Eurocopter

ʻO ka papahana helicopter hoʻouka ʻo Tigre/Tiger ka hui hui mua ma waena o Aérospatiale a me MBB a ʻo ia ka mea hoʻoikaika no ka Eurocopter. Ma ke kiʻi: ke kope serial mua o ka mana HAD no ka Pūʻali Koa Farani.

ʻO ka mōʻaukala o Eurocopter, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Ianuali 1992 e ka hui Farani ʻo Aérospatiale a me ka MBB Kelemania e hoʻolālā, hoʻomohala, hana a kūʻai aku i nā helikopter, i kēia manawa he mokuna paʻa i ka mōʻaukala o ka mokulele. ʻOiai paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo i kahi inoa maikaʻi aʻe no ka mea hana helikopter ʻEulopa ma mua o Eurocopter, ua kapa hou ʻia ka hui ʻo Airbus Helicopters i Ianuali 2014. Mai ia manawa, hoʻomau ʻo ia e hana ma ke ʻano o ka hopohopo Airbus. ʻO ka inoa ʻo Eurocopter, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻomau ʻia kekahi o nā hōʻailona o nā loli i hana ʻia ma ka ʻoihana mokulele ʻEulopa i nā makahiki i hala o ke kenekulia XNUMX.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka nationalization a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka ʻoihana mokulele Farani, i hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 1936, ua hoʻopau ʻia e ke Kaua Honua ʻElua a hoʻomaka hou ma hope koke o kona pau ʻana, alakaʻi ʻia i ka hapa lua o nā makahiki 50 i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ʻelua mau hui mokulele mokuʻāina. : Société de construction o nā hui aupuni ʻo Sud-Aviation a me Nord- aviation. I ka pau ʻana o nā makahiki 60, ma ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ke aupuni Farani, ua māhele ʻia nā hana: ʻO Sud-Aviation ka mea nui i hana i nā mokulele mokulele a me nā pūʻali koa a me nā helikopter, a ua komo ʻo Nord-Aviation i nā missiles. ʻO ka pae aʻe o ka hoʻohui ʻana i mālama ʻia ma Ianuali 1970. ʻO ka mua, ma Ianuali 1, ua loaʻa ʻo Sud-Aviation i nā ʻāpana o SEREB (Société d'étude et de réalisation d'engins balistiques), a laila ma Ianuali 26, 1970, ma ke kauoha a ua hoʻohui ʻia ka Pelekikena o Farani, Sud-Aviation a me Nord-Aviation i hoʻokahi hui, Société nationale industrielle aérospatiale (SNIAS), i ʻike ʻia mai ka makahiki 1984 ʻo Aérospatiale. Ua lilo ʻo Henri Ziegler i luna mua o ka papa o ka hui hou.

Ua hoʻoili ʻo Aérospatiale i ka mea kanu Marignane kokoke i Marseille mai Sud-Aviation, kahi i hoʻomau ai i ka hana ʻana i ka SA313/318 Alouette II, SA315B Lama, SA316/319 Alouette III a me SA340/341 Gazelle multi-role helicopters, a me ka SA321 Super Frelon. ʻO SA330 Puma (Gazelle a me Puma) nā helikopa kaʻa. Puma) i kūkulu pū ʻia me ka hui Pelekane ʻo Westland Helicopters). Pono ka gazelle i ka nānā kūikawā ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana ʻenehana. ʻO kekahi o kēia he rotor huelo multi-bladed i hoʻopili ʻia, i kapa mua ʻia ʻo Fenestrou a ma hope ʻo Fenestron. ʻO nā mea hana ʻo Paul Fabre lāua ʻo René Muyet (ʻo ia ka mea hoʻolālā nui o ke keʻena helikopter o Sud-Aviation mai 1963, a laila SNIAS / Aérospatiale). Hāʻawi ʻo Fenestron i ka palekana i ka lele ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka helikopa a hoʻemi nui i ka pae walaʻau. ʻO ka mea mua i loaʻa iā lākou ka lua o ka prototype SA340, i lawe ʻia ma ʻApelila 12, 1968. Ua hōʻoiaʻiʻoʻia ka Fenestron propeller ma 1972 a ua lilo koke i mea hōʻailona o nā helikopter Aérospatiale, a laila Eurocopter a me Airbus Helicopters,ʻoiai no nā kumu likeʻole,ʻaʻole ia i hoʻohanaʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona helicopter.

ʻO ka helikopter mua i koho ʻia ʻo AS ma kahi o SA ʻo ia ka AS350 Écureuil, ka prototype i lele ma Iune 27, 1974 (kiʻi ʻia). Ke hana mau nei nā mana hou o ka ʻohana Écureuil/Fennec i kēia lā.

ʻO ka helikopter mua i hoʻolako mua ʻia me kahi propeller Fenestron ʻo ia ka SA360 Dauphin, ka prototype i lele i Iune 2, 1972. i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna). ʻO ia ka hihia me ka Gazelle SA342 export model i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia a me ka māhoe-engine hoʻopau ʻana o ka Dauphina SA365C Dauphin 2. Ua lele kā lākou prototypes ma Mei 11, 1973 a me Ianuali 24, 1975. ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka inoa ʻo AS. ʻO ka mua ka mea hoʻokahi-engine AS350 Écureuil (Squirrel), nona ka prototype i lele i ka 27 Iune 1974.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 70 a me 80, ua hana ʻia kekahi mau ʻano like ʻole o ka Dauphina 2: SA365N, SA366G no ka US Coast Guard (i ʻike ʻia ma USA ʻo HH-65 Dolphin), ka moana SA365F a me ke kaua SA365M. Ma ka waena o nā makahiki 70, ua hoʻomaka ka hana ma kahi mana nui o ka Puma, i kapa ʻia ʻo Super Puma. Ua lele ka SA330 i kūkulu hou ʻia, i koho ʻia ʻo SA331, i ka lā 5 Kepakemapa 1977, a ʻo ka prototype hope loa ʻo AS332 i ka lā 13 Kepakemapa 1978. Ma ka lā 28 o Kepakemapa, 1978, ua hana ʻia ka prototype AS355 Écureuil 2, kahi mana māhoe-engine. lele ka AS350. I ka hopena o nā makahiki 80, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi mana i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia o ka AS332, i kapa ʻia ʻo Super Puma Mk II. I ka makahiki 1990, ua kapa hou ʻia ka SA365N i ka AS365N, ua kapa hou ʻia ka SA365M i ka AS565 Panther, ua kapa hou ʻia nā pūʻali koa o ka AS332 i ka AS532 Cougar/Cougar Mk II, a ua kapa hou ʻia nā ʻano pūʻali koa o ka AS350/355 i ka AS550/555. .

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻano helicopter i kūkulu ʻia ma Sud-Aviation a ma hope aku ma Aérospatiale he mau kūleʻa pāʻoihana nui. Ma waho aʻe o ka SA315B Lama, i kūkulu pono ʻia no ka pūʻali koa India, a me ka SA321 Super Frelon, i hana ʻia ma nā helu liʻiliʻi, ua hana ʻia nā ʻano kīwila a me nā pūʻali koa a me nā hiʻohiʻona (ma lalo o ka laikini) i nā moʻo nui a mahalo ʻia e nā mea hoʻohana he nui a puni ka honua. honua. Hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia lākou ma nā ʻāina he nui. Eia kekahi, ke kūʻai nei nā Airbus Helicopters i nā mana hou loa o ka AS350 (me ka inoa hou H125), AS550 (H125M), AS365N3 +, AS365N4 (H155), AS565MBe, AS332 (H215) a me AS532 (H215M)!

Kelemānia - MBB

ʻO ka mea hana helikopter Kelemania kaulana loa ma hope o ke kaua ʻo Eng. Ludwig Belkov. I ka wā o ke Kaua Patriotic Nui, ua hana ʻo ia ma ka mea kanu Messerschmitt, a ma 1948 ua hana ʻo ia i kāna ʻoihana hoʻolālā ponoʻī. ʻO kāna "helikopter" mua ʻo ia ka Bö 102 Helitrainer, i kūkulu ʻia ma 1953. He 18 mau mokulele i kūkulu ʻia no ʻeono mau ʻāina. Paipai ʻia e kona kūleʻa, hoʻokumu ʻo Bölkow iā Bölkow Entwicklungen KG ma 1 Mei 1956. I ka wā mua, aia ma Echterdingen kokoke i Stuttgart, akā i Dekemaba 1958 ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia i Ottobrunn kokoke i Munich. ʻO ka helikopter Bölkow mua loa he māmā noho hoʻokahi Bö 103, ma muli o ka hoʻolālā Bö 102. ʻO ka prototype wale nō i kūkuluʻia i lele i ka lā 14 o Kepakemapa, 1961. ʻO ka mea'ē aʻe ka Bö 46 hoʻokolohua, i kūkuluʻia e ho'āʻo i ka mea i kapaʻiaʻo Derschmidt Rotor, Mahalo i ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e hiki i ka wikiwiki ma mua o 400 km / h ʻO ka mua o nā ʻāpana ʻelua i kūkulu ʻia i ka lewa ma Ianuali 30, 1964.

Ma Ianuali 1, 1965, ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ʻoihana a me ke kūʻai ʻana o 33,33 (3)% o nā ʻāpana e Boeing, ua hoʻololi ka hui i kona inoa iā Bölkow GmbH. I kēlā manawa, e hana ana ʻo Bölkow i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka Bö 105, he helikopter māhoe māmā. ʻO ka makemake nui o ka poʻe loea ma muli o kahi rotor nui hou me ke poʻo paʻa a me ʻehā mau ʻāpana composite maʻalahi. Ua hāʻawi kēia hoʻoholo i ke kaʻa me ka maneuverability maikaʻi loa. He kūleʻa nui ka Bö 16 - ma ka makahiki 1967, ua kūkulu ʻia ma luna o 105 mau hiʻohiʻona ma Kelemānia a ma lalo o ka laikini ma Kanada, Indonesia, Sepania a me Philippines ma nā mana he nui a me nā ʻano like ʻole no nā mea hoʻohana kīwila a me nā pūʻali koa a puni ka honua.

Ma Iune 6, 1968, hui pū ʻo Bölkow GmbH a me Messerschmitt AG i hoʻokahi hui, ʻo Messerschmitt-Bölkow GmbH. I Mei 1969, ua loaʻa ka hale hana mokulele ʻo Hamburger Flugzeugbau GmbH (HFB) mai ka manaʻo hana moku Blohm und Voss. Ma hope o kēlā, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka inoa iā Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm GmbH (MBB). Noho ke keʻena nui ma Ottobrunn, a aia nā hale hana helikopter ma Ottobrunn a me Donauwörth kokoke i Augsburg. ʻO MBB ka hui mokulele Kelemania nui loa. Ua komo ʻo ia i ka hoʻolālā, hoʻomohala ʻana, hana ʻana, ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mokulele, nā helikopter a me nā missiles, a me ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana no nā hale mokulele no nā mea hana ʻē aʻe. I ka makahiki 1981, kūʻai ʻo MBB i ka Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke (VFW).

Ma Kepakemapa 25, 1973, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka prototype Bö 106, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi mana hoʻonui o ka Bö 105. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻāla ka mīkini i ka hoihoi i waena o nā mea kūʻai. ʻO ka Bö 107 nui aʻe ma ka pepa wale nō. Ma ka lima ʻē aʻe, ua kūleʻa ka VK 117 twin-engine helicopter, i hoʻolālā ʻia me ka hui Iapana ʻo Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) ma lalo o kahi ʻaelike i hoʻopau ʻia ma Pepeluali 25, 1977. ʻO MBB ke kuleana no ka rotor nui me kahi ka ihu ʻoʻoleʻa, ka huʻu huelo, nā ʻōnaehana hydraulic, ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokele a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana. Ua holo ka prototype lele ma Iune 13, 1979 ma Ottobrunn. Hoʻomaka ka hana serial o ka BK 117 ma Kelemānia a me Iapana i ka makahiki 1982. Ma Iapana, hoʻomau ia a hiki i kēia lā.

Ma 1985, ua hoʻomaka ka hana ma ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka Bö 108 twin-engine helicopter, i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea pani hou i ka Bö 105. ʻO nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻana, kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻokele uila (FADEC) a me nā avionics kikohoʻe. ʻO ka prototype mua, i hoʻoikaika ʻia e nā ʻenekini Rolls-Royce 250-C20R, lele i ka 15 ʻOkakopa 1988, a ʻo ka lua, i kēia manawa i hoʻohana ʻia e nā ʻenekini Turboméca Arrius 1B, ma Iune 5, 1991.

Base Eurocopter

I nā makahiki 70, ua hoʻoholo kekahi mau ʻāina ʻEulopa e kūʻai i kahi helikopter anti-tank kūikawā no kā lākou pūʻali koa, e like me ka American Bell AH-1 Cobra. I ka hapa lua o nā makahiki 70, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Farani a me ka Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) i nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia ʻano mīkini, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Tiger" / Tiger. Ua pūlima ʻia ka ʻaelike pili i ka pae o nā kuhina pale o nā ʻāina ʻelua ma Mei 29, 1984. ʻO Aérospatiale a me MBB nā mea hana, nāna i hoʻokumu iā Eurocopter GIE (Groupement d'Intérêt Économique) e hoʻokele i ka papahana, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma La Courneuve kokoke i Paris. Ma Sepatemaba 18, 1985, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kāna hui Eurocopter GmbH (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) ma Munich, e mālama ana i nā ʻano ʻenehana o ka papahana, me ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā prototypes.

No nā kumu kālā, ʻaʻole i hiki i ka papahana helicopter Tigre/Tiger a hiki i Nowemapa 1987. ʻElua mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua loaʻa iā Eurocopter kahi ʻaelike e kūkulu i ʻelima prototypes. ʻO ka mea mua o lākou i lele i Marignane ma ʻApelila 27, 1991. Ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki o ka lohi i hana ʻia, ma muli o ka pono e noʻonoʻo i nā koi like ʻole o nā pūʻali koa o nā ʻāina ʻelua i ka hoʻolālā ʻana, nā lako a me nā mea kaua, ka hope. i ka lā 20 o Mei, 1998, ua kau inoa ʻo Farani a me Kelemania i kahi ʻaelike e hoʻomaka i ka hana nui. Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka ʻaelike no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kope 160 (80 no kēlā me kēia ʻāina) i ka lā 18 o Iune, 1999. Ua mālama ʻia ka hui ʻana o ka hana mua Tiger ma Donauwörth ma Malaki 22, 2002, a me nā hoʻokolohua lele ma ʻAukake 2. Hoʻomaka ka lawe ʻana i nā pūʻali koa o Farani a me Kelemania i ka pūnāwai o 2005. Ua hui pū ʻo Sepania a me Australia i ka hui o nā mea kūʻai Tiger.

I loko o kēia manawa ua hoʻololi ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻona a me ka hui. I Kekemapa 1989, Deutsche Aerospace AG (DASA), i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Mei 19 o ka makahiki hoʻokahi (i kapa inoa ʻia ʻo Daimler-Benz Aerospace AG ma Ianuali 1, 1995, a me DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG ma Nowemapa 17, 1998), kūʻai i kahi kuleana mana i nā hui. MBB. Ma Mei 6, 1991, ua kapa hou ʻia ʻo Eurocopter GIE ʻo Eurocopter International GIE. ʻO kāna hana ka hoʻolaha a kūʻai aku i nā helikopter mai nā mea hana ʻelua ma nā mākeke honua (koe wale ʻo ʻAmelika ʻAmelika). I ka hopena, ma 1 Ianuali 1992, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Aérospatiale a me DASA i kahi hui paʻa, Eurocopter SA (Société Anonyme), me 70% a me 30% mau ʻāpana. ʻO ke keʻena helikopter ma Marignane, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai Aérospatiale, ua hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia i Eurocopter France SA. Ua hoʻokomoʻia ka DASA Helicopter Division (MBB) i loko o Eurocopter Deutschland, kahi i hoʻomauʻia he lālā o Eurocopter France. Loaʻa iā Eurocopter SA ka 100% o nā ʻāpana o Eurocopter International a me Eurocopter France. ʻO kona mau pelekikena mua ʻo Heinz Plüktun o MBB a me Jean-Francois Bige o Aérospatiale. ʻAʻole i liuliu ua pani ʻia ʻo Plyuktun e Siegfried Sobotta mai Daimler-Benz.

Ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o Eurocopter i ka makahiki 1992, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe o nā hui ʻelua. Ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻo American Aerospatiale Helicopter Corporation a me MBB Helicopter Corporation i ʻAmelika Eurocopter, Inc. me kahi hale hana ma Grande Prairie, Texas. Aerospatiale Helicopter Australia ma Bankstown, New South Wales ua kapa hou ʻia ʻo Eurocopter International Pacific Holdings Pty Ltd., Helicópteros Aérospatiale de México SA de CV ma Mexico City ua kapa hou ʻia ʻo Eurocopter de México SA de CV (EMSA) a me MBB Helicopter Canada Ltd. - ma Fort Erie, Ontario, Kanada - Eurocopter Canada Ltd. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Eurocopter Service Japan ma Tokyo i Nowemapa 1992, kahi i loaʻa ai iā Eurocopter kahi stake 51%. I ka makahiki 1994, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Eurocopter Southern Africa Pty Ltd ma Johannesburg, ʻApelika Hema. (ESAL), 100% nona ka Eurocopter. Eia hou, ua loaʻa iā Eurocopter France he 45% stake ma ka hui Brazilian Helicópteros do Brasil SA (Helibras) ma hope o Aérospatiale.

I ʻAukake 1992, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Eurocopter France a me Eurocopter Deutschland, me Agusta a me Dutch Fokker o Italia, i ka consortium NHIndustries SAS i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Aix-en-Provence, Farani e hoʻomohala, hana, mākeke a kūʻai aku i ka helikopter transport multi-role NH90. Ua lele ka mua o ʻelima prototypes (PT1) i ka lā 18 Dekemaba 1995 ma Marignane. Ua kūkulu ʻia ʻelua mau prototypes ma Farani. ʻO ka lua o ka prototype (PT2), i lele i ka lā Malaki 19, 1997, ua lilo ʻo ia ka helikopter mua ma ka honua i hoʻolako ʻia me kahi ʻōnaehana mana uila (PSC). ʻO ka lele mua e hoʻohana ana i ka analog FBW i mālama ʻia ma Iulai 2, 1997, a me kikohoʻe ma Mei 15, 1998. ʻO ka hā o ka prototype (PT4), i kūkulu ʻia ma Kelemānia, lele i Mei 31, 1999 ma Ottobrunn.