ʻO ka motika uila, pehea ka hana?
Nā mea
Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana a holo ma hope o ke ola pākaukau, i kekahi manawa pilikia ka hoʻouka ʻana
ʻAʻohe kākoʻo aupuni e hoʻolaha i kēia ʻano kaʻa kaʻa ʻōmaʻomaʻo
Ma ka ʻoihana kaʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kaʻa uila ma mua o ka 1% mark ma ka mākeke Farani i ka hopena o 2015: noho mau ia i kahi niche, akā he niche liʻiliʻi e hoʻomaka ana e heleuma i ka ʻāina, mahalo i ke komo ʻana o nā mea pāʻani nui. i loko o ka 'oihana automotive (Renault-Nissan, BMW, Mercedes, Kia, Volkswagen, PSA, SEAT) a me ka hou entrant activism Ua hoʻonui ka mākeke i nā makahiki 5 e hiki mai ana.
A me nā kaʻa kaʻa i kēia mau mea a pau? Ma 2019 wale nō, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kaʻa uila ma mua o 1% o ka mākeke kaʻa ʻelua (1,3% ma Farani i 2020). ʻAʻole mākou i ka pae niche, aia wale nō ma ka pae o ka croquette ʻīlio ma lalo o ke kīʻaha. A ʻo kēia me ka ulu ʻana o ke komo ʻana o nā mea holo nui (BMW, KTM, Harley-Davidson, Polaris) a me ka hana o nā mea komo hou (Motorcycle Zero, Energica, Lightning…). ʻO ka dynamism i kēia lā ke hele mai ka nui o nā scooters, me nā hōʻailona mōʻaukala e like me Vespa me kāna Elettrica. Maanei mākou e kamaʻilio hou ai e pili ana i nā hōʻailona ʻike ʻole ʻia mai kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei e like me Cake, Niu, Super Socco, Xiaomi.
Ma Palani, aneane 10 mau makahiki ma hope o kona hoʻomaka ʻana i ka makahiki 2006, kūʻai wale aku ʻo Zero Motorcycles i nā kaʻa he 50 i kēlā me kēia makahiki, haʻi mai ʻo Bruno Muller, kona alakaʻi no Farani, iā mākou ma ka hōʻikeʻike kaʻa hope o Paris. ʻO BMW wale nō ka mea nāna e mālama i kāna scooter C Evolution ponoʻī, kūʻai aku ma kahi o 500 mau ʻāpana i ka makahiki, ʻoi aku ma mua o nā manaʻolana a me nā kuhi o ka mea hana Bavarian a me ka ʻokoʻa Farani.
Mai ia manawa, ʻaʻohe pule me ka ʻike ʻole ʻana i kahi manaʻo uila ʻelua huila hou, a me hoʻokahi mahina me ka ʻole o nā hiʻohiʻona kaʻa uila hou.
ʻO ka honua kaʻa kaʻa ma mua o ka honua kaʻa a, ʻoi aku, ʻaʻole ʻoliʻoli i nā ʻauhau like ʻole e hiki ai i kā mākou mau hoa 6300WD ke hoʻokele me ka noho mālie ma ke kākoʻo ʻia ʻana e ko lākou mau hoa. he bonus o 10 euros, hoʻonui ʻia i 000 euros inā e hoʻopau ʻoe i ka mea kahiko. Eia naʻe, ua kākau ʻia ʻo "Equality" ma ka pediment o ko mākou mau keʻena kūlanakauhale a pau, akā hey… Pono e ulu ka noʻonoʻo e hoʻohui i nā pilikia maoli a i ʻike ʻia paha, ma waena o ʻaʻole emi iki ka mana kūʻokoʻa maoli a me nā loina, ʻoiai inā e hoʻomaikaʻi lākou i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
A aia kekahi nīnau no ke kumukūʻai: ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi o ke kaʻa uila. ʻO ka laina Zero, nona nā kumukūʻai i hāʻule mai ka manawa mai, e hoʻomaka ana ma ka € 10 a piʻi i ka € 220 (a i ʻole he mau kaukani hou aku me nā koho wikiwiki wikiwiki), ʻoiai ke hōʻike ʻia nei ka BMW scooter mai € 17 a ʻoi aku ʻo Energica ma mua o 990 euros like. he Harley Livewire. No laila, kiʻekiʻe ka tiketi komo, ʻoiai inā e hoʻemi nui ʻia nā kumukūʻai o nā mea hoʻohana. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Zero Motorcycles ʻo ke kumukūʻai o ka "wahie" ma kahi o 15 euro i kēlā me kēia 400 mau kilomita a me nā kaʻa kaʻa e pono ai ka mālama liʻiliʻi. ʻAe, ua lilo koke kēia i mea hoihoi.
Akā ma ke ala, pehea ka hana ʻana o kahi kaʻa uila?
ʻO ke kaʻa
No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana ʻana o kahi kaʻa uila, pono kekahi mau manaʻo kumu o ka physics. Ua ʻike paha ʻoe a pau e pili ana i ko lākou polarity, hiki i nā magnet ke huki a hoʻolei paha kekahi i kekahi? ʻAe, inā ʻike ʻoe i kēia, mākaukau ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o kahi kaʻa uila: ʻo ka mea nui, e kau wale i ʻelua mau ʻāpana magnetic he alo a he alo, me nā polarities ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe: kapa ʻia ka ʻāpana kū o ka kaʻa he stator. Ke hele ka au i loko ona, huki ia i ka polarity ʻē aʻe: aia ia ma kahi axis, no laila e hoʻomaka ai e ʻōwili a kapa ʻia he rotor. E like me kēia. A laila ua lawa ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka rotor i ka axis transmission: a laila lilo ka ikehu uila i mechanical. Maanei ua lawa kou ikehu e holo ai Mea Hoʻohui Mea Manaʻo Super Blender mai Télé-Achat ("ʻae Maryse, mahalo i kāna mau mea hana 320 hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i nā kāloti liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me nā milkshakes maikaʻi" / "Excellent Pierre a me kēia mau mea āpau no kahi kālā haʻahaʻa o 199,99 euros, me kahi palapala hōʻoia no ke kino hoʻomaʻamaʻa bonus" ) a i ʻole, e hoʻoneʻe i ke kaʻa. Aia mākou ma laila.
Ma ka pepa, he nui nā pono o ka kaʻa uila: kakaikahi nā wahi neʻe, hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka mīkini (a no laila ua kaupalena ʻia ka "hoʻopau mana"), ʻaʻohe wai o loko (a no laila ʻaʻohe ʻauwai a i ʻole nā leaks), hoʻemi ʻia nā pono hoʻoluʻu (hauʻoli kekahi me ka puni) ea a no laila ʻaʻole pono ka hoʻoluʻu wai paʻakikī), ʻaʻole e haʻi i ka mea nui: ʻaʻohe pahū o loko, ʻaʻohe pollution, hāmau hana maikaʻi a loaʻa i ka torque kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka maʻalahi o kāna hoʻolālā e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka paʻa maikaʻi loa. ʻAʻole like me ka ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko, ʻaʻole pono ke kaʻa uila e wela: hiki iā ʻoe ke kau i ke kaʻa, hoʻopau i ke kinoea! ʻO ka hope, watts… (ʻae, ʻaʻohe ʻakaʻaka kēlā, akā pono nō wau e kau ma kahi…).
I kēia manawa, e hoʻi i hope: he aha kā mākou e hānai ai iā ia, kēia ʻenekini?
Nā Bateri: ʻoi aku ka Li-Ion a i ʻole Ni-Mh?
ʻAʻole like me nā kaʻa māmā māmā e like me ka Toyota Prius, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa hou ʻia nā pihi uila uila. No laila he ʻelua hopena kēia: ʻoi aku ka nui o ko lākou hiki, a ʻokoʻa hoʻi kā lākou ʻenehana.
ʻO ka maʻamau o nā ʻaniani rechargeable lithium-ion ʻenehana (Li-Ion), ʻekolu manawa ʻoi aku ka ikaika no ka leo like (akā, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai) ma mua o ka ʻenehana lua, nickel metal hydride (Ni-Mh). Loaʻa i ka Energica nā pākahi lithium polymer. ʻAʻole liʻiliʻi ka "hopena hoʻomanaʻo" i nā ʻeke Lithium-ion, no laila ko lākou maʻamau maʻamau i ka manawa. No laila, hoʻohiki ʻo Zero ma mua o 300 mau kilomita ʻoiai e mālama ana i ka liʻiliʻi o 000% o ka mana pākaukau. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pilikia o kahi kaapuni pōkole me Li-Ion: no laila ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā mīkini, ʻoi aku ke kaumaha a ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai.
ʻO ka hopena, ke wikiwiki nei ka noiʻi ʻana ma ka pae pākaukau no ka hiki ke ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, a me nā metala liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
No laila, ʻo ka hana o kahi kaʻa uila e pili ana i ka mana o ke kaʻa, a me ka hiki ʻana o nā pila e hōʻoia i ka mālama ʻana i kēia hana no ka lōʻihi o ka hiki, me ka laulā.
I kēia lā, ʻo ka mana pākaukau o ka BMW C Evolution scooter he 11 kWh, aʻo ka laina Zero e pili ana i nā mīkini mai 3,3 a 13 kWh. ʻO Energica wale nō ka pākaukau 21,5 kWh.
ʻO kekahi kumu: kaumaha. No laila, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo BMW i hoʻokahi haneli mau kilomita o ka laulā no kāna scooter (ke kaumaha nei ʻo 265 kilokani), ʻoiai hiki i ka Zero ke huakaʻi mai kahi kiʻekiʻe o 66 mau kilomita (i ka makahiki 2015 no ka FX ZF3.3 liʻiliʻi, he 112 kilokani wale nō ke kaumaha) i 312. km (DS a me DSR ZF13.0 me Power Tank, kahi pākaukau ʻē aʻe e lawe mai i ka holoʻokoʻa. No ka hoʻohālikelike, hāʻawi ʻo Harley-Davidson ma kahi o 80 km o ka laulā ma kā lākou Livewire prototype powered e 7 kWh batteries, aʻo ka KTM Freeride-e ma Enduro ʻAʻole hiki i nā mana Supermoto ke hele i kahi mamao loa me nā ʻeke 2,6kWh he 30 mau minuke o ka holo ʻana.-pāka a me ka hops.. Aka, he oiaio no e noho mama ka hope. Hoʻolaha ʻo Energica i kahi ākea o 400 mau kilomita (ma nā kūlanakauhale), akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke hoʻohuli nei mākou ma kahi o 180 km, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o ʻumi mau kilomita i kekahi mau makahiki i hala. I kēia lā, hiki i ka uila ʻelua huila ke ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 km.
Akā ʻo kēia kahi e paʻakikī ai ka hoʻohālikelike, no ka mea, pono ʻoe e kau pono i kāu cursor ma waena o nā pihi nui a me ke kaumaha palena ʻole, me ka ʻike ʻana e pau ana ke kaumaha i ka pākaukau… ʻAʻole maʻalahi. I kēlā me kēia hihia, hiki iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo i ka 13 kWh Zero Motorcycles DS a me DSR i mea hanohano loa, a kokoke i ka waiwai kūʻokoʻa! E kau i nā mea ma ke kuanaʻike, e ʻike i ka BMW X5 40th (plug-in hybrid) he 9,2 kWh o nā ʻanuʻu, kahi e hiki ai i kēia SUV nui 2,2-ton e uhi ma kahi o kanakolu kilomita i ke ʻano uila āpau; ʻO ka Nissan Leaf 2016 he 30kWh, koi 250km ākea a hele 200km i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.
Ka hoʻopau houʻana
Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pākaukau me ka nui o nā ʻanuʻu. Ma ka zero 128. Ke hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻopiha piha, ma kahi o 85%, hāʻawi ka BMS (Battery Management System) i nā electrons. A ʻoi aku ka nui o nā cell, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou i mea e hoʻouna ai iā lākou i kahi kūpono. ʻO ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka pākaukau e hoʻopiha hou i ka pākēneka hope. ʻO kēia ke kumu e kamaʻilio nui ai kekahi mau mea hana e pili ana i nā manawa hoʻouka ma kahi o 80%.
No ka mea he pilikia ʻē aʻe ka manawa e hoʻouka ai i nā kaʻa uila. No ka mea, lōʻihi ka manawa e hoʻopaʻa ai ka pila. ʻO ka mea kūpono paha he ʻōnaehana hoʻololi wikiwiki e like me hoʻopili a pāʻani, e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā lio i nā heihei relay o ka Middle Ages Post. Ke hana nei kekahi ma ia mea a hōʻike i nā manaʻo e like me nā hiʻohiʻona Gogoro a i ʻole Silence, akā ʻaʻohe hopena i ʻike ʻia i ka wā pōkole.
Ka hoʻoili pūnaewele
No laila, i ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi hoʻololi wikiwiki, pono ʻoe e hoʻopaʻa i ka pākaukau ma ka mains. Maʻaneʻi ua maʻalahi nā pilikia a pili i ka calibration o nā kahe o ka ikehu komo a me waho. Ma kahi puka pā maʻamau i kou home, he mea pōʻino ka haʻahaʻa loa o nā kahe: no laila, e helu i ka palena kiʻekiʻe o 1,8 kWh a i ʻole kekahi mau hola o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana, e pili ana i ka hiki o ka pākaukau a me ka charger. No laila, he 5,6kWh pākahi me ka charger 600W pono ʻo 9 mau hola o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, akā he manaʻo maikaʻi ia e hoʻokomo ʻia e ka mea uila no ka mea e holo ia no nā hola ma ka hopena a pono ʻoe e pale ʻia mai ka wela.
Ka hoʻouka ʻana ma nā terminals
Loaʻa i nā ʻano 3 terminals (Autolib style) ka mana hoʻouka i ka pahu a hiki ke kahe a hiki i 3,7kWh. ʻO ka mea hope loa, hiki i nā pahu hoʻopiʻi wikiwiki a Tesla ke hoʻopaʻa i ka 50 kWh. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kaʻa kaʻa, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i mākaukau e ʻae i kēia mau kumu wikiwiki loa (koe naʻe ka Energica me kahi kumu CCS). Eia naʻe, e like me ka Zero, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohana i ka mea hoʻohana "Charge Tank", e hana ana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoikaika a hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopaʻa i ke kumu hoʻohālike 13kWh ma kahi o 3 mau hola a me ke kumu hoʻohālike 9,8kWh ma kahi o 2 mau hola.
Ma nā kaʻa, kōkua kekahi mau mea hana i nā mea kūʻai aku e hoʻolako i kahi kikowaena hoʻouka wikiwiki ma ka home, a i kekahi manawa e hauʻoli i ke kākoʻo piha no ka hana. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hāʻawi ka kaʻa kaʻa i kekahi mea like, akā pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma Iulai 12, 2011, ua hoʻoholo ʻia kahi kānāwai e pili ana i ka "kuleana iʻa" i loko o nā condominiums: inā noi kekahi o nā mea kuleana e hoʻokomo i kahi. ka hoʻouka ʻana i ke kumu ma ka wahi kaʻa a i ʻole kahi maʻamau, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻole ʻia (no kāu moʻokāki).
ʻO ka nani ka hakahaka...
Mai ʻAʻole hauʻoli ʻO 1899 (ʻo ke kaʻa mua i ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 km / h he kaʻa uila), ua maʻalahi ka pilikia o nā kaʻa uila: hoʻopili mākou i nā pihi i ka papahele, no ka mea, aia kahi ākea, ʻo ia hoʻi, kōkua ia i ka rigidity o ka holoʻokoʻa, a laila hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopiha iā lākou. Ma nā kaʻa kaʻa, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka pilikia, a no laila ʻo ka paʻakikī no nā mea ʻenekinia e hoʻokomo i nā mea āpau i loko o ka wahi i loaʻa ma luna o ke kaʻa kaʻa, ʻo ia wale nō (ka haʻalulu paʻakikī, ma laila) i kaupalena ʻia.
He kuleana nō hoʻi nā mea hoʻolālā ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēlā mau ʻenekona maikaʻi ʻole. E like me Brammo, ua like nā Zeros mua me nā pahu hau huila me kā lākou mau ʻenekini hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻole, akā ua hoʻomaikaʻi nā mea mai ia manawa. No ka laʻana, hūnā maikaʻi ka Harley-Davidson Livewire i kāna pāʻani, a me ka Energy Ego RS +. I kēia manawa, ke neʻe nei nā kaʻa kaʻa uila mai nā ʻano noho huila, e like me ka wā ma mua. ʻAe ʻia nā ʻenehana hou iā ʻoe e nānā i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka uku a i ʻole ka papahana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā noi ma kāu kelepona. ʻAe kēia mau mea iā ʻoe e ʻimi i kahi kaʻa kaʻa, e hahai i kāna ʻai ʻana i kēlā me kēia huakaʻi a loaʻa i kona mana kūʻokoʻa i ka manawa maoli.
No laila, no ka hoʻomohala ʻana, pono e hilinaʻi nā kaʻa uila i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana, hiki ke hāʻawi wale i kāna democratization a me nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka misionari a GEME, ka neʻe kaʻa kaʻa uila ʻEulopa, e hōʻike ʻia ma ka hōʻike EVER e hiki mai ana ma Monaco.
