Ke kaʻa uila i nehinei, i kēia lā, ʻapōpō: ʻāpana 3

Hūnā ka huaʻōlelo "lithium-ion batteries" i nā ʻano ʻenehana like ʻole.

Hoʻokahi mea no ka maopopo - ʻoiai ka lōʻihi o ka electrochemistry lithium-ion i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia ma kēia ʻano. ʻAʻohe ʻenehana mālama ikehu electrochemical e hiki ke hoʻokūkū me ka lithium-ion. ʻO ka manaʻo, aia nā manaʻo like ʻole e hoʻohana ana i nā mea like ʻole no ka cathode, anode a me ka electrolyte, kēlā me kēia mea i loaʻa nā pōmaikaʻi like ʻole ma ke ʻano o ka lōʻihi (ka helu o ka uku a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a hiki i kahi hiki ke ʻae ʻia no nā kaʻa uila. o 80%), ka mana kWh/kg, ke kumu kūʻai euro/kg a i ʻole ka lakio mana i ka mana.

Hoʻi i ka manawa

ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻokō i nā kaʻina hana electrochemical i ka mea i kapa ʻia. Loaʻa nā pūnaewele lithium-ion mai ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā protons lithium a me nā electrons mai ka hui lithium ma ka cathode i ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana. Hāʻawi maʻalahi ka lithium atom i hoʻokahi o kāna mau electrons ʻekolu, akā no ke kumu hoʻokahi he mea hoʻoikaika nui a pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka ea a me ka wai. I loko o ke kumu voltage, hoʻomaka nā electrons e neʻe ma ko lākou kaapuni, a ua kuhikuhi ʻia nā ion i ka anode carbon-lithium a, e hele ana i ka membrane, pili iā ia. I ka wā o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, hiki mai ka neʻe ʻana - hoʻi nā ion i ka cathode, a ʻo nā electrons, ma ka huli, hele i ka ukana uila waho. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka manawa kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻokuʻu piha ʻana i ka hopena i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pilina paʻa hou, e hōʻemi a hoʻōki paha i ka hana o ka pākaukau. ʻO ka manaʻo ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lithium ma ke ʻano he mea hāʻawi ʻāpana mai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ia ka metala māmā loa a hiki ke hoʻokuʻu maʻalahi i nā protons a me nā electrons ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono. Eia naʻe, haʻalele koke nā ʻepekema i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lithium maʻemaʻe ma muli o kona volatility kiʻekiʻe, kona hiki ke hoʻopaʻa me ka ea, a no nā kumu palekana.

ʻO ka pākahi lithium-ion mua i hana ʻia i nā makahiki 1970 e Michael Whittingham, nāna i hoʻohana i ka lithium maʻemaʻe a me ka titanium sulfide ma ke ʻano he mau uila. ʻAʻole hoʻohana hou ʻia kēia electrochemistry, akā moe maoli i nā kumu no nā paila lithium-ion. I nā makahiki 1970, ua hōʻike ʻo Samar Basu i ka hiki ke komo i nā ion lithium mai ka graphite, akā mahalo i ka ʻike o kēlā manawa, ua hoʻopau koke ʻia nā paila ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia. I nā makahiki 1980, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻomōhala ʻana e ʻike i nā hui lithium kūpono no ka cathode a me ke anode o nā pila, a ʻo ka breakthrough maoli i hiki mai i 1991.

Nā NCA, NCM Lithium Cells ... he aha ka manaʻo o kēia?

Ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana me nā pūhui lithium like ʻole i ka makahiki 1991, ua lei ʻia nā hoʻoikaika ʻana o nā ʻepekema me ka kūleʻa - ua hoʻomaka ʻo Sony i ka hana nui o nā pā lithium-ion. I kēia manawa, loaʻa i nā pihi o kēia ʻano ka mana kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka nui o ka ikehu, a ʻo ka mea nui loa, he mana nui no ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Ma muli o nā koi pākaukau, ke huli nei nā hui i nā pūhui lithium like ʻole e like me ka cathode material. ʻO kēia ka lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), nā pūhui me ka nickel, cobalt and aluminum (NCA) a i ʻole me ka nickel, cobalt and manganese (NCM), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium manganese spinel (LMS), lithium titanium oxide (LTO) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka electrolyte kahi hui ʻana o nā paʻakai lithium a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe a he mea nui loa ia no ka "mobility" o nā ion lithium, a ʻo ka mea hoʻokaʻawale, nona ke kuleana no ka pale ʻana i nā kaʻa pōkole ma o ka permeable i nā ion lithium, ʻo ia ka polyethylene a i ʻole polypropylene.

Ka mana puka, hiki, a i ʻole ʻelua paha

ʻO nā ʻano nui o nā paila he nui ka ikehu, hilinaʻi a me ka palekana. Hana ʻia nā paila i kēia manawa i ka laulā o kēia mau ʻano a, ke hilinaʻi nei i nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia, loaʻa kahi pae ikehu kikoʻī o 100 a 265 W / kg (a me ka nui o ka ikehu o 400 a 700 W / L). ʻO ka mea ʻoi loa ma kēia mea ʻo ia nā pailaka NCA a me nā LFP ʻoi loa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā mea kekahi ʻaoʻao o ke kālā. I mea e hoʻonui ai i ka ikehu kikoʻī a me ka nui o ka ikehu, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano nanostructures e omo i nā mea hou aku a hāʻawi i ka conductivity kiʻekiʻe o ke kahawai ion. ʻO kahi helu nui o nā ʻona, "mālama" ʻia i loko o kahi hale paʻa, a ʻo ka conductivity nā mea e pono ai no ke kauoha wikiwiki ʻana, a kuhikuhi ʻia ka hoʻomohala i kēia mau ʻaoʻao. I ka manawa like, pono i ka hoʻolālā o nā pila e hāʻawi i ka mana i koi ʻia i ka lakio hiki ke hilinaʻi i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokele. ʻO kahi laʻana, pono e loaʻa i nā hybrids plug-in kahi lakio mana-i-hiki kiʻekiʻe no nā kumu maopopo. Nānā ʻia nā hanana o kēia lā i nā paila e like me NCA (LiNiCoAlO2 me ka cathode a me ka anode graphite) a me ka NMC 811 (LiNiMnCoO2 me ka cathode a me ka anode graphite). Loaʻa ka mea ma mua (ma waho o ka lithium) ma kahi o 80% nickel, 15% cobalt a me 5% aluminika a loaʻa kahi ikehu kikoʻī o 200-250 W / kg, ʻo ia hoʻi he palena palena ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka cobalt koʻikoʻi a me kahi ola lawelawe a hiki i ka 1500 pōʻaiapuni E hoʻopuka ʻia kēlā mau paila e Tesla ma kāna Gigafactory ma Nevada. Ke hiki i kāna kūlana piha i hoʻolālā ʻia (i ka 2020 a i ʻole 2021, kaukaʻi ʻia i ke kūlana), e hoʻopuka ka mea kanu i 35 GWh o nā paila, lawa i ka mana o nā kaʻa he 500. E hoʻēmi hou kēia i ke kumukūʻai o nā paila.

NMC 811 pāʻani he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (140-200W/kg) akā he lōʻihi ke ola, hiki i ka 2000 piha holoʻokoʻa, a he 80% nickel, 10% manganese a me 10% cobalt. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nā mea hana pākaukau a pau i kekahi o kēia mau ʻano ʻelua. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa wale nō ʻo ka hui Kina BYD, ka mea e hana ai i nā pihi LFP. ʻOi aku ke kaumaha o nā kaʻa i lako me lākou, akā ʻaʻole pono lākou i ka cobalt. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pihi NCA no nā kaʻa uila a me NMC no nā plug-in hybrids ma muli o ko lākou pono ponoʻī e pili ana i ka ikaika o ka ikehu a me ka mana. ʻO nā laʻana, ʻo ia ka e-Golf uila me ka ratio mana/kaha o 2,8 a me ka plug-in hybrid Golf GTE me ka ratio o 8,5. Ma ka inoa o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke kumukūʻai, manaʻo ʻo VW e hoʻohana i nā kelepona like ʻole no nā ʻano pākahi āpau. A hoʻokahi mea hou aʻe - ʻo ka nui o ka mana o ka pākaukau, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o nā hoʻokuʻu piha a me nā uku, a hoʻonui kēia i kona ola lawelawe, no laila - ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pākaukau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. ʻO ka lua e pili ana i nā hybrids he pilikia.

Nā kūleʻa mākeke

I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke koi no nā pākaukau no ka lawe ʻana i nā huahana uila. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo 2020 miliona mau kaʻa uila i kēlā me kēia makahiki e kūʻai ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa e 1,5, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke kumukūʻai o nā pila. I ka makahiki 2010, ʻo ke kumukūʻai o 1 kWh o kahi cell lithium-ion ma kahi o 900 euros, a i kēia manawa ua emi ia ma mua o 200 euros. ʻO 25% o ke kumukūʻai o ka pākaukau holoʻokoʻa no ka cathode, 8% no ka anode, ka mea hoʻokaʻawale a me ka electrolyte, 16% no nā pūnaewele ʻē aʻe āpau a me 35% no ka hoʻolālā pākaukau holoʻokoʻa. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, hāʻawi nā kelepona lithium-ion i ka 65 pakeneka i ke kumukūʻai o kahi pākaukau. Kuhi ʻia nā kumukūʻai Tesla no 2020 i ka wā i komo ai ʻo Gigafactory 1 i ka lawelawe ma kahi o 300 € / kWh no nā pā NCA a ʻo ke kumukūʻai e pili ana i ka huahana i hoʻopau ʻia me ka VAT awelika a me ka palapala hōʻoia. ʻO ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe loa, e hoʻomau i ka emi ʻana i ka wā.

Loaʻa nā waihona nui o ka lithium ma Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Kina, USA, Australia, Kanada, Russia, Kongo a me Serbia, me ka hapa nui e ʻeli ʻia nei mai nā loko maloʻo. I ka hōʻiliʻili hou ʻana o nā pila hou aʻe, e hoʻonui ana ka mākeke no nā mea hana hou ʻia mai nā pila kahiko. ʻO ka mea nui aku naʻe, ʻo ka pilikia o ka cobalt, ka mea, ʻoiai i loaʻa i ka nui, ua ʻeli ʻia ma ke ʻano he huahana i ka hana ʻana o nickel a me keleawe. Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Cobalt, ʻoiai ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o ka lepo, ma Kongo (ʻo ia ka nui o nā waihona i loaʻa), akā i nā kūlana e hoʻopiʻi i nā loina, ka pono a me ka pale o ka nohona.

ʻEnehana holomua

E hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ʻo nā ʻenehana i lawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he prospect no ka wā e hiki mai ana ʻaʻole maoli ia he kumu hou, akā he mau koho lithium-ion. ʻO kēia, no ka laʻana, nā pākaua paʻa paʻa, kahi e hoʻohana ai i kahi electrolyte paʻa ma kahi o kahi wai (a i ʻole gel i nā paila lithium polymer). Hāʻawi kēia hopena i kahi hoʻolālā paʻa o nā electrodes, kahi i hōʻeha i ko lākou kūpaʻa ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia me ke au kiʻekiʻe. kiʻekiʻe wela a me ka ukana kiʻekiʻe. Hiki i kēia ke hoʻonui i ke kauʻana i kēia manawa, ka nui o ka electrode a me ka capacitance. Aia nō nā paila paʻa paʻa i kahi wā mua loa o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a ʻaʻole paha e kū i ka hana lehulehu a hiki i ka waena o ʻumi mau makahiki.

ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻomaka lanakila lanakila ma ka 2017 BMW Innovation Technology Competition ma ʻAmekekama kahi ʻoihana mana uila nona ka anode silikone e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka nui o ka ikehu. Ke hana nei nā ʻenekinia i nā nanotechnologies like ʻole e hāʻawi i ka nui o ka nui a me ka ikaika i nā anode a me nā mea cathode, a ʻo kahi hopena e hoʻohana ai i ka graphene. ʻO kēia mau papa microscopic o ka graphite me ka mānoanoa o hoʻokahi a me ka hanana atomic hexagonal kekahi o nā mea i hoʻohiki maikaʻi loa. ʻO nā "pōpō graphene" i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka mea hana pūnaewele ʻo Samsung SDI, i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o ka cathode a me ka anode hanganga, hāʻawi i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, permeability a me ka nui o nā mea a me ka hoʻonui like ʻana o ka hiki ma kahi o 45% a me ʻelima mau manawa wikiwiki e hoʻoiho. ʻO kēia mau ʻenehana hiki ke loaʻa i ka impulse ikaika loa mai Formula E nā kaʻa, ʻo ia paha ka mea mua e lako pono me ia mau paila.

ʻO nā mea pāʻani i kēia kahua

ʻO nā mea pāʻani nui e like me ka Tier 123 a me ka Tier 2020 mea hoʻolako, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kelepona a me nā mea hana pākaukau, ʻo Iapana (Panasonic, Sony, GS Yuasa a me Hitachi Vehicle Energy), Korea (LG Chem, Samsung, Kokam a me SK Innovation), Kina (BYD Company) . , ATL a me Lishen) a me ka USA (Tesla, Johnson Controls, A30 Systems, EnerDel and Valence Technology). ʻO nā mea hoʻolako nui o nā kelepona i kēia manawa ʻo LG Chem, Panasonic, Samsung SDI (Korea), AESC (Iapana), BYD (Kina) a me CATL (Kina), nona ka māhele mākeke o ʻelua hapakolu. I kēia pae ma ʻEulopa, kūʻē wale ʻia lākou e BMZ Group mai Kelemānia a me Northvolth mai Suedena. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Tesla's Gigafactory ma XNUMX, e loli kēia ʻāpana - ʻo ka hui ʻAmelika e helu i ka XNUMX% o ka hana honua o nā cell lithium-ion. ʻO nā hui e like me Daimler a me BMW ua hoʻopaʻa inoa i nā ʻaelike me kekahi o kēia mau hui, e like me CATL, e kūkulu nei i kahi hale hana ma ʻEulopa.