ʻO François Philidor - ka mea nāna i hana i nā kumu o ka pāʻani kūlana

Ma ka pukana 6/2016 o ka makasina Molodezhnaya Tekhnika, ua kākau au e pili ana i ka mea pāʻani chess maikaʻi loa o ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ʻo Calabrian Gioacchino Greco, he haku o ka pāʻani hui pū ʻana i piha i ka noʻonoʻo. ʻO kēia ʻano, i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kula ʻItalia, ua hoʻomalu pū ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia e hiki mai ana, a hiki i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai ka poʻokela Farani ʻo François-André Danican Philidor i ka honua chess.

1. ʻO François-Andre Danican Philidor (1726-1795) - ʻepekema Farani a haku mele.

Ua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ko Philidor pae ma mua o kona mau hoa a pau mai ka 21 o kona mau makahiki i pāʻani wale ai me kona mau hoa paio ma nā ʻaha kūkā.

ʻO François Philidor (1) ʻo ia ka mea pāʻani chess nui loa o ke kenekulia 2. Me kāna puke "L'analyse des Echecs" ("Analysis of the game of chess"), i hele ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli editions (XNUMX), ua hoʻololi ʻo ia i ka ʻike o ka chess.

ʻO kāna manaʻo kaulana loa, e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka neʻe pololei o nā ʻāpana i nā pae āpau o ka pāʻani, aia i loko o ka ʻōlelo "ʻo nā ʻāpana ka ʻuhane o ka pāʻani." Ua hoʻokomo ʻo Philidor i nā manaʻo e like me ka blockade a me ka mōhai kūlana.

Ua paʻi ʻia kāna puke ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli mau manawa, me ʻehā i ka makahiki o kona paʻi mua ʻana. Ma Palika, he malihini kipa ʻo ia i ka Café de la Régence, kahi i hui ai nā mea pāʻani chess maikaʻi loa - ʻo Voltaire a me Jan Jakub Rousseau kāna mau hoa hana ma ka papa chessboard. Hōʻike pinepine ʻo ia i kona akamai i ka pāʻani makapō, i ka manawa like me ʻekolu mau hoa paio (3). ʻOiai i kona wā e ola ana, ua mahalo ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila a haku mele, haʻalele ʻo ia i kanakolu mau opera! I ka wehe ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo, mālama ʻia ka hoʻomanaʻo o Philidor ma ka inoa o kekahi o nā wehe, ʻo ka Philidor Defense: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6.

2. ʻO François Philidor, Lʻanalyse des Echecs (Analysis of the game of chess)

3. Hoʻokani makapō ʻo Philidor i ka manawa like ma ka Parsloe Chess Club kaulana ma Lākana.

Pale Kaua ʻo Philidor

Ua ʻike mua ʻia i ka kenekulia 1 a ua hoʻolaha ʻia e Philidor. Hoʻomaka ia me nā neʻe 4.e5 e2 3.Nf6 d4 (XNUMX diagram).

Manaʻo ʻo Philidor i 2…d6 ma kahi o 2…Nc6, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana ʻaʻole e keakea ka naita i ka neʻe ʻana o ka c-pawn. Hoʻokani pinepine ʻo White i ka 3.d4 i kēia pale, a i kēia manawa ua pili pinepine ʻo ʻeleʻele me 3… e: d4 , 3… Nf6 a me 3… Nd7. Filidor ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau i ka 3…f5 (Philidor's countergambit), akā ʻaʻole i hoʻonohonoho ka manaʻo o kēia lā i kēia neʻe hope loa i waena o nā mea maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka Philidor Defense kahi wehe paʻa, ʻoiai ʻaʻole kaulana loa ʻo ia i nā pāʻani hoʻokūkū, ʻoi loa ka passive.

4. Palekana o Filidor

pāʻina opera

Pale Kaua ʻo Philidor Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma kekahi o nā pāʻani kaulana loa i ka mōʻaukala o ka chess i kapa ʻia ʻo Opera Party (Palani: Partie de l'opéra). Ua pāʻani ʻia e ka mea hoʻokani pīkī ʻAmelika kaulana ʻo Paul Morphy i ka makahiki 1858, i loko o ka pahu o ka Hale Opera ma Paris, i ka wā o ka launa pū ʻana o Bellini "Norma" me ʻelua mau hoa paio i kūkākūkā kekahi i kekahi i kā lākou neʻe ʻana. ʻO kēia mau hoa paio ʻo ke Duke Kelemania o Brunswick Charles II a me ka Count Isoire de Vauvenargues Farani.

ʻO ka poʻe heluhelu i makemake i ke ola a me ka hana chess a Paul Morphy, kekahi o nā mea akamai nui i ka mōʻaukala o ka chess, e kuhikuhi ʻia i ka pukana 6/2014 o ka puke ʻo Young Technician.

5. Paul Morphy vs. ʻO Duke Charles o Brunswick a me Count Isoire de Vauvenargues, Paris, 1858

A eia ke kaʻina o kēia pāʻani kaulana: Paul Morphy vs. Prince Charles II o Brunswick a me Count Isoir de Vauvenargues, Paris, 1858 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 Gg4 ?! (ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi 3…e:d4 a i ʻole 3…Nf6) 4.d:e5 G:f3 5.H:f3 d:e5 6.Bc4 Nf6? (ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi 3…Qf6 a i ʻole 3…Qd7) 7.Qb3! Q7 8.Cc3 (koho ʻo Morphy i ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana, ʻoiai hiki iā ia ke loaʻa ka b7-pawn, akā 8.G:f7 ka pilikia, ʻoiai ua loaʻa ʻo Black i kahi hoʻouka weliweli no ka rook) 8… c6 9.Bg5 b5? 10.C: b5! (pono ka pīhopa no ka hoʻouka hou ʻana) 10…c:b5 (alakaʻi i ka pohō, akā ma hope o 10…Ua loaʻa iā Qb4+ White ka pōmaikaʻi nui) 11.G:b5+Nbd7 12.0-0-0 Rd8 (diagram 5). 13.B: d7! (make ka mea pale aʻe) 13…W:d7 14.Qd1 He6 15.B:d7+S:d7 16.Qb8+!! (ka mōhai mōʻīwahine hope nani) 16… R: b8 17.Rd8 # 1-0

6. ʻO ko Philidor kūlana ma ka hope o ka hale kiaʻi

ʻO ke kūlana o Philidor ma ka hope o ka hale kiaʻi

ʻO ko Philidor kūlana (6) he kaha kiʻi no ka ʻeleʻele (a keʻokeʻo paha, inā ʻo lākou ka ʻaoʻao pale). Pono ka ʻeleʻele e hoʻonoho i ke aliʻi ma ke kolamu o ka ʻāpana o ka hoa paio e pili ana, a ʻo ka rook ma ka pae ʻeono a kali i ka ʻāpana keʻokeʻo e komo i loko. A laila hele mai ka rook i ka pae mua a nānā i ke aliʻi keʻokeʻo ma hope: 1. e6 Wh1 2. Qd6 Rd1+ – ʻaʻole hiki i ke aliʻi keʻokeʻo ke pale iā ia iho mai kahi māka mau a i ʻole ka nalowale o kahi pawn.

7. Ke aʻo ʻana iā Philidor ma kahi hopena kū pololei

E aʻo iā Philidora

Ma ke kūlana mai ke kiʻikuhi 7, ʻo White, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā pawn ʻelua, ua like ia ma ka pāʻani ʻana i ka 1.Ke2! Kf6 2.Nf2 etc.

Hetman lāua ʻo King vs. Rook lāua ʻo King

ʻO ka pinepine ma kēlā ʻano hopena, lanakila ke mōʻīwahine i ka rook. Me ka pāʻani ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua, e hoʻomaka ana mai ke kūlana mōʻī wahine ʻino, pono ia he 31 neʻe no ka ʻaoʻao ikaika e hopu i ka rook a nānā paha i ke aliʻi o ka hoa paio. Eia naʻe, inā ʻaʻole ʻike ka ʻaoʻao ikaika i ka pāʻani ʻana i kēia pāʻani hope a ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka rook a me ke aliʻi, a laila hiki i ka ʻaoʻao nāwaliwali ke kiʻi i kahi huki ma hope o 50 neʻe me ka hopu ʻole ʻana, e hoʻoikaika i ke aliʻi wahine e pani ʻia e. he rook, loaʻa i kahi māka mau a alakaʻi paha i kahi stalemate. ʻEhā pae ka hoʻolālā pāʻani no ka ʻaoʻao ikaika:

ʻO Hetman a me ke aliʻi me ka rook a me ke aliʻi - ke kūlana o Philidor

1. E hoʻokuʻu i ke aliʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka papa, a laila ma ke kihi o ka papa a lawe iā ia i kahi o Philidora.
2. E hoʻokaʻawale i ke aliʻi a me ka rook.
3. "Shah" waapa.
4. Hoalohaloha.

Inā hele ʻo White i ke kūlana 8, a laila hōʻike ʻo ia i ka manawa, "e pāʻani ana i ke aliʻi wahine me kahi triangle", e mālama ana i ke kūlana like: 1.Qe5 + Ka7 2.Qa1 + Qb8 3.Qa5. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kūlana o Philidor i ka makahiki 1777, kahi i hāʻule ai ka neʻe ʻana i ka ʻeleʻele. I ka pae aʻe, hoʻoikaika ʻo White i ka rook e hoʻokaʻawale mai ke aliʻi ʻeleʻele a hopu iā ia ma hope o kekahi mau chess. ʻO kēlā me kēia ala e hele ai ka pōhaku, lanakila maʻalahi ʻo White me ka mākia (a i ʻole ka hoa).

9. Bust o Philidor ma ke alo o ka Opera Garnier ma Paris.

Mea haku mele Filidor

Filidor ua hele mai ʻo ia mai kahi ʻohana mele kaulana a, e like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo mua ai, he haku mele, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hana nui o ka opera mele Farani. Ua kākau ʻo ia i nā mele mele he iwakāluakūmāhiku a me nā pōʻino lyrical ʻekolu (he ʻano o ka opera Farani i mahi ʻia i ka wā Baroque a ʻo kekahi hapa ma Classicism), me. ʻO ka opera "Tom Jones", kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ka quartet leo a cappella no ka manawa mua ma ka mōʻaukala o kēia ʻano (1765). Ma waena o nā opera ʻē aʻe a Philidor, pono e nānā ʻia kēia: "The Magician", "Melida" a me "Ernelinda".

I ka makahiki 65, haʻalele ʻo Philidor iā Farani no ka manawa hope loa no ʻEnelani, ʻaʻole hoʻi i hoʻi i kona ʻāina hānau. He kākoʻo ʻo ia i ka hoʻokahuli Farani, akā ʻo kāna huakaʻi i ʻEnelani, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ke aupuni Farani hou iā ia ma ka papa inoa o nā ʻenemi a me nā mea hoʻouka kaua o Farani. No laila ua koi ʻia ʻo Philidor e noho i kona mau makahiki hope ma ʻEnelani. Ua make ʻo ia ma Lākana i ka lā 24 ʻAukake 1795.