewa, ʻo ke ʻano o ia mea, mai ko mākou manaʻo, he kūlana kūpono ia no ke ola.

ʻO ka lewa + ka hopena ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO kēia nā mea ʻē aʻe e noʻonoʻo i kā mākou ʻike i kēia manawa i ke ola. Pumehana ka lewa i ka launa pū ʻana o nā kinoea lewa me ka pāhawewe o ka hōkū. No ke ola e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai, he mea nui ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu wela i ka lewa. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi, inā ikaika loa ka hopena greenhouse. No ka "pololei", pono ʻoe i nā kūlana o ka ʻāpana "Goldilocks".

He kahua mākia. Mālama ʻo ia i ka honua mai ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hoku kokoke loa.