F-35A Uila II ma ʻEulopa

Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka F-35 ma ke ʻano he mokulele hoʻouka kaua pūnaewele-centric, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he ʻīpuka ma kēia ʻano, ʻoiai e hāʻawi pū ana i nā mea pūnaewele ʻē aʻe me kahi kiʻi tactical i hoʻohui ʻia. E hoʻonui kēia i ka pae o ka ʻike kūlana o nā mea āpau o ka pūnaewele i kahi pae e like me ka ʻike kūlana o ka pilote F-35.

Ma Ianuali 31, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka hana hoʻopaʻa inoa no ka ʻaelike no ke kūʻai ʻana i nā mokulele 32 Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II no ka Polish Air Force ma Deblin. No laila, hui pū ʻo Polani i nā ʻāina ʻehiku ʻEulopa i koho mua i ka F-35 - Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Turkey, Italia a me UK. I ka lawe ʻana i kēia manawa, pono ia e hōʻike i ka holomua a me ke kūlana o kēia manawa o nā papahana kūʻai F-35A ma nā ʻāina i luna aʻe a me ke komo ʻana o nā ʻoihana kūloko i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā papahana hana a me ka mālama ʻana no nā ʻauwaʻa honua o kēia ʻano.

ʻO ka ʻelima o ka hanauna F-35 Lightning II (Joint Strike Fighter, JSF) multipurpose combat programme is international from the beginning. ʻEkolu mau ʻano like ʻole o ka F-35 i kūkulu ʻia e pani i kekahi mau ʻano mokulele i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka US a ma nā ʻāina hui pū: F / A-18 Hornet, F-16 Fighting Falcon, F-4 Phantom II, A-10 Thunderbolt II, Tornado, AMX a me Harrier. Hiki i nā ʻāina makemake i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka F-35 a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā koi palekana US hiki ke komo i ka papahana System Development and Demonstration (SDD) o ka papahana JSF. Ma ke kūʻai aku i kahi haʻawina kālā, hiki iā lākou ke komo hou i nā hoʻokolohua hana, a laila i ka hana nui, lilo i mea i kapa ʻia. nā hoa pili (Cooperative Program Partners, CPP).

Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ke komo ʻana o nā hoa haole, ua māhele ʻia nā CPP i ʻekolu pūʻulu. ʻO ka hoahana ʻo Tier 1 wale nō (Tier 1 a i ʻole Level 2004) ʻo ia ʻo UK, nona ka hāʻawi kālā ma 2,056 he $5,1 biliona (a laila ʻo 2002% o ka huina kālā o ke kahua SDD). Ma mua o 1,028, ua hui pū ʻo Italia ($2,5 biliona; 800%) a me Netherlands ($2,0 miliona; 2%) i JSF ma ke ʻano he mau hoa Tier/Tier 144. Australia (0,4 miliona; 110%) , Denmark (0,3 miliona; 100%), Kanada (0,2 miliona; 122%), Norewai (0,3 miliona; 175%) a me Tureke (0,4 miliona; 3%) ua lilo i mau Hoa Tier 35. (Papa / Papa XNUMX). I ka huli ʻana, ua hui pū ʻo Israel a me Singapore i ka papahana JSF e like me ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Security Cooperation Participants (SCP) - ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia lākou e pili ana i ka papahana, akā ʻaʻole i komo pololei i loko. Hana ʻia nā mea kūʻai F-XNUMX i koe e like me nā mea kūʻai aku i waho.

Ma waena o nā ʻāina ʻEulopa o NATO, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Polani, Turkey (ʻo ia naʻe, ua kāpae ʻia mai ka papahana ma 35) a me Italia, ua hōʻike mau i ko lākou makemake e kiʻi i ka mokulele F-2019A me ka hoʻokuʻu maʻamau. ka pae ʻana (CTOL), a me ka F-35B Short Takeoff and Vertical Landing (STOVL) i UK a me Italia (e nānā i ka Aviation International No. 8/2019). ʻO nā mea kūʻai ʻē aʻe o ʻEulopa o ka F-35 ʻo Finland, Helene, Sepania, Romania a me Switzerland, akā ʻaʻohe hoʻoholo paʻa i hoʻoholo ʻia ma luna o lākou.

ʻO ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka mokulele F-35 ʻaʻole wale ka piʻi wikiwiki ʻana i ka hiki ke hakakā a me ka hiki ke hana o ka Air Force, akā he hoʻololi kumu hoʻi i nā papahana hoʻomaʻamaʻa no nā limahana a me nā kaʻina hana no ka mālama ʻana, hoʻoponopono a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i nā airframes, nā ʻenekini a me nā avionics. Pono pū nā hoʻopukapuka kumukūʻai i ka ʻoihana o nā kahua mokulele, a me nā lako a me nā lako no ka mālama ʻana i ka mokulele. ʻO kekahi uku no nā kumukūʻai i hana ʻia ʻo ke komo ʻana o nā ʻoihana kūloko i nā papahana no ka hana ʻana, mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻonui hou ʻana o nā mokulele (Production, Sustainment and Follow-on Development, PSFD), i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā makahiki he mau makahiki. Hāʻawi kēia i nā pono hoʻokele waiwai lōʻihi i nā ʻāina i hoʻoholo e kūʻai i ka F-35, e like me ke komo ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou, nā hana, nā loaʻa kālā.

Pelekiuma

Ua hoʻomaka nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea pani i ka mokulele F-16 ma Belgium ma mua o hoʻokahi ʻumi makahiki i hala aku nei, akā ʻaʻole i hiki i Malaki 17, 2017 i hoʻolaha ai ke aupuni i kahi kono kūhelu e hāʻawi. ʻO nā mea hoʻokūkū o ka F-35A ma ka ACCaP (Air Combat Capability Program) ʻo ia ka Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon a me Saab JAS 39E/F Gripen. Ma ʻApelila 19 o ia makahiki hoʻokahi, ua haʻalele ʻo Boeing mai ka makana. Ua hana like nā Swedes i ka lā 10 Iulai. I ʻOkakopa, ua hōʻole ke aupuni Belgian i ka noi Farani ma kahi ʻenehana. Ma Ianuali 19, 2018, ua ʻae ka US State Department i ke kūʻai aku ʻana o 34 F-35A i Belgium ma lalo o ke kaʻina hana FMS (Foreign Military Sales).

Ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka makana i Iune 2018, akā ua hoʻopanee ʻia i ʻOkakopa. Ma muli o nā kumukūʻai nui, ua noʻonoʻo ʻo Brussels i nā koho ʻē aʻe, me ka hāʻawi hou ʻana iā Farani a i ʻole ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā F-16. I ka hopena, ma ʻOkakopa 25, 2018, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e koho i ka mokulele F-35A me ka polokalamu avionics Block 4. No laila, lilo ʻo Belgium i ʻāina ʻumikumamākolu e kūʻai i ka F-35. I loko o kahi hālāwai kūkā, ua hoʻolaha ke Kuhina Palekana ʻo Belgian ʻo Stephen Vandeput, ʻo ka noi ʻAmelika ka mea maikaʻi loa i kēlā me kēia o nā loiloi loiloi ʻehiku, a ʻo ka F-35A ke koho maikaʻi loa no ko mākou ʻāina e pili ana i ke kālā, ka hana a me ka ʻoihana.

Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ke kumukūʻai o ke kūʻai ʻana i 34 F-35A, me ka logistic a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa limahana, ma 3,8 mau makahiki, hiki ke loaʻa ka nui o ka ʻaelike he 4 biliona euros). Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomaka ka hoʻouna ʻana ma 2030 a hoʻomau a hiki i ka pau ʻana o nā makahiki he ʻumi. Pono e hoʻokō ʻia ka mākaukau hana mua (IOC) ma waena o 6,53, a me ka mākaukau hana piha (FOC) - i Ianuali 2023. E like me nā hoʻolālā, e noho ka F-2027A i ka ʻāpana mokulele (Luchtcomponent; Composante Air; [Belgian] Air Component) o ka Puali Puʻuwai Pelekania (Defense; La Défense; [Belgian] Puʻali Puʻuwai) a hiki i ka makahiki 2029.

Nui nā hui Belgian i komo i ka papahana F-35. Ua kauoha ka hui Dutch ʻo Fokker Technologies i ka hana ʻana i nā fins damper mai Asco Industries ma Zaventem. I Malaki 2018, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻo Sonaca i hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Gosselis i kahi ʻaelike me Lockheed Martin e hana i nā mea hoʻolālā F-35. I ka huli ʻana, Ignition! (he hui hui ma waena o Sonaca a me Sabena Aerospace) e lawelawe i ka logistics (ka hoʻokele hana, ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa, nā lako honua, nā hoʻoponopono mokulele a me nā hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā lako) a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻokele a me ka mīkini. Ma lalo o ka ʻaelike me ka Pratt & Whitney Belgium Engine Center (BEC) ma Liege, nona ka hui Norewai ʻo AIM Norway, e komo ʻo ia i ka nānā ʻana, hoʻoponopono a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mīkini F135. Na ILIAS Solutions e hāʻawi i nā mea hana IT no ka hoʻokele moku, mālama a kūʻai.

Denmark

Ua hōʻike ʻo Denemaka i kona makemake e komo i ka papahana JSF ma 1997 a lilo i hoa hana ʻekolu ma 2002. I ʻAukake 2005, ua hoʻomaka ke aupuni Denemaka i ke kaʻina hana no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā koa hou (ka papahana Nyt Kampfly) e pani i nā F-16 i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka Air Force (Flyvevåbnet; Royal Danish Air Force, RDAF). I kēlā manawa, ua noʻonoʻo ʻia ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kaʻa he 48. Ua komo nā moho iā Lockheed Martin F-35A, Saab JAS 39 Gripen a me Eurofighter Typhoon. Eia naʻe, ua haʻalele ka Farani Rafale i ka wā i haʻalele ai ʻo Dassault mai ke aloha. I Kekemapa 2007 ua haʻalele ka Eurofighter mai ka hoʻokūkū, akā i Mei 2008 hui pū ʻo Boeing me ka F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. E koho ʻia ka hoʻolālā lanakila i ka makahiki 2009, akā ua hoʻopaneʻe koke ʻia ka makana i hoʻokahi makahiki, a ma Malaki 2010 ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka papahana holoʻokoʻa no nā kumu kālā.

Ma Malaki 13, 2013, ua hoʻomaka hou ka poʻe Danemaka i ke kaʻina hana, e kono ana i nā hui like ʻehā e komo. ʻO kēia manawa e pili ana i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā mokulele 24-32. Ua hoʻouna ʻia nā noi kikoʻī ma ʻApelila 10, 2014, a ua loaʻa ʻekolu mau noi i ka lā 21 Iulai (ua huki ʻo Saab mai ke kumu kūʻai i kēia manawa). ʻO ka hoʻoholo no ke koho ʻana i kahi ʻano mokulele i manaʻo ʻia e hana ʻia ma ka hopena o Iune 2015, akā ma Mei 27 ua hoʻopanee ʻia. I ka hopena, aia wale nō ma ka lā 12 o Mei, 2016 i hoʻolaha ai ke Kuhina Nui o Denemaka ʻo Lars Løkke Rasmussen a me ke Kuhina Kūʻē ʻo Peter Christensen e ʻōlelo ke aupuni i ka hale pālapa i ke kūʻai ʻana i 27 F-35A ma kahi o US $ 3 biliona (CZK 20 biliona). Ma ka la 9 o Iune, ua aponoia ka olelo hooholo a ke aupuni e na aoao kalaiaina kue. Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka ʻaelike no ka hana ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ʻewalu mau ʻāpana no ka LRIP 12 series ma 2018. A laila, e kauoha ʻia ʻelua ʻāpana no ka LRIP 13 series a ʻehā no ka LRIP 14 series.

Ma Ianuali 16, 2019, ua hoʻomaka ka hui ʻana o ka fuselage mua o ka F-35A Denemaka mua (ka helu inoa inoa RDAF L-001) ma ka hale kanu Lockheed Martin ma Fort Worth. Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopau ʻia ka mokulele ma hope o kēia makahiki ma mua o ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana i ka RDAF no Luke AFB ma Arizona i kēia makahiki aʻe. E aʻo ʻia nā pailaka Denemaka e ka 308th Fighter Squadron "Emerald Knights" o ka 56th Fighter Wing o ka US Air Force. Wahi a ka hoʻolālā, ʻo ka lawe ʻana i nā mokulele F-35A e mau a hiki i 2026. Pono e hoʻokō ʻia ka Initial Operational Readiness (IOC) ma 2025 a me Full Operational Readiness (FOC) i 2027.

Ke hana nei ka hui Denemaka ʻo Terma i nā mea hoʻolālā a me nā mea hana no nā hoʻololi ʻekolu o ka F-35 no nā makahiki he nui, incl. ma lalo o nā pylons mea kaua ea, GAU-22/A pahu puka pūkuniahi no nā mana F-35B a me F-35C, nā ʻaoʻao alakaʻi i hui ʻia o ka huelo hoʻopaʻa, nā panela hui e uhi ana i ka ʻaoʻao waena o ka fuselage a me ka ʻaoʻao a me ka huelo kūpaʻa, Nā ʻāpana radar /APG-81 a me AN/AAQ-37 (Electro-Optical Distributed Aperture System, EO DAS) nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolaha. Hoʻokumu ka hui Multicut i nā pale duralumin a me nā mea paʻa no nā kau a me nā mea pono no ka airframe a me ka mīkini F135. Na ka Danish Avionics Test Center (ATCD; he hui hui ma waena o Termy a me Scandinavian Avionics) e mālama, hoʻoponopono a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻāpana avionics o ka Danish F-35A.

Nā Netherlands

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia 16 a me 16, i ka wā o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka papahana e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā mea kaua F-35A / B i ka maʻamau F-5AM / BM, ua hoʻomaka ka Dutch e noʻonoʻo i ka hiki ke loaʻa i ko lākou mau hope. ʻO ka mokulele F-2002 i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea ʻoi loa, no laila ma Iune 15, 2006, ua hui ʻo Netherlands i ka pae SDD o ka papahana JSF, a ma Nowemapa 30, 2008, ua kau inoa lākou i kahi ʻaelike e komo pū i ka pae PSFD. Ma ka 2 Mei 2009, ua ʻae ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Dutch e hāʻawi kālā i ke komo ʻana o ka Royal Air Force (Koninklijke Luchtmacht, KLu; Royal Netherlands Air Force, RNLAF) i ka Initial Operational Testing (IOT&E). No ko lākou pono, ma Iune 35, 01, ua kūʻai ʻia ka F-001A mua (AN-19; RNLAF F-2010), a ma Nowemapa 02, 002, ka lua (AN-3 / F-4). Ua hana ʻia ka mokulele ma ke ʻano o ka LRIP (Low-Rate Initial Production) series 1 a me 2012. Ua ʻōwili ʻia ke kope mua ma ʻApelila 2, 2013, ka lua ma Malaki 6, 2012. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia lākou ma ʻAukake 27, 2013 a ʻO Iune 25, 12, i kūʻai ʻia e ka RNLAF ma Iulai 2013 a me Kepakemapa 35, XNUMX a lilo i F-XNUMXA mua i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi mea hoʻohana haole.