E ho'āʻo i nā kaʻa uila: kēia manawa mau loa

Mai Camilla Genasi ma o GM EV1 a i Tesla Model X, a i ʻole ka moʻolelo o nā kaʻa uila

Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka moʻolelo e pili ana i nā kaʻa uila ma ke ʻano he hana he ʻekolu hana. ʻO ka moʻolelo nui a hiki i kēia lā ke waiho nei i kahi o ka noi no kahi pono electrochemical pono e hōʻoia i ka lawa o ka mana no nā koi o kahi kaʻa uila.

ʻElima mau makahiki ma mua o ka hoʻolauna ʻana o Karl Benz i kāna kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa ponoʻī i ka makahiki 1886, ua hoʻokele ʻo Gustav Trouv i kāna kaʻa uila me ka helu like o nā huila ma o ka Exposition D'Electricite ma Paris. Eia naʻe, e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ka poʻe ʻAmelika ua hana ko lākou hoa aloha ʻo Thomas Davenport i kahi mea i 47 mau makahiki ma mua. A aneane ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia, no ka mea, i ka makahiki 1837, ua hana ʻo Davenport i kahi kaʻa uila a "hoʻokele" iā ia ma nā ala kaʻa, akā ua hele pū ʻia kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo me kahi kikoʻī liʻiliʻi - ʻaʻohe pākahi i loko o ke kaʻa. No laila, ʻo ka ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi, ma ka mōʻaukala, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia kēia kaʻa i mua o ka tram, ʻaʻole ke kaʻa uila.

ʻO kekahi kanaka Farani, ʻo Gaston Plante, ke kaukaʻi, i hāʻawi nui i ka hānau ʻana o ke kaʻa uila maʻamau: ua hana ʻo ia i ka pākaukau lead-acid a hoʻolauna iā ia i ka makahiki 1859, ʻo ia hoʻi ka makahiki i hoʻomaka ai ka hana ʻaila ʻoihana ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻEhiku mau makahiki ma hope mai, ma waena o nā inoa gula i hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mīkini uila, ua kākau ʻia ka inoa o ka German Werner von Siemens. ʻO kāna ʻoihana ʻoihana i alakaʻi i ka kūleʻa o ka kaʻa uila, ʻo ia hoʻi me ka pākaukau, i lilo i mea ikaika no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kaʻa uila. Ma 1882, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi kaʻa uila ma nā alanui o Berlin, a ua hōʻailona kēia hanana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o nā kaʻa uila ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, kahi i hoʻomaka ai ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona hou. No laila, ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ka pale ma ka hana mua o ka electromobility, ʻo ka wā e hiki mai ana i ʻike ʻia i kēlā manawa. ʻO nā mea nui a me nā mea e pono ai no kēia, ua hana mua ʻia, a ʻo nā manaʻo no kahi ʻenekini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko a honi ke piʻi aʻe nei. ʻOiai ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia, ʻeiwa wale nō ʻeiwa watts ka nui o ka mana o nā pākaʻi lead-acid no ka kilo (kokoke 20 manawa i emi iho ma mua o ka hanauna hou loa o nā ʻōhua lithium-ion), ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kaʻa uila a hiki i 80 mau kilomita. He mamao loa kēia i ka manawa e ana ʻia ai nā huakaʻi lā ma ka hele ʻana, a hiki ke uhi ʻia ma muli o ka mana haʻahaʻa o nā kaʻa uila. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he liʻiliʻi wale nō nā kaʻa uila kaumaha hiki ke piʻi i ka wikiwiki ma luna o 30 km / h.

Kū'ē i kēia kāʻei kua, ka moʻolelo o kahi ʻano Pelekane kūpuna i kapa ʻia ʻo Camilla Genazi e lawe i ka haunaele i ke ola haʻahaʻa i kēlā me kēia lā o kahi kaʻa uila Ma 1898, ua hoʻokūkū ka "diabolō ʻulaʻula" i ka French Count Gaston de Chasseloup-Laub a me kāna kaʻa ʻo Jeanto, i kahi duel wikiwiki loa. Hāpai ka kaʻa uila o Genasi i kahi inoa ʻoi loa ʻoi aku ka inoa "La jamais contente", ʻo ia hoʻi, "Maona mau." Ma hope o nā heihei pīhoihoi a pīhoihoi hoʻi i kekahi manawa, i ka makahiki 1899 he kaʻa like me ke kika, ka mea e kaʻa ana ka rotor ma 900 rpm, holo i ka hopena o ka heihei hou, e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka wikiwiki o 100 km / h (pololei 105,88 km / h). ʻO ia wale nō ka hauʻoli o Genasi a me kāna kaʻa ...

No laila, i ka makahiki 1900, ʻo ke kaʻa uila, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia i hoʻomohala piha i nā mea hana, pono e hoʻokumu i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā kaʻa ʻaila. I kēlā manawa, no ka laʻana, ma ʻAmelika, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kaʻa uila ma mua o ka ʻaila. Aia kekahi mau ho'āʻo e hoʻohui i ka maikaʻi o nā ao ʻelua - no ka laʻana, he kumu hoʻohālike i hana ʻia e ka mea hoʻolālā ʻōpio Austrian ʻo Ferdinand Porsche, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e ka lehulehu. ʻO ia ka mea nāna i hoʻopili mua i nā kaʻa hub me nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko, e hana ana i ke kaʻa hybrid mua.

ʻO ka motika uila ma ke ʻano he ʻenemi o ke kaʻa uila

Akā laila hana kekahi mea hoihoi a like pū paha me ka paradoxical, no ka mea ʻo ia ka uila e luku i kāna mau keiki ponoʻī. I ka makahiki 1912, ua haku ʻo Charles Kettering i ka mīkini uila i hoʻolilo ka ʻole o ka mīkini crank i mea e haki ai ka iwi o nā mea hoʻokele he nui. No laila, ʻo kekahi o nā hemahema nui loa o ke kaʻa i kēlā manawa ma mua. ʻO nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa a me ke Kaua Honua Honua i hoʻonāwaliwali ai i ke kaʻa uila, a i ka makahiki 1931 ka mana uila hana hope loa, ʻo ka Type 99, i ʻōwili ʻia i ka laina hui ma Detroit.

ʻO ka hapalua wale nō haneli ma hope mai ua hoʻomaka ka lua o ka manawa a me ka renaissance i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kaʻa uila. ʻO ke kaua Iran-Iraq no ka manawa mua e hōʻike ana i ka nāwaliwali o nā lako aila, nā kūlanakauhale me ka miliona o ka poʻe e make ana i ka smog, a ke ulu nei ke kumuhana o ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Kaleponi i ke kānāwai e koi ana i ka 2003 pakeneka o nā kaʻa e hoʻokuʻu ʻole ʻia i ka makahiki 1602. ʻO nā mea hana kaʻa, no kā lākou ʻaoʻao, haʻalulu i kēia mau mea a pau, no ka mea, ua liʻiliʻi ka nānā ʻana o ke kaʻa uila no nā makahiki he mau makahiki. ʻO kona hele mau ʻana i nā papahana hoʻomohala ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pāʻani exotic ma mua o ka mea e pono ai, a ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi maoli, e like me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka lawe ʻana i nā hui kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ka wā o nā marathon Olumepika (BMW 1972 ma 10 ma Munich), ua aneane ʻike ʻole ʻia. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o ka exoticism o kēia mau ʻenehana he moon-crossing lunar rover me nā ʻenekini i kau ʻia ma ka hub i ʻoi aku ma mua o $ XNUMX miliona.

ʻOiai ʻaʻohe mea i hana ʻia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana pākaukau, a ʻo nā pākaʻi lead-acid ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma kēia wahi, ke hoʻomaka nei nā keʻena hoʻomohala o nā ʻoihana e hana hou i nā kaʻa uila like ʻole. Aia ʻo GM ma ke alo o kēia hoʻopaʻapaʻa, me ka Sunraycer hoʻokolohua e hoʻokō nei i ka moʻolelo lōʻihi loa o ka mile mile solar, a ua hoʻolimalima ʻia nā ʻāpana 1000 o ka hope GM EV1 avant-garde me ka lākiō huli o 0,19 i kahi hui koho o nā mea kūʻai. . Ua hoʻolako mua ʻia me nā ʻokoʻa alakaʻi a mai ka makahiki 1999 me nā pihi nickel-metal hydride, loaʻa iā ia kahi ākea o 100 mau kilomita. Mahalo iā Conecta Ford studio's sodium-sulphur batteries, hiki iā ia ke hele a hiki i 320 km.

E electrifying nō hoʻi ʻo ʻEulopa. Ke hoʻololi nei nā hui Kelemania i ka mokupuni ʻo Baltic Sea o Rügen i kahua hoʻokolohua no kā lākou mau kaʻa uila a me nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ka VW Golf Citystromer, Mercedes 190E a me Opel Astra Impuls (i hoʻolako ʻia me kahi pākaukau Zebra 270-degree) holo i ka huina o 1,3 miliona hōʻike. kilomika. Ke puka mai nei nā ʻenehana hou e ʻike wikiwiki ana i ka lewa uila, e like me ka pā sodium-sulfur i hoʻā ʻia me ka BMW E1.

I kēlā manawa, ua kau ʻia ka manaʻolana nui loa no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai nā pākīkī lead-acid koʻikoʻi ma luna o nā pihi nickel-metal hydride. Eia naʻe, i ka makahiki 1991, ua wehe ʻo Sony i kahi kuhikuhi hou loa ma kēia wahi ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pākaukau lithium-ion mua. ʻO ka manawa koke, ke piʻi hou nei ka maʻi kuni uila - no ka laʻana, ke wānana nei nā poʻe kālai'āina Kelemania i ka māhele mākeke 2000 pakeneka no nā kaʻa uila i ka makahiki 10, a wānana ʻo Calstart ma Kaleponi he 825 mau kaʻa uila a pau i ka hopena o ke kenekulia. .

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻa koke kēia ahi uila. ʻIke ʻia ʻaʻole hiki i nā pākahi ke hoʻokō i nā pae hana maikaʻi, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hana mana, a koi ʻia ʻo Kaleponi e hoʻoponopono i kāna mau pahuhopu hoʻokuʻu ʻia. Lawe ʻo GM i kāna mau EV1 āpau a luku iā lākou me ke aloha ʻole. ʻO ka mea hoʻohenehene, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokō pono ai nā ʻenekini Toyota i ka hoʻokō pono ʻana i ke kumu hoʻohālike Prius hybrid hana ikaika. No laila, ke hele nei ka hoʻomohala ʻenehana i kahi ala hou.

Hana 3: ʻAʻole Huli i hope

I ka makahiki 2006, ua hoʻomaka ka hana hope loa o ka hōʻike uila. ʻO nā hōʻailona hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau a me ka piʻi wikiwiki ʻana o nā kumukūʻai aila ke hāʻawi nei i kahi hoʻoikaika ikaika i kahi hoʻomaka hou i ka saga uila. I kēia manawa, ke alakaʻi nei ka poʻe ʻAsia i ke ala i ka hoʻomohala ʻenehana, ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā pākahi lithium-ion, a ʻo ka Mitsubishi iMiEV a me Nissan Leaf ke pionia nei i ke au hou.

Ke ala ala nei ʻo Kelemania mai ka hiamoe uila, i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e puehu ana ka GM i nā palapala EV1, a ua lūlū ʻo Tesla i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Kaleponi i ka honua kaʻa kaʻa kahiko me kāna roadster 6831bhp i hoʻohana mau ʻia no nā kamepona laptops. Ke hoʻomaka nei nā wānana e lawe i nā ʻāpana euphoric hou.

I kēia manawa, ua paʻakikī ʻo Tesla i ka hana ma ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ke Model S, ka mea i hāʻawi ʻole i ka hoʻoikaika ikaika i ka uila o nā kaʻa, akā ua hoʻokumu pū kekahi i kahi kūlana hiʻona no ka laikini, e lilo ana i alakaʻi i ka māla.

Ma hope iho, e hoʻomaka ana kēlā me kēia hui kaʻa nui e hoʻokomo i nā hiʻohiʻona uila i kāna laina, a ma hope o nā hōʻino e pili ana i ka mīkini diesel, ua wikiwiki loa kā lākou mau hoʻolālā. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona uila ʻo Renault ma ke alo - nā hiʻohiʻona Nissan a me BMW i, ke kālele nui nei ʻo VW i kēia ʻano me ka MEB platform, ka Mercedes EQ sub-brand, a me nā paionia hybrid Toyota a me Honda e hoʻomaka i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka māla uila. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka holomua o nā ʻoihana kelepona lithium-ion, a ʻoi aku hoʻi ʻo Samsung SDI, ke hoʻokumu nei i nā pūnāwai paʻa 37 Ah ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, a ua hiki i kekahi mau mea hana ke hoʻonui i ka mileage nui o kā lākou EV i nā makahiki ʻelua i hala. I kēia manawa, ke komo pū nei nā hui Kina i loko o ka pāʻani, a ke piʻi nui nei ka nui o ka piʻi o ka ulu ʻana no nā hiʻohiʻona uila.

Minamina, ua koe ka pilikia me nā paila. I loko nō o ka nui o nā loli, ʻoiai ʻo nā pākahi lithium-ion o kēia manawa kaumaha, kaumaha a lawa ʻole i ka hiki.

Ma mua o 100 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua manaʻo ka mea kākau moʻolelo kaʻa kaʻa Farani ʻo Baudrillard de Saunier: "ʻO kahi kaʻa uila ʻoluʻolu ka mea maʻemaʻe a paʻa loa i makemake ʻia, a hiki i ka 90 pakeneka. Akā, pono i nā pākahi ke hoʻololi nui. "

ʻOiai i kēia lā, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohui i kekahi mea e pili ana i kēia. I kēia manawa wale nō, ke hoʻokokoke nei nā mea hoʻolālā i ka uila me ke ʻano kaulike, akā hilinaʻi, e neʻe nei i waena o nā ʻōnaehana hybrid. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maoli a me ka hoʻomau o ka evolution.

Kikokikona: ʻO Georgy Kolev, ʻo Alexander Blokh