Emanuel Lasker - ka lua o ka honua chess champion

ʻO Emanuel Lasker kahi mea pāʻani chess Kelemania no ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Iudaio, ʻepekema a me ka makemakika, akā hoʻomanaʻo ka honua iā ia ma ke ʻano he mea pāʻani chess nui. Ua lanakila 'o ia i ka inoa chess honua i ka makahiki 25 ma ka lanakila 'ana iā Wilhelm Steinitz a mālama 'ia no nā makahiki he 27 e hiki mai ana, 'o ka lō'ihi loa o ka mō'aukala. He mea kākoʻo ʻo ia i ke kula logical a Steinitz, akā naʻe, ua hoʻonui ʻo ia i kāna ʻatikala a me nā mea noʻonoʻo. He akamai ʻo ia i ka pale a me ka hoʻouka kaua, maikaʻi loa i ka hoʻopau chess.

1. Emanuel Lasker, kumu:

Emanuel Lasker Ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia ma ka lā Kalikimaka 1868 ma Berlinchen (i kēia manawa ʻo Barlinek ma West Pomeranian Voivodeship) i ka ʻohana o ka cantor o ka hale pule kūloko. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka makemake no ka chess i ka haku nui e hiki mai ana e kona kaikuaʻana ʻo Berthold. Mai ka wā kamaliʻi, kāhāhā ʻo Emanuel me kona akamai, nā mākau makemakika a me ka mākaukau loa i ka chess. Ua puka 'o ia mai ke kula ki'eki'e ma Gorzow a ma 1888 ho'omaka 'o ia e a'o i ka makemakika a me ke akeakamai ma Berlin. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o kona makemake i ka chess, a ʻo ia kāna i manaʻo ai i kona haʻalele ʻana (1).

1894 World Chess Championship hoʻokūkū

E hoʻokūkū kūʻē i ka mea pale inoa 58 makahiki ʻAmelika Wilhelm Steinitz Ua pāʻani ʻo Emanuel Lasker he 25 makahiki ma ʻekolu kūlanakauhale (New York, Philadelphia a me Montréal) mai Malaki 15 a Mei 26, 1894. ʻO nā lula o ka pāʻani i manaʻo ʻia he pāʻani a hiki i ka 10 lanakila i nā pāʻani, a ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia kahi huki ma muli o ka hopena. Ua lanakila 'o Emanuel Lasker 10:5(2).

2. ʻO Emanuel Lasker (ʻākau) lāua ʻo Wilhelm Steinitz i ka hoʻokūkū no ka poʻokela honua i ka makahiki 1894, kumu:

ʻAʻole i huli ka lanakila a me ka hanohano i ke poʻo o Emanuel. I ka makahiki 1899, ua puka 'o ia mai ka Faculty of Mathematics ma ke Kulanui o Heidelberg, a ekolu makahiki ma hope mai ma Erlangen ua loa'a ka Ph.D.

I ka makahiki 1900-1912 ua noho ʻo ia ma ʻEnelani a me ʻAmelika. I kēlā manawa, ua hoʻolaʻa ʻo ia iā ia iho i ka hana ʻepekema ma ke kahua o ka makemakika a me ke akeakamai, a ma nā hana chess ua komo ʻo ia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka Lasker Chess Journal ma 1904-1907 (3, 4). I ka makahiki 1911 ua male ʻo ia i ka mea kākau ʻo Martha Kohn ma Berlin.

3. Emanuel Lasker, kumu:

4. Lasker's Chess Magazine, uhi, Nowemapa 1906, kumu:

ʻO nā lanakila nui a Lasker ma ka pāʻani hoʻokō, ʻo ia nā lanakila ma nā hoʻokūkū nui ma Lākana (1899), St. Petersburg (1896 a me 1914), a me New York (1924).

I ka makahiki 1912 i ka hāʻule o 1914, akā ua hoʻopau ʻia kēlā pāʻani i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ke Kaua Honua Mua.

I ka makahiki 1921, ua lilo ka inoa honua iā ia me Capablanca. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma mua, ua ʻike ʻo Lasker i kona hoa paio ʻo ia ka mea pāʻani chess maikaʻi loa ma ka honua, akā makemake ʻo Capablanca e lanakila iā Lasker i kahi hoʻokūkū kūhelu.

1921 World Chess Championship hoʻokūkū

Malaki 15 - ʻApelila 28, 1921 ma Havana Lasker i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hoʻokūkū no ke poʻo inoa ka poʻokela honua me ka mea pāʻani chess Cuban ʻo Jose Raul Capablanca. ʻO kēia ka pāʻani mua ma hope o kahi hoʻomaha 11 makahiki i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke Kaua Honua Mua (5). Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka pāʻani no ka lōʻihi o 24 mau pāʻani. ʻO ka mea lanakila, ʻo ia ka mea pāʻani i loaʻa mua i 6 mau lanakila, a inā ʻaʻohe mea i kūleʻa, ʻo ka mea pāʻani me ka nui o nā helu. I ka wā mua ua holo mālie ka pāʻani, akā i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kauwela Cuban, ua emi ke olakino o Lasker. Me ka helu 5:9 (0:4 ʻaʻole me ka huki ʻana), hōʻole ʻo Lasker e hoʻomau i ka pāʻani a hoʻi i ʻEulopa.

5. ʻO Jose Raul Capablanca (hema) - Emanuel Lasker i ka hoʻokūkū no ka poʻokela honua i ka makahiki 1921, kumu: 

6. Emanuel Lasker, kumu: National Library of Israel, Shwadron collection.

Ua kaulana ʻo Lasker no kāna mau ʻano pāʻani noʻonoʻo (6). ʻAʻole wale ʻo ia i nānā nui ka loina neʻe aʻeHe aha ka ʻike noʻonoʻo o ka ʻenemi a me ke koho ʻana i nā ʻano hana ʻoluʻolu loa nona, e hāʻawi ana i ka hana hewa. I kekahi manawa ua koho ʻo ia i nā neʻe ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali, akā naʻe, i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohauʻoli i ka hoa paio. Ma ka pāʻani kaulana e kūʻē iā Capablanca (St. Petersburg, 1914), ua ʻiʻini loa ʻo Lasker e lanakila, akā i mea e hoʻoluliluli ai i ka makaʻala o kona hoa paio, ua koho ʻo ia i ka hoʻololi wehe, i manaʻo ʻia he huki. ʻO ka hopena, ua pāʻani pono ʻole ʻo Capablanca a nalowale.

Mai ka makahiki 1927 he hoaaloha ʻo Lasker Albert Einsteini noho kokoke ma ka moku Schöneberg o Berlin. I ka makahiki 1928, hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Einstein iā Lasker i kona lā hānau 60th, ua kapa ʻo ia iā ia "he kanaka o ka Renaissance." Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā noʻonoʻo mai nā kūkākūkā ma waena o ka physicist akamai a me ka mea pāʻani chess maikaʻi loa o ka honua ma ka ʻōlelo mua i ka moʻolelo o Emanuel Lasker, kahi i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ai ʻo Albert Einstein me nā manaʻo o kāna hoaaloha e pili ana i ka wikiwiki o ka mālamalama i lalo o ke kumumanaʻo o ka relativity. Mahalo nui wau i kēia kanaka luhi, kūʻokoʻa a haʻahaʻa no nā kūkākūkā waiwai āna i hāʻawi mai ai iaʻu, "i kākau ai ka physicist akamai i ka ʻōlelo mua o ka moʻolelo ola o Lasker.

Ua hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi kiʻi (7) "Albert Einstein me Emanuel Lasker" na Oliver Schopf ma kahi hōʻikeʻike nui i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ke ola a me ka hana chess a Emanuel Lasker ma Berlin-Kreuzberg i ʻOkakopa 2005. Ua paʻi ʻia nō hoʻi ma ka makasina chess German Schach.

7. ʻO ke kiʻi hoʻoheheʻe a Oliver Schopf "Albert Einstein me Emanuel Lasker"

I ka makahiki 1933 ʻo Lasker a me kāna wahine ʻO Martha Cohnua koi ʻia nā Iudaio ʻelua e haʻalele iā Kelemānia. Ua neʻe lākou i ʻEnelani. Ma 1935, ua loaʻa iā Lasker kahi kono mai Moscow e hele mai i ka Soviet Union, hāʻawi iā ia i lālā i ka Moscow Academy of Science. I ka USSR, ua haʻalele ʻo Lasker i ke kamaʻāina Kelemania a loaʻa iā ia ke kamaʻāina Soviet. I mua o ka weliweli i hele pū me Stalin, ua haʻalele ʻo Lasker i ka Soviet Union a ma 1937, me kāna wahine, haʻalele i New York ma o Netherlands. Akā naʻe, ua noho ʻo ia ma kona ʻāina hānau hou no kekahi mau makahiki. Ua make ʻo ia i ka maʻi maʻi kīkī ma New York ma Ianuali 11, 1941 i ka makahiki 72 ma ka Halemai Mount Sinai. Ua kanu ʻia ʻo Lassen ma ka hale kupapaʻu kaulana ʻo Beth Olom ma Queens, New York.

Ua kapa ʻia kekahi mau ʻano hoʻololi chess wehe ma hope ona, e like me nā ʻano like ʻole o Lasker i ka Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Be7 5.e3 0-0 6.Nf3 h6 7.Bh4 N4 ) a me ka Evans Gambit ( 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 G:b4 5.c3 Ga5 6.0-0 d6 7.d4 Bb6). He kanaka naʻauao ʻo Lasker, he kauka noʻonoʻo me kahi kumu makemakika, ka mea kākau o nā dissertation ʻepekema a me nā puke, he loea koʻikoʻi i ka pāʻani o GO, he mea hoʻokani alahaka maikaʻi loa a me ka mea kākau o nā pāʻani.

8. He pā hoʻomanaʻo ma Barlinka ma ke alanui. ʻO Khmelna 7 i hoʻomanaʻo iā Emanuel Lasker,

kumu:

ʻO Barlinek (8, 9), ke kūlanakauhale hānau o ka "King of Chess", i mālama i ka International Chess Festival no ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana iā D. Emanuel Lasker. Aia kekahi hui chess kūloko "Lasker" Barlinek.

9. Paka ia lakou. Emanuel Lasker ma Barlinek,

kumu:

pīʻāpā kaʻa

manu mua

ʻO ka wehe ʻana o ka manu he mea kūpono, ʻoiai kakaʻikahi, ka wehe ʻana i ka chess e hoʻomaka me 1.f4 (kiʻi 12). Mālama ʻo White i ka e5-square, loaʻa ka manawa e hoʻouka ai i ke kumukūʻai o ka nāwaliwali iki o ka ʻaoʻao mōʻī.

Ua'ōleloʻia kēia weheʻana e Luis Ramirez de Lucena i kāna puke Repetición de amoresy arte de ajedrez, con 150 juegos de partido (Treatise on love and chess art me hoʻokahi haneli a me kanalima mau hiʻohiʻona o nā pāʻani), i paʻiʻia ma Salamanca (Spain). i ka makahiki 1497 (13) . ʻEwalu kope i ʻike ʻia o ka paʻi kumu i ola a hiki i kēia lā.

ʻO Henry Edward Bird (14) ka mea hoʻokani pīkī Pelekane poʻokela o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa, nāna i kālailai a hoʻohana i kēia wehe ʻana i kāna mau pāʻani mai 1855 no 40 makahiki. I ka makahiki 1885, ua kapa ʻia ʻo The Hereford Times (he nūpepa pule i paʻi ʻia i kēlā me kēia Pōʻalima ma Hereford, ʻEnelani) i ka wehe ʻana o Byrd i ka neʻe wehe 1.f4, a he mea maʻamau kēia inoa. ʻO ka haku nui Denemaka ʻo Bent Larsen, ka mea hoʻokani chess poʻokela o ka honua i nā makahiki 60 a me 70, he mea kākoʻo hoʻi i ka wehe ʻana o Byrd.

13. He ʻaoʻao mai ka puke chess kahiko loa i paʻi ʻia, nā kope i ola a hiki i kēia lā - Luis Lucena "Repetición de amores y arte de ajedrez, con 150 juegos de partido"

14. ʻO Henry Edward Bird, penei: 

ʻO ka pane nui a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i kēia ʻōnaehana ʻo 1..d5 (diagram 15), ʻo ia hoʻi. ulu ka pāʻani e like me ka Dutch Defense (1.d4 f5), me nā waihoʻoluʻu hoʻohuli wale ʻia, akā i kēia hoʻololi ʻana o ka wehe ʻana o Byrd White he manawa hou aʻe ma mua o . ʻO ka neʻe maikaʻi loa iā White i kēia manawa ʻo 2.Nf3. Mālama ka naita i ka e5 a me ka d4 a pale i ka ʻeleʻele mai ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke aliʻi me Qh4. A laila hiki ke pāʻani, no ka laʻana, 2… c5 3.e3 Nf6 me kahi kūlana like.

15. ʻO ka hoʻololi nui o ka wehe ʻana o Byrd: 1.f4 d5

Manaʻo ka poʻokela honua ʻo Timothy Taylor, ma kāna puke ma ka wehe ʻana o Byrd, ʻo ka laina pale nui ʻo 1.f4 d5 2.Nf3 g6 3.e3 Bg7 4.Ge2 Nf6 5.0-0 0-0 6.d3 c5 (16).

16. Timothy Taylor (2005). ʻO ka wehe ʻana o ka manu: ka uhi kikoʻī o nā koho haʻahaʻa a me ka ikaika o White

Inā koho ʻo ʻeleʻele iā 2.g3, a laila ʻo ka pane ʻōlelo a ʻeleʻele he 2… h5! a ʻoi aku, no ka laʻana, 3.Nf3 h4 4.S:h4 W:h4 5.g:h4 e5 me ka hoʻouka weliweli a Black.

Gambit Mai

17. Martin Severin Mai, Kumu:

ʻO Gambit From kahi wehe koʻikoʻi i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻokūkū ma muli o nā loiloi o ka haku chess Denemaka ʻo Martin From (17), ka mea nāna i hana i ka gambit ʻākau.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Frome's Gambit ma hope o nā neʻe 1.f4 e5 a ʻo ia kekahi o nā hoʻomau kaulana loa o ka Opening Manu (kiʻi 18). No laila, nui nā mea pā'ani e pā'ani koke i ka 2.e4, e ne'e ana i ka King's Gambit, a i 'ole ma hope o ka 'ae 'ana i ka gambit 2.f:e5 d6, hā'awi lākou i kahi 'āpana ma ka pā'ani 'ana i 3.Nf3 d:e5 4.e4

Ma ka From Gambit, pono e hoʻomanaʻo e pale i ka hāʻule ʻana i kahi pahele, no ka laʻana, 1.f4 e5 2.f:e5 d6 3.e:d6 G:d6 (diagram 19) 4.Cc3? E nalo koke ana, e like me 4.e4? Hh4+5.g3 Gg3+6.h:g3 H:g3+7.Ke2 Gg4+8.Nf3 H:f3+9.Ke1 Hg3 # Best 4.Nf3. 4… Hh4 + 5.g3 G:g3 + 6.h:g3 H:g3 #

19. Mai ka gambit, kūlana ma hope o 3... H: d6

Ma ka hoʻololi nui o Frome's Gambit 1.f4 e5 2.f:e5 d6 3.e:d6 G:d6 4.Nf3, ua hoʻokani ʻo Emanuel Lasker ka poʻokela honua e hiki mai ana i ka 4…g5 i ka pāʻani Bird-Lasker i pāʻani ʻia ma Newcastle ma Pona. ʻO Tyne i ka makahiki 1892. ʻO kēia ʻano like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia lā, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻano Lasker. I kēia manawa hiki iā White ke koho, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, i nā hoʻolālā pāʻani ʻelua i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia: 5.g3 g4 6.Sh4 a i ʻole 5.d4 g4 6.Ne5 (inā 6.Ng5, a laila 6…f5 me ka hoʻoweliweli o h6 a lanakila i ka naita).

Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889

Hoʻokani ʻia kekahi o nā pāʻani chess kaulana loa ma ka mōʻaukala ma waena o lākou. Emanuel Lasker i Johann Bauer ma Amsterdam i ka makahiki 1889. Ma kēia pāʻani, ua kaumaha ʻo Lasker i kāna mau pīhopa ʻelua e luku i nā pawns e pale ana i ke aliʻi o ka hoa paio.

20. Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, kūlana ma hope o 13 Ha2

1.f4 d5 2.e3 Nf6 3.b3 e6 4.Bb2 Ge7 5.Bd3 b6 6.Sc3 Bb7 7.Nf3 Nbd7 8.0-0 0-0 9.Se2 c5 10.Ng3 Qc7 11.Ne5 S: e5 12. G: e5 Qc6 13.Qe2 (diagram 20) 13… a6? ʻO ka hoʻoholo hewa e ʻae iā Lasker e mōhai aku i nā ʻelele. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o 13… g6 ma kahi kūlana like. 14.Sh5 Sxh5 15.Hxh7 + Keokeo mohai i ka Bihopa mua. 15…K:h7 16.H:h5 + Kg8 17.G:g7 (e.21) 17…K:g7 ʻO ka hōʻole ʻana i ka mōhai ʻana i ka lua o ka pīhopa alakaʻi i ka male. Ma hope o 17… f5 hiki mai ka 18th Re5 Rf6 19.Ff3 a ukali ʻia e 20.Reg3, a ma hope o 17… f6 lanakila ka 18 a i ʻole 6 Re18. 3.Qg18 + Kh4 7.Rf19 Pono ka ʻeleʻele e haʻalele i kāna mōʻī wahine e pale aku i ka hoa pili. 3… e19 5.Wh20 + Qh3 6.W:h21 + W:h6 6.Qd22 (kiʻi 7) ʻO kēia neʻe ʻana, e kūʻē ana i nā pīhopa ʻeleʻele ʻelua, alakaʻi i ka waiwai o Lasker a me ke kūlana kūlana. 22… Bf22 6.H: b23 Kg7 7.Wf24 Wab1 8.Hd25 Wfd7 8.Hg26 + Kf4 8.fe27 Gg5 7.e28 Wb6 7.Hg29 f6 6.W: f30 + G: f6.H6 31.Hh6 + Ke8 32.Hg8 + K: e7 33.H: b7 Wd6 34.H: a7 d6 35.e: d6 c: d4 36.h4 d4 37.H: d4 (diagram 3) 38-3.

21. Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, kūlana ma hope o 17.G: g7

22. Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, kūlana ma hope o 22Qd7.

23. Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, ke kūlana i haʻalele ai ʻo Bauer.