leka uila, i.e. leka uila

E-mail, leka uila - he lawelawe pūnaewele, i wehewehe ʻia ma ka nomenclature kānāwai e like me ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā lawelawe uila, hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻouna i nā leka a i ʻole multimedia, nā mea i kapa ʻia nā leka uila - no laila ka inoa maʻamau o kēia lawelawe. E aʻo pehea i ulu ai ka leka uila mai ka makahiki 1536 ma ka ʻatikala ma lalo nei.

1536 Hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻailona @ (1) ma kahi leka i hoʻouna ʻia mai Seville a i Roma e ka mea kālepa Florentine ʻo Francesco Lapi, e wehewehe ana i ka hōʻea ʻana o nā moku ʻekolu mai ʻAmelika. "Aia ka amphora o ka waina e like me ka hapakolu o ka nui o ka barela, he 70 a 80 paha thalers ka waiwai," i kakau ai ka mea kuai, me ka hoopokole ana i ka huaolelo "amphora" i "a" i hoopuniia e kona huelo ponoi: "hookahi @ waina. .” No ka mea, ua kapaia ka amphora "arroba" ma ka olelo Paniolo, o keia @ hoailona i hoohana mau ia ma Sepania a me Pokukala. ʻO kekahi manaʻo, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi o ka @ hōʻailona. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XNUMX a i ʻole XNUMX, hiki i nā mōneka ke hoʻohana iā ia ma ke ʻano he pōkole no ka "ad" Latin. Mālama kēia i ka manawa, ka lewa a me ka inika.

Ma muli o ka hopu ʻia ʻana o ka hōʻailona e nā mea kālepa. alanui kalepa ua laha a puni ʻEulopa a kaulana loa i ka poʻe Pelekania. Ua hoʻohana nā mea kūʻai ma laila e kuhikuhi i ke kumukūʻai no kēlā me kēia mea, e like me "ʻelua pahu waina ma 10 silini" (ʻo ia hoʻi "10 silini no hoʻokahi"). ʻO ia ke kumu i ʻike ʻia ai ka hōʻailona @ ma nā kīkini kikokiko ʻAmelika a me ʻEnelani i ke kenekulia 1963. Eia kekahi, i ka ʻae ʻia ʻana o ka maʻamau hoʻopāpā ʻano ASCII ma '95, aia ka hōʻailona @ ma waena o nā huaʻōlelo XNUMX hiki ke paʻi ʻia.

1. Hoohana mua i ka hoailona @

1962 Hāʻawi ka ʻoihana pūʻali koa US ʻo AUTODIN i ka memo ma waena o 1350 terminals, e hana ana i 30 miliona mau memo i kēlā me kēia mahina me ka lōʻihi o ka memo ma kahi o 3000 mau huaʻōlelo. Ma mua o ka makahiki 1968 Ua hoʻopili ʻo AUTODIN ma mua o ʻekolu haneli mau wahi ma kekahi mau ʻāina.

1965 ma ka leka uila i invented ma 1965. ʻO nā mea kākau o ka manaʻo: Louis Pouzin, Glenda Schroeder a me Pat Crisman mai CTSS MIT. Ua hoʻokō ʻia e Tom Van Vleck lāua ʻo Noel Morris. Eia naʻe, i kēlā manawa ua hoʻohana wale ʻia kēia lawelawe no ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā memo ma waena o nā mea hoʻohana o ka kamepiula hoʻokahia ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka leka uila. Hoʻohui ʻia nā memo a kēlā me kēia mea hoʻohana i kahi faila kūloko i kapa ʻia ʻo "MAILBOX" i loaʻa kahi ʻano "private" i hiki i ka mea nona ke heluhelu a holoi paha i nā memo. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻōnaehana proto-mail no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā faila, a no ke kūkākūkā ʻana ma waena o nā mea kākau kauoha CTSS a me ke kamaʻilio ʻana i ka mea kākau kauoha ma ka CTSS manual editor.

Kau iki iki kamepiula i kēlā au, hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa i hoʻokahi haneli mea hoʻohana. Ua hoʻohana pinepine lākou i nā terminal maʻalahi e komo i ka lolouila nui mai kā lākou mau papa. pili wale lākou i kahi mīkini kikowaena - ʻaʻohe o lākou hoʻomanaʻo a i ʻole ko lākou hoʻomanaʻo ponoʻī, ua hana ʻia nā hana a pau ma kahi papa nui mamao. Eia naʻe, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kamepiula e kamaʻilio me kekahi i kekahi ma o ka pūnaewele, ua lilo ka pilikia i mea paʻakikī. Pono e hoʻoponopono i nā memo, ʻo ia hoʻi. E wehewehe i ka mea e hiki ai iā lākou ke hele ma ka pūnaewele.

1971-72 MIT puka i kapa ʻia Ray Tomlinson (2) lilo i kanaka mua e hoʻouna i ka leka mai kekahi kamepiula i kekahi, ʻoiai he mau makahiki ma mua o ka inoa ʻana o kekahi i ka hana Pūnaewele leka uila. Ua hana ʻo Tomlinson no ka hui ʻenekinia ʻo Bolt Beranek lāua ʻo Newman (ʻo Raytheon BBN i kēia manawa), i kauoha ʻia e ka US Department of Defense e kūkulu i ka ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), ka mea mua o ka Pūnaewele e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai i kēia lā. I kēlā mau lā ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kamepiula mai kekahi i kekahia he pipiʻi loa hoʻi, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia kēlā me kēia mea e nā kakini o nā kānaka like ʻole, a ua hoʻolei ʻia nā memo no nā mea hoʻohana ʻē aʻe i loko o nā pahu leta helu.

ʻOiai e ʻimi ana i nā hiki o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele, ua hele mai ʻo Tomlinson me ka manaʻo o ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi papahana memo i loko me kahi papahana ʻē aʻe e hoʻololi i nā faila ma waena o nā kamepiula. ARPANETs a hoʻohana i ka hōʻailona @ i loko e hoʻokaʻawale i ka inoa o ka mea lawe mai ka helu wahi o ka mea i loaʻa. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka lā pololei o ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka leka mua. Wahi a kekahi mau kumu ʻo 1971 kēia, ʻo kekahi - 1972. ʻAʻole maopopo - ʻo Tomlinson ponoʻī i ʻōlelo he "ʻano QWERTY", kahi e hōʻike ai i ke ʻano o ka nūhou. I kēlā manawa, hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā kamepiula PDP 10 Digital, ʻo ia nā keʻena ʻelua mika. Hoʻopili ʻia nā mīkini ʻelua (me kēlā me kēia me 288 KB o ka hoʻomanaʻo) ma o ARPANET. No ka manawa mua, ua loaʻa iā Tomlinson kahi leka i hoʻouna ʻia mai kahi kamepiula ʻē aʻe.

1973 Nā lālā o ka Pūʻulu Pūnaewele Pūnaewele, e pili ana i ka manaʻo o Tomlinson, ua ʻae i ka manaʻo RFC 469 i kahi syntax maʻamau no ke kamaʻilio leka uila: [palekana leka uila]

1978 Spam, ka hahau o ka leka uila, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka ʻōpio ma mua o ka leka uila ponoʻī. ʻO Gary Turk ka mea mua o ka spam, ka luna kūʻai no ka hui kamepiula ʻo Digital Equipment Corporation, nāna i hoʻouna i nā leka uila nui e hoʻolaha ana i nā huahana kamepiula o kāna hui.

ʻO ka ʻōlelo a Tuerk, i hoʻouna ʻia i nā haneli o nā kamepiula ma luna o ka ARPANET, ua hoʻonāukiuki ka poʻe hoʻolohe a me nā ʻōlelo hōʻino mai nā luna hoʻomalu. e-mail ua manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo ia ka laʻana mua o ka spam, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ka huaʻōlelo no ka leka uila nui ʻole i noi ʻia i nā makahiki he nui ma hope. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻoulu ʻia kēia huaʻōlelo e kahi kiʻi kīwī i ka makahiki 70 i hōʻike ʻia ma Monty Python's Flying Circus kahi i hīmeni ai kahi hui o Vikings i kahi pale e pili ana i ka spam, kahi huahana ʻiʻo.

3. Mele Spam "Monty Python's Flying Circus"

1978-79 Hāʻawi ka ISP mua iā CompuServe Pūnaewele leka uila i loko o kāu ʻoihana ʻoihana Nā lawelawe Infoplex.

1981 Ke hoʻololi nei ʻo CompuServe i ka inoa o kāna lawelawe leka uila i "E-MAIL". E noi ʻo ia ma hope no kahi hōʻailona kālepa US, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana manuahi ʻia ka huaʻōlelo. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i mālama ʻia kēia inoa.

1981 I ka hoomaka ana e hoouna Pūnaewele leka uila Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka protocol kamaʻilio CPYNET.. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ma hope FTP, UUCP a me nā protocols ʻē aʻe he nui. Ma 1982, hoʻomohala ʻo Jon Postel no kēia kumu SMTP protocol (4) hoʻohana mau ʻia i kēia lā. ʻO ka Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā leka uila i nā kikowaena leka uila, ua hana mua ʻia ma 1981 akā ua hoʻonui ʻia a hoʻonui ʻia i nā manawa he nui e hāʻawi i ka hōʻoia, hoʻopili, a me nā hoʻomaikaʻi ʻē aʻe. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka maʻamau ma kahi palapala Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) i kapa ʻia ʻo RFC 821 a laila hōʻano hou ʻia ma 2008 ma RFC 5321.

ʻO SMTP kahi protocol kikokikona maʻalahi., e kuhikuhi ana i hoʻokahi mea loaʻa i ka memo (ma ka hapanui o nā hihia, nānā ʻo ia i kona ola ʻana), a laila hoʻouna i nā mea o ka memo. SMTP daemon, i.e. manaʻo manaʻo mai ka mea lawe leka uila, hana maʻamau ma ke awa 25. He mea maʻalahi ke nānā i ka hana o ke kikowaena SMTP me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu telnet. ʻAʻole hana maikaʻi kēia protocol me nā faila binary no ka mea ua hoʻokumu ʻia ia ma ka kikokikona ASCII maʻamau. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā kūlana e like me MIME (mau makahiki 90 mua) e hoʻopili i nā faila binary no ka hoʻouna ʻana ma luna o SMTP. Kākoʻo ka hapa nui o nā kikowaena SMTP i ka hoʻonui 8BITMIME, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻololi maʻalahi i nā faila binary e like me ka kikokikona. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻo SMTP iā ʻoe e loaʻa nā memo mai kahi kikowaena mamao. No kēia, hoʻohana ʻia nā protocol POP3 a i ʻole IMAP.

1983 ʻO ka lawelawe leka uila mua loa i loaʻa ma US - Leka MCIhoʻolaha ʻia e MCI Communications Corp.

1984-88 ʻO ka mana mua o ka protocol mail POP1ua wehewehe ʻia ma RFC 918 (1984). POP2 ua wehewehe ʻia ma RFC 937 (1985). POP3 ʻo ia ka mana i hoʻohana nui ʻia. Loaʻa ia mai RFC 1081 (1988), akā ʻo ka kikoʻī hou loa ʻo RFC 1939, i hoʻonui ʻia e hoʻokomo i kahi mīkini hoʻonui (RFC 2449) a me kahi mīkini hōʻoia i RFC 1734. Ua alakaʻi kēia i nā hoʻokō POP he nui e like me Pine, POPmail, a me nā polokalamu leka uila mua ʻē aʻe. 

1985 ʻO nā polokalamu mua e ʻae iā ʻoe e hoʻohana i ka leka uila ma waho. Ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā "mea heluhelu offline". Ua ʻae ka poʻe heluhelu pahemo i nā mea hoʻohana leka uila e mālama i kā lākou mau leka ma kā lākou kamepiula pilikino a laila heluhelu iā lākou a hoʻomākaukau i nā pane me ka ʻole o ka pili ʻana i ka pūnaewele. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka polokalamu kaulana loa e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hana i kēia ʻo Microsoft Outlook.

1986 Kūkākūkā Loaʻa Leka Kūʻokoʻa, IMAP (5) ua hoʻolālā ʻia Brand Crispina i ka makahiki 1986 ma ke ʻano he protocol komo pahu leta mamao, e kū'ē i ka POP i hoʻohana nuiʻia, kahi protocol no ka lawe maʻalahi i nā mea o ka pahu leta. Ua hele kēia kaʻina i nā ʻano hou a hiki i ka VERSION 4rev1 (IMAP4) o kēia manawa.

Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka Interim Mail Access Protocol ma ke ʻano he mea kūʻai aku. Nā mīkini Xerox Lisp i TOPS-20 kikowaena. ʻAʻohe kope o ka kikoʻī o ka protocol manawa kumu a i ʻole kāna polokalamu. ʻOiai ua like kekahi o kāna mau kauoha a me nā pane me IMAP2, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka protocol interim nā māka kauoha/pane a no laila ʻaʻole kūpono kāna syntax me nā mana ʻē aʻe o IMAP.

like POP3ʻo ia wale nō ka mea hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoiho a holoi i ka leka uila, ʻae ʻo IMAP iā ʻoe e hoʻokele i nā waihona leka uila, a me ka hoʻoiho a hoʻokele i nā papa inoa e noho ana ma kahi kikowaena mamao. IMAP hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoiho i nā poʻomanaʻo memo a koho i nā memo āu e makemake ai e hoʻoiho i kāu kamepiula kūloko. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i nā hana he nui, mālama i nā faila a me nā memo. Hoʻohana ʻo IMAP4 i ka TCP a me ke awa 143 aʻo ka IMAPS pū kekahi i ka TCP a me ke awa 993.

1990 Ua hoʻouna ʻia ka leka uila mua ma ka mōʻaukala o Polani ma Nowemapa 20, 1990. (ma waena o 10.57 a me 13.25) mai ke keʻena nui o ka European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) ma Geneva e Dr. ʻO Grzegorz Polok a me MSc. Pavel Yaaloha. Hāʻawi ʻia i ka mea hoʻohana %[email protected]' a lawe ʻia e M.Sc. Pelekania Andrzej Sobala ma ka Institute of Nuclear Physics ma Krakow. 

1991-92 Hanau o Lotus Notes a me Microsoft Outlook (6).

6. Lotus Notes e kūʻē iā Microsoft Outlook

1993 Pilipo Hallam-Baker, he loea cybersecurity e hana ana no CERN, hoʻomohala i ka mana mua o Webmail, ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia ka leka uila e kahi papahana kūikawā, akā e kahi polokalamu kele pūnaewele (7). ʻO kāna manaʻo, he hoʻokolokolo wale nō ia a ʻaʻole i paʻi ʻia. Yahoo! Hāʻawi ka Post Office i kahi lawelawe komo pūnaewele ma 1997.

7. E leka uila ʻaoʻao ma ka polokalamu kele pūnaewele

1999 hoʻomaka leka uila ma nā kelepona BlackBerry (8). Ua lilo kēia mau mea i kaulana i kekahi hapa no ka hāʻawi ʻana o BlackBerry i nā lawelawe leka uila.

8. ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona BlackBerry mua me ke kākoʻo leka uila.

2007 Māhele Google lawelawe leka uila Gmail ma hope o ʻehā mau makahiki o ka hoʻāʻo beta. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Gmail ma 2004 ma ke ʻano he papahana Paula Bucejta. I ka wā mua, ʻaʻole lākou i manaʻoʻiʻo iā ia ma ke ʻano he huahana ma lalo o Google. Ua hala ʻekolu makahiki ma mua o ka hoʻoholo ʻana e hoʻopaʻa inoa i nā mea hoʻohana me ke kono ʻole. Ma nā ʻōlelo ʻenehana, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia he polokalamu i kokoke loa i kahi noi papa (e hoʻohana ana iā AJAX). ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana o 1 GB o ka hoʻomanaʻo i loko o ka pahu leta he manaʻo hoʻi i kēlā manawa.

9. Ka mōʻaukala o ka logo Gmail

Ka helu leka uila

leka uila ʻano leka uila

Mea hoolako lehulehu Pūnaewele leka uila hāʻawi i ka mea kūʻai leka ma muli o kele pūnaewele (e like me AOL Mail, Gmail, Outlook.com, a me Yahoo! Mail). ʻAe kēia i nā mea hoʻohana e komo Wāena Email me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi polokalamu kele pūnaewele kūpono e hoʻouna a loaʻa i ka leka uila. ʻAʻole lawe ʻia ka leka uila i ka mea kūʻai pūnaewele, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke heluhelu ʻia me ka ʻole o kahi pilina pūnaewele o kēia manawa.

Nā kikowaena leka POP3

Kaʻina Leka 3 (POP3) he kaʻa hoʻohana leka uila i hoʻohana ʻia e ka mea kūʻai aku e heluhelu i nā memo mai kahi kikowaena leka uila. Hoʻopau pinepine ʻia nā memo i loaʻa mai ke kikowaena. Kākoʻo ʻo POP i ka hoʻoiho maʻalahi a holoi i nā koi no ke komo ʻana i nā pahu leta mamao (i kapa ʻia ʻo ka leka uila ma ka POP RFC). ʻAe ʻo POP3 iā ʻoe e hoʻoiho i nā leka uila i kāu kamepiula kūloko a heluhelu iā lākou inā ʻoe ma waho.

Nā kikowaena leka uila IMAP

Ka Hoʻohana ʻŌlelo Pūnaewele (IMAP) hāʻawi i nā hiʻohiʻona e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻokele i kāu pahu leta mai nā polokalamu he nui. Ke hoʻohana nui ʻia nei nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e like me nā smartphones e nānā i ka leka uila i ka wā e hele ana a hāʻawi i nā pane pōkole, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea ʻoi aku ka nui me ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka papa keyboard e hoʻohana ʻia no nā pane lōʻihi. Hōʻike ka IMAP i nā poʻomanaʻo memo, ka mea hoʻouna, a me ke kumuhana, a pono ke noi e hoʻoiho i nā memo kikoʻī. ʻO ka maʻamau, noho ka leka uila ma nā waihona ma ka kikowaena leka.

Nā kikowaena leka MAPI

API no ka leka uila (MAPI) hoʻohana ʻia e Microsoft Outlook e kamaʻilio me Microsoft Exchange Server, a me kekahi mau kikowaena leka uila e like me Axigen Mail Server, Kerio Connect, Scalix, Zimbra, HP OpenMail, IBM Lotus Notes, Zarafa a me Bynari, kahi o nā mea kūʻai aku. ua hoʻohui i ke kākoʻo MAPI e ʻae i ke komo pololei ʻana i kāu huahana ma o Outlook.

Nā ʻano hoʻonui inoa faila ma ka leka uila

Ke loaʻa ka leka uila, mālama nā palapala noi leka uila i nā memo i nā faila ʻōnaehana hana ma ka ʻōnaehana faila. Hoʻohana kekahi i nā memo hoʻokahi ma ke ʻano he faila kaʻawale, a ʻo kekahi e hoʻohana i nā palapala ʻē aʻe, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia, nā waihona waihona no ka mālama pū ʻana. ʻO ke kūlana mālama ʻikepili mōʻaukala ka ʻano mbox. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ke ʻano kikoʻī i hoʻohana ʻia e nā hoʻonui inoa faila kūikawā:

• EML - hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea leka uila he nui, me Novell GroupWise, Microsoft Outlook Express, Lotus memo, Windows Mail, Mozilla Thunderbird, a me Postbox. Aia i loko o kēia mau faila ke kino o ka leka uila ma ka kikokikona ma ka ʻano MIME, aia ke poʻo a me ke kino o ka memo, me nā mea hoʻopili i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha.
• emlks - me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Apple Mail.
• MSG - Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Microsoft Office Outlook a me OfficeLogic Groupware.
• MBH - hoʻohana ʻia e Opera Mail, KMail a me Apple Mail ma muli o ke ʻano mbox.

Ke waiho nei kekahi mau polokalamu (e like me Apple Mail) i nā mea hoʻopili i hoʻopili ʻia i nā memo hiki ke ʻimi ʻia me ka mālama ʻana i nā kope ʻokoʻa o nā mea hoʻopili. Hoʻokaʻawale kekahi i nā mea hoʻopili mai nā memo a mālama iā lākou i loko o kahi papa kuhikuhi kikoʻī.