Egzoplanetya

ʻO Nathalie Bataglia o ka NASA's Ames Research Center, kekahi o nā mea hahai holoholona kaulana loa, i ʻōlelo ʻia i loko o kahi hālāwai ninaninau ua hoʻololi nā ʻike exoplanet i ke ʻano o kā mākou ʻike ʻana i ke ao holoʻokoʻa. "Nānā mākou i ka lani a ʻike mākou ʻaʻole wale i nā hōkū, akā ʻo nā ʻōnaehana solar, no ka mea i kēia manawa ua ʻike mākou he hoʻokahi honua e hoʻopuni ana i kēlā me kēia hōkū," ʻae ʻo ia.

mai nā makahiki i hala iho nei, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ua hōʻike maikaʻi lākou i ke ʻano o ke kanaka, kahi e hāʻawi ai ka ʻimi ʻoluʻolu i ka hauʻoli a me ka ʻoluʻolu no kahi manawa. No ka mea e hiki koke mai ana nā nīnau hou a me nā pilikia e pono ke hoʻopau ʻia i mea e loaʻa ai nā pane hou. He 3,5 tausani mau hōkūhele a me ka manaʻoʻiʻo he mea maʻamau ia mau kino ma ka lewa? No laila pehea inā ʻike mākou i kēia, inā ʻaʻole mākou ʻike i ka hana ʻana o kēia mau mea mamao? He lewa ko lākou, a inā pēlā, hiki iā ʻoe ke hanu? Hiki ke noho ia lakou, a ina pela, aia anei ke ola iloko o lakou?

ʻEhiku mau hōkūhele me ka wai wai

ʻO kekahi o nā nūhou o ka makahiki ʻo ia ka ʻike ʻana e NASA a me ka European Southern Observatory (ESO) o ka ʻōnaehana hōkū TRAPPIST-1, kahi i helu ʻia ma kahi o ʻehiku mau honua honua. Eia kekahi, ma kahi pālākiō cosmic, kokoke loa ka ʻōnaehana, he 40 mau makahiki māmā wale nō.

Ka moʻolelo o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hōkūhele a puni kahi hōkū TRAPPIST-1 mai ka hopena o 2015. A laila, mahalo i ka nānā ʻana me ka Belgian TRAPPIST Lopako Telescope Ua ʻike ʻia ʻekolu honua ma ka La Silla Observatory ma Chile. Ua hoʻolaha ʻia kēia ma Mei 2016 a ua hoʻomau ʻia ka noiʻi. Ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi manaʻo ikaika no ka ʻimi hou ʻana e ka nānā ʻana i kahi huakaʻi ʻekolu o nā hīnaʻi (ʻo ia hoʻi, ko lākou ala e kū ana i ke kua o ka Lā) ma Dekemaba 11, 2015, i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana. VLT telescope ma ka Paranal Observatory. Ua kūleʻa ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hōkūhele ʻē aʻe - ua hoʻolaha ʻia i kēia manawa he ʻehiku mau hokele i loko o ka ʻōnaehana e like ka nui me ka Honua, a aia paha kekahi o lākou i nā moana wai wai (1).

1. Ke hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā ʻike o ka ʻōnaehana TRAPPIST-1 ma o ka telescope Spitzer

ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hōkū TRAPPIST-1 ma mua o ko mākou Lā - ʻo 8% wale nō o kona nui a me 11% o kona anawaena. ʻO nā mea a pau . Nā manawa orbital, kēlā me kēia: 1,51 mau lā / 2,42 / 4,05 / 6,10 / 9,20 / 12,35 a ma kahi o 14-25 mau lā (2).

2. ʻEhiku exoplanets o ka ʻōnaehana TRAPPIST-1

Hōʻike ka helu ʻana no nā kumu hoʻohālike i manaʻo ʻia e loaʻa nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no ke ola ʻana ma nā hōkū. ʻO TRAPPIST-1, f ʻO Odraz g. Me he mea lā ua mahana loa nā hīkū kokoke loa, a ʻo nā hōkūhele ma waho ke anuanu loa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka hihia o nā hīnaʻi b, c, d, hiki mai ka wai ma nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka ʻili, e like me ka hiki ke noho ma ka honua h - inā loaʻa kekahi ʻano hana hoʻomehana.

Malia paha e lilo ka TRAPPIST-1 i kumu o ka noiʻi ikaika i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, ke hoʻomaka ka hana, e like me ʻO James Webb Space Telescope (ka mea pani Hubble Space Telescope) a i ʻole ke kūkulu ʻia nei e ESO E-ELT telescope ʻaneʻane 40 m ke anawaena. Makemake nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻāʻo inā he lewa ko kēia mau hīkū a puni lākou a nānā i nā hōʻailona o ka wai ma luna o lākou.

ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka nui o ʻekolu mau papa honua i ka wahi i kapa ʻia a puni ka hōkū TRAPPIST-1, akā liʻiliʻi ka manawa e lilo ai lākou i mau wahi hoʻokipa. ʻO kēia wahi lehulehu loa. ʻO ka honua mamao loa o ka ʻōnaehana ʻeono manawa kokoke i kona hōkū ma mua o Mercury i ka Lā. ma ke ʻano o nā ana ma mua o ka quartet (Mercury, Venus, Earth a me Mars). Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka hoihoi ma ke ʻano o ka density.

ʻO ka Honua f - ka waena o ka ecosphere - he 60% wale nō ka nui o ko ka Honua, aʻo ka honua c he 16% ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka honua. ʻO lākou a pau, ʻo ka mea nui paha, nā hōkū pōhaku. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻopili nui ʻia kēia mau ʻikepili i ka pōʻaiapili o ke ola-aloha. Ke nānā nei i kēia mau pae hoʻohālike, manaʻo paha kekahi, no ka laʻana, pono ʻo Venus i moho ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ke ola a me ka noho ʻana ma mua o Mars. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o Mars no nā kumu he nui.

No laila pehea ka hopena o nā mea a pau a mākou e ʻike ai i ke ola ma TRAPPIST-1? ʻAe, manaʻo nā naysayers iā lākou he ʻoʻopa.

ʻO nā hōkū ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka Lā he lōʻihi ke ola, e hāʻawi ana i ka manawa kūpono e ulu ai ke ola. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o lākou - ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka makani o ka lā i loko o ia mau ʻōnaehana, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā lethal flares e ʻoi aku ka pinepine a ʻoi aku ka ikaika.

Eia kekahi, he mau hōkū ʻoluʻolu lākou, no laila kokoke loa ko lākou wahi noho iā lākou. No laila, he kiʻekiʻe loa ka manaʻo e hoʻopau mau ʻia ka honua ma ia wahi. He mea paʻakikī hoʻi iā ia ke mālama i ka lewa. Hoʻomau ka honua i kāna pūpū palupalu i ke kahua magnetic, he kahua pākē ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana (ʻoiai he mau manaʻo like ʻole kekahi, e ʻike ma lalo). ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo ka ʻōnaehana a puni ʻo TRAPPIST-1 ua "hoʻopili ʻia" i mea e kū mau ai nā hīkū a pau i ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi o ka hōkū, e like me kā mākou e ʻike mau ai i ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi o ka mahina. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi o kēia mau hoku ma kahi ʻē aʻe mai ko lākou hōkū, ua hoʻokumu i ko lākou lewa ma mua a laila hoʻokokoke i ka hōkū. I kēlā manawa, nele paha lākou i ka lewa i ka manawa pōkole.

Akā, pehea kēia mau ʻulaʻula?

Ma mua o ko mākou pupule ʻana i nā "kaikuahine ʻehiku" o TRAPPIST-1, ua pupule mākou i kahi honua e like me ka Honua ma kahi kokoke i ka ʻōnaehana solar. ʻO nā ana wikiwiki radial pololei i hiki ke ʻike i ka makahiki 2016 i kahi honua e like me ka Honua i kapa ʻia ʻo Proxima Centauri b (3), e hoʻopuni ana iā Proxima Centauri i ka ecosphere.

3. Noi ma ka ili o ka honua Proxima Centauri b

ʻO ka nānā ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ana ʻoi aku ka pololei, e like me ka James Webb Space Telescope i hoʻolālā ʻia, e ʻike paha i ka honua. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ʻo Proxima Centauri he ʻulaʻula a me ka hōkū wela, hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ka hiki ke ola ma ka honua e hoʻopuni ana iā ia (me ka ʻole o kona kokoke ʻana i ka Honua, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia he pahuhopu no ka lele interstellar). ʻO ka hopohopo e pili ana i nā lapalapa e alakaʻi maoli ana i ka nīnau inā he kahua magnetic ka honua, e like me ka Honua, nāna e pale iā ia. No nā makahiki he nui, ua manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema he mea hiki ʻole ke hana ʻia o ia mau māla magnetic ma nā papa honua e like me Proxima b, no ka mea, ʻo ka synchronous rotation e pale i kēia. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hana ʻia ke kahua magnetic e kahi au uila i ke kumu o ka honua, a ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e pono ai e hana i kēia au ma muli o ka ʻōwili ʻana o ka honua. ʻAʻole hiki i ka honua kaʻawili lohi ke lawe i nā ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka wikiwiki e hana i kahi māla magnetic e hiki ke hoʻohuli i nā lapalapa a hiki iā lākou ke mālama i ka lewa.

nae Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi hou aʻe e hoʻopaʻa pū ʻia nā māla magnetic honua e ka convection, kahi kaʻina e piʻi ai ka mea wela i loko o ke poʻo, e maʻalili, a laila e iho i lalo.

Hoʻopili ʻia nā manaʻolana no ka lewa ma nā hōkū e like me Proxima Centauri b i ka ʻike hou loa e pili ana i ka honua. ʻO Gliese 1132kaʻapuni a puni kahi ʻulaʻula. Aneane aohe ola malaila. ʻO Gehena kēia, e palai ana ma kahi mahana ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o 260 ° C. Eia naʻe, he pō me ka lewa! Ke kālailai ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka honua ma ʻehiku mau nalu like ʻole o ka mālamalama, ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema he ʻokoʻa kona nui. ʻO ia hoʻi, ma waho aʻe o ke ʻano o ka mea ponoʻī, ua uhi ʻia ka mālamalama o ka hōkū e ka lewa, kahi e hiki ai i kekahi o kona lōʻihi ke hele. A ʻo kēia, ʻo ia hoʻi, he lewa ʻo Gliese 1132 b, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e like me nā lula.

He nūhou maikaʻi kēia no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā dwarf ʻulaʻula ma luna o 90% o ka heluna hōkū (ʻo nā hōkū melemele ma kahi o 4%) wale nō. He kahua paʻa ko mākou i kēia manawa e hilinaʻi ai i kekahi o lākou e hauʻoli i ka lewa. ʻOiai ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike i ke ʻano e hiki ai ke mālama ʻia, ʻo kāna ʻike ʻana iho he mea wānana maikaʻi ia no ka ʻōnaehana TRAPPIST-1 a me ko mākou hoa noho ʻo Proxima Centauri b.

ʻO nā hoʻokō mua

Ua ʻike ʻia nā hōʻike ʻepekema e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā planeta extrasolar ma mua o ke kenekulia XNUMX. ʻO kekahi o nā mea mua William Jacob mai ka Madras Observatory ma 1855, ka mea i ʻike i ka ʻōnaehana hoku binary 70 Ophiuchus i loko o ka constellation Ophiuchus he mau anomalies e hōʻike ana i ke ola ʻana o kahi "kino honua" ma laila. Ua kākoʻo ʻia ka hōʻike e nā ʻike Thomas J. J. See mai ke Kulanui o Chicago, ka mea i hoʻoholo ma kahi o 1890 ua hōʻoia nā anomalies i ke ola ʻana o kahi kino ʻeleʻele e hoʻopuni ana i kekahi o nā hōkū, me ka manawa orbital o 36 mau makahiki. Eia naʻe, ma hope mai ua ʻike ʻia ʻo kahi ʻōnaehana kino ʻekolu me ia mau ʻāpana e paʻa ʻole.

I ka huli, i ka 50-60s. I ke kenekulia XNUMX, he kanaka kilo hōkū ʻAmelika Peter van de Kamp Ua hōʻike ʻo Astrometry i ka huli ʻana o nā hīkū a puni ka hōkū kokoke loa ʻo Barnard (ma kahi o 5,94 mau makahiki māmā mai mākou).

ʻO kēia mau hōʻike mua i manaʻo ʻia he hewa.

Ua hana ʻia ka ʻike mua ʻana o kahi honua extrasolar i ka makahiki 1988. Ua ʻike ʻia ka honua Gamma Cephei b me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano Doppler. (ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻulaʻula/ʻulaʻula) - a ua hana ʻia kēia e ka poʻe kilo hōkū ʻo Kanada ʻo B. Campbell, G. Walker a me S. Young. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻoia hope ʻia kā lākou ʻike ʻana i ka makahiki 2002. He 903,3 mau lā o ka Honua ka honua, a i ʻole 2,5 makahiki o ka Honua, a ua manaʻo ʻia kona nui ma kahi o 1,8 Jupiter. Hoʻopuni ʻo ia i ka pilikua gamma-ray Cepheus, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo Errai (ʻike ʻia e ka maka ʻōlohelohe i ka constellation Cepheus), ma kahi mamao o 310 miliona mau kilomita.

Ma hope koke iho, ua ʻike ʻia kēlā mau kino ma kahi ʻano maʻamau. Ua puni lākou i kahi pulsar (he hōkū neutron i hana ʻia ma hope o ka pahū supernova). ʻApelila 21, 1992, ka mea kilo lekiō Polani - ʻO Alexander Volshan, a me ka Amerika Dale Friel, hoʻopuka i kahi ʻatikala e hōʻike ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ʻekolu mau papa honua extrasolar i ka ʻōnaehana planetary o ka pulsar PSR 1257+12.

Ua ʻike ʻia ka honua extrasolar mua i ka 1995. Ua hana ʻia kēia e nā ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o Geneva - Michelle Meia i Didier Keloz, Mahalo i ka nānā ʻana i ka spectrum o ka hōkū 51 Pegasi, e waiho ana ma ka hōkū ʻo Pegasus. ʻOkoʻa loa ka hoʻolālā o waho mai. Ua lilo ka honua 51 Pegasi b (4) i mea kinoea me ka nuipa o 0,47 Jupiter, kahi e kaapuni kokoke loa i kona hoku, 0,05 AU wale no. mai ia (ma kahi o 3 miliona km).

Hele ʻo Kepler telescope i ka orbit

Aia i kēia manawa ma luna o 3,5 exoplanets i ʻike ʻia o nā nui āpau, mai ka nui ma mua o Jupiter a i ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka Honua. A (5) lawe mai i kahi holomua. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka orbit i Malaki 2009. Loaʻa iā ia ke aniani me ke anawaena o kahi o 0,95 m a ʻo ka sensor CCD nui loa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa - 95 megapixels. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o ka misionari ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke alapine o ka hanana ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana honua ma ke ākea a me ka ʻokoʻa o ko lākou mau hale. Mālama ka telescope i nā hōkū he nui a ʻike i nā hōkū ma ke ʻano transit. Ua kuhikuhi ʻia i ka pūʻulu hōkū ʻo Cygnus.

5. Ke nānā aku nei ka telescope Kepler i kahi exoplanet ma mua o ka diski o kona hōkū.

I ka wā i pani ʻia ai ka telescope ma muli o kahi hana ʻino i ka makahiki 2013, ua hōʻike leo nui nā ʻepekema i ko lākou hauʻoli i kāna mau hoʻokō. Ua ʻike ʻia naʻe, i kēlā manawa, ʻike wale mākou ua pau ka huakaʻi hahai honua. ʻAʻole wale no ka hoʻolaha hou ʻana o Kepler ma hope o ka hoʻomaha, akā no ka nui o nā ala hou e ʻike ai i nā mea hoihoi.

Ua ho'ōki ka huila pane mua o ka telescope i ka hana ma Iulai 2012. Eia naʻe, ʻekolu mau mea i koe - ua ʻae lākou i ka ʻimi e hoʻokele i ka lewa. Me he mea lā ua hiki iā Kepler ke hoʻomau i kāna mau ʻike. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, i ka Mei 2013, hōʻole ka huila lua e hoʻolohe. Ua ho'āʻo ʻia e hoʻohana i ka nānā ʻana no ke kūlana nā motika hoʻoponoponoua pau koke nae ka wahie. I ka waena o ʻOkakopa 2013, ua hoʻolaha ʻo NASA ʻaʻole e ʻimi hou ʻo Kepler i nā hōkū.

Eia naʻe, mai Mei 2014, ua hana ʻia kahi misionari hou o kahi mea hanohano nā mea hahai holoholona, i ʻōlelo ʻia e NASA ʻo K2. Ua hiki kēia ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana kuʻuna liʻiliʻi iki. No ka mea ʻaʻole hiki i ka telescope ke hana me ʻelua huila hopena maikaʻi (ma ka liʻiliʻi ʻekolu), ua hoʻoholo nā ʻepekema NASA e hoʻohana i ke kaomi. pāhawewe lā ma ke ʻano he " huila hopena virtual ". Ua kūleʻa kēia ʻano hana i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ke telescope. Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka misionari K2, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻumi kaukani o nā hōkū.

Ua ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka lawelawe ʻana o Kepler ma mua o ka mea i hoʻolālā ʻia (a hiki i 2016), akā ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā mikiona hou o ke ʻano like no nā makahiki.

Ke hana nei ka European Space Agency (ESA) i kahi satellite nona ka hana e hoʻoholo pololei a noiʻi i ke ʻano o nā exoplanets i ʻike mua ʻia (CHEOPS). Ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka misionari no 2017. Makemake ʻo NASA e hoʻouna i ka satellite TESS i ka lewa i kēia makahiki, e kālele nui ʻia i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā honua honua., ma kahi o 500 mau hōkū kokoke iā mākou. ʻO ka hoʻolālā ka ʻike ʻana ma kahi o ʻekolu haneli "ka lua o ka Honua".

Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau mikiona ʻelua ma ke ʻano transit. ʻAʻole ʻo ia wale nō. I Pepeluali 2014, ua ʻae ka European Space Agency Misiona PLATEAU. Wahi a ka hoʻolālā o kēia manawa, pono ia e haʻalele i ka makahiki 2024 a hoʻohana i ka telescope o ka inoa hoʻokahi e ʻimi i nā hōkū pōhaku me ka wai. Hiki i kēia mau ʻike ke ʻimi i nā exomoons, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka ʻikepili a Kepler e hana i kēia. E hoʻohālikelike ka naʻau o PLATO me Ka telescope a Kepler.

Ma NASA, ke hana nei nā hui like ʻole i ka noiʻi hou ʻana ma kēia wahi. ʻO kekahi o nā papahana i ʻike liʻiliʻi ʻia a i ka wā mua aka hoku. He nīnau ia no ka uhi ʻana i ka mālamalama o ka hōkū me kekahi mea e like me ka malu, i ʻike ʻia ai nā hōkūhele ma waho. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka loiloi lōʻihi nalu, e hoʻoholo ʻia nā ʻāpana o ko lākou lewa. E loiloi ʻo NASA i ka papahana i kēia makahiki a i ʻole aʻe a hoʻoholo inā pono ke alualu. Inā hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka misionari Starshade, a laila ma 2022

Ke hoʻohana ʻia nei nā ʻano hana kuʻuna liʻiliʻi no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā planeta extrasolar. Ma 2017, hiki i nā mea pāʻani EVE Online ke ʻimi i nā exoplanets maoli i ka honua honua. - ma ke ʻano he papahana e hoʻokō ʻia e nā mea hoʻomohala pāʻani, ʻo ka Massively Multiplayer Online Science (MMOS) platform, Reykjavik University a me ke Kulanui o Geneva.

Pono ka poʻe i komo i ka papahana e ʻimi no nā planeta extrasolar ma o ka pāʻani liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia Ke wehe ʻana i kahi papahana. I ka wā o nā lele mokulele, hiki ke lōʻihi a hiki i kekahi mau minuke, ma muli o ka mamao ma waena o kēlā me kēia kikowaena kikowaena, e nānā lākou i ka ʻikepili astronomical hou. Inā ʻae nā mea pāʻani i ka hoʻokaʻawale kūpono o ka ʻike, e hoʻihoʻi ʻia i ke Kulanui o Geneva e kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana. Michelle Meia, lanakila o ka 2017 Wolf Prize in Physics a me ka mea i ʻike mua ʻia o kahi exoplanet ma 1995, e hōʻike i ka papahana ma kēia makahiki EVE Fanfest ma Reykjavik, Iceland.

E aʻo hou

Manaʻo ka poʻe Astronomers aia ma kahi o 17 biliona ma kahi o ka honua i loko o kā mākou galaxy. Ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka helu i kekahi mau makahiki i hala e ka poʻe ʻepekema ma Harvard Astrophysical Center, ma muli o nā ʻike i hana ʻia me ka telescope Kepler.

Hoʻomaopopo ʻo François Fressen o ka Center i kēia mau ʻikepili, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia i ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia o nā piliona o ka honua i nā kūlana kūpono no ke ola. Hoʻokahi wale nō ka nui ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale nō. He mea nui nō hoʻi mamao mai ka hokua puni ka honua. E hoʻomanaʻo i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hapa nui o kēia mau mea e like me ka Honua ma nā ʻōpuni haiki e like me Mercury, ua hoʻohuli lākou a puni nā mea ʻē aʻe.

nā hōkū, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kekahi ma mua o ko mākou lā. Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema i mea e ola ai, ma ka liʻiliʻi e like me kā mākou ʻike, pono ia wai wai.

ʻAʻole ʻōlelo liʻiliʻi ke ʻano transit e pili ana i ka honua ponoʻī. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana iā ia e hoʻoholo i kona nui a me ka mamao mai ka hōkū. ʻenehana ana radial velocity hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kona nuipaʻa. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā ʻano ʻelua e hiki ke helu i ka density. Hiki paha ke nānā pono i kahi exoplanet?

ʻIke ʻia ʻo ia. Ua ʻike ʻo NASA i ka maikaʻi o ka nānā ʻana i nā planeta like Kepler-7 pno ia mea i hoʻolālā ʻia me nā telescopes Kepler a me Spitzer palapala ao o ka lewa. Ua ʻike ʻia he wela loa kēia honua no nā ʻano ola i ʻike ʻia e mākou - ʻoi aku ka wela mai 816 a 982 ° C. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka wehewehe kikoʻī o ia mea he pae nui i mua, ʻoiai ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i kahi honua i hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki māmā mai o mākou. I ka huli ʻana, ʻo ka noho ʻana o kahi uhi ao ākea a puni nā exoplanets GJ 436b a me GJ 1214b ua loaʻa mai ka nānā ʻana spectroscopic o ka mālamalama mai nā hōkū makua.

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hokele ʻelua i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo super-Earth. He 436 mau makahiki māmā ka mamao o GJ 6b (36) ma ka hui hōkū Leo. Aia ʻo GJ 1214b i ka hui hōkū ʻo Ophiuchus, 40 mau makahiki māmā mai ka Honua. Ua like ka nui me Neptune, akā ua kokoke loa i kona hōkū ma mua o ka "prototype" i ʻike ʻia mai ka ʻōnaehana lā. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka lua ma mua o Neptune, akā ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka Honua.

6. Papa ao a puni GJ 436b - ʻike maka

Hele pū mai me optics adaptive, hoʻohana ʻia i ka astronomy e hoʻopau i nā haunaele i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā haʻalulu i ka lewa. ʻO kāna hoʻohana ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ke telescope me kahi kamepiula i mea e pale aku ai i nā distortions kūloko o ke aniani (ma ke kauoha o kekahi mau micrometers), a laila hoʻoponopono i nā hewa i ke kiʻi i hopena. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Chile. Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ka hāmeʻa i Nowemapa 2013.

He ikaika loa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka GPI i hiki ke ʻike i ke ʻano kukui o nā mea pōʻeleʻele a mamao e like me nā exoplanets. Mahalo i kēia, hiki ke aʻo hou e pili ana i kā lākou haku mele. Ua koho ʻia ka honua e like me kekahi o nā pahuhopu nānā mua. ʻO ka mea pena Beta b. I kēia hihia, hana ka GPI e like me ka coronagraph solar, ʻo ia hoʻi, uhi ia i ka disk o kahi hōkū mamao e hōʻike i ka mālamalama o kahi honua kokoke. 

ʻO ke kī i ka nānā ʻana i nā "hōʻailona o ke ola" ʻo ia ka mālamalama mai kahi hōkū e hoʻopuni ana i ka honua. ʻO ka mālamalama e hele ana ma ka lewa o kahi exoplanet e waiho i kahi ala kikoʻī e hiki ke ana ʻia mai ka Honua. me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano spectroscopic, i.e. ka nānā ʻana o ka pāhawewe i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻopuehu ʻia paha e kekahi mea kino. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi ala like e aʻo ai i nā ʻili o nā exoplanets. Eia naʻe, hoʻokahi kūlana. Pono ka ʻili o ka honua e hoʻomohu a hoʻopuehu paha i ka mālamalama. He mau moho maikaʻi nā papa hoʻokuʻu ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi nā papa hoʻokuʻu waho i loko o ke ao lepo nui. 

Me nā mea hana i loaʻa iā mākou, me ka ʻole o ke kūkulu ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā mākaʻikaʻi hou i ka lewa, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ka wai ma ka honua i kahi mau makahiki māmā. ʻO nā kānaka ʻepekema, me ke kōkua o Telescope Nui Loa ma Chile - ua ʻike lākou i nā ʻano wai i ka lewa o ka honua 51 Pegasi b, ʻaʻole pono lākou i ka neʻe ʻana o ka honua ma waena o ka hōkū a me ka Honua. Ua lawa ka nānā ʻana i nā loli maʻalahi i ka pilina ma waena o ka exoplanet a me ka hōkū. Wahi a ka poʻe ʻepekema, ʻo nā ana o nā loli i ka mālamalama i ʻike ʻia e hōʻike ana i ka lewa o kahi honua mamao he 1/10 tausani wai, a me nā ʻano. hona i mokaea. ʻAʻole hiki ke hōʻoia i kēia mau ʻike ma kahi ... 

ʻO kekahi ala ʻē aʻe o ka nānā pono ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā exoplanets ʻaʻole mai ka lewa, akā mai ka Honua i noi ʻia e nā ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui ʻo Princeton. Ua hoʻomohala lākou i ka ʻōnaehana CHARIS, kahi ʻano spectrograph hooluolu loahiki ke ʻike i ka mālamalama i ʻike ʻia e ka nui, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o Jupiter, exoplanets. Mahalo i kēia, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ko lākou kaumaha a me ka mahana, a, no laila, ko lākou mau makahiki. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka hāmeʻa ma ka Subaru Observatory ma Hawaii.

I Kepakemapa 2016, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka pilikua. Telescope lekiō Kina (), ʻo kāna hana ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hōʻailona o ke ola ma nā honua ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa ka manaʻolana nui o nā kānaka ʻepekema a puni ka honua. He manawa kūpono kēia e nānā wikiwiki a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka wā ma mua o ka moʻolelo o ka ʻimi extraterrestrial. E palua ana kona kahua ike telescope Arecibo ma Puerto Rico, ka mea i poʻokela no nā makahiki he 53 i hala iho nei.

ʻO ke anawaena o ka FAST canopy he 500 m. Aia he 4450 triangular panel alumini. Noho ʻo ia i kahi e like me kanakolu mau kahua pōpeku. No ka hana, pono wau ... noho mālie i loko o kahi radius o 5 km, a no laila kokoke i 10 tausani. ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka poʻe e noho ana ma laila. Radio telescope Aia ia i loko o kahi loko wai maoli ma waena o nā hiʻohiʻona nani o nā ʻano karst ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma ka hema o ka ʻāina ʻo Guizhou.

I kēia mau lā, ua hiki ke kiʻi pololei i kahi exoplanet ma kahi mamao o 1200 mau makahiki māmā. Ua hana pū ʻia kēia e nā astronomers mai ka South European Observatory (ESO) a me Chile. Ke ʻimi nei i ka honua i kaha ʻia CVSO 30c (7) ʻaʻole i hōʻoia ʻia.

7. Hōkū CVSO 30c - kiʻi mai ka VLT

Loaʻa maoli ke ola extraterrestrial?

Ma mua, ua aneane hiki ʻole i ka ʻepekema ke hypothesize e pili ana i ke ola naʻauao a me nā lāhui malihini. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā manaʻo wiwo ʻole e ka mea i kapa ʻia. ʻO kēia physicist nui, Nobel laureate, ka mea i ʻike mua i kēlā aia kahi kū'ē aʻe ma waena o nā manaʻo kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka hiki ke ola o nā moʻomeheu extraterrestrial a me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā meheu ʻike ʻia o ko lākou ola ʻana. "Auhea lakou?" Pono ka mea ʻepekema e nīnau, a ukali ʻia e nā mea kānalua ʻē aʻe, e kuhikuhi ana i ka makahiki o ke ao holoʻokoʻa a me ka helu o nā hōkū.. I kēia manawa hiki iā ia ke hoʻohui i kāna ʻano hoʻohālikelike i nā "planeta like-Earth" i ʻike ʻia e ka telescope Kepler. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻonui wale kā lākou lehulehu i ke ʻano paradoxical o nā manaʻo o Fermi, akā ʻo ka lewa o ka hoihoi e hoʻohuli i kēia mau kānalua i loko o ka malu.

ʻO nā mea i ʻike ʻia ʻo Exoplanet he mea hoʻohui koʻikoʻi i kahi papa hana manaʻo ʻē aʻe e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻonohonoho i kā mākou mau hana i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā moʻomeheu extraterrestrial - Hoʻohālike Drake. Ka mea nāna i hana i ka papahana SETI, Frank DrakeUa aʻo au i kēlā ʻO ka helu o nā civilizations e hiki ai i ke kanaka ke kamaʻilio, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma muli o ka manaʻo o nā ʻenehana ʻenehana, hiki ke loaʻa ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana o kēia mau civilizations me ko lākou helu. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia a manaʻo ʻia paha ka mea hope ma muli o ka pākēneka o nā hōkū me nā hōkū, ka helu awelika o nā hōkū, a me ka pākēneka o nā hōkū ma ka wahi noho.. ʻO kēia ka ʻikepili i loaʻa mai iā mākou, a hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopiha i ka hoohalike (8) me nā helu.

ʻO ka Fermi paradox kahi nīnau paʻakikī a hiki iā mākou ke pane wale i ka wā e hoʻopili ai mākou me kekahi moʻomeheu holomua. No Drake, ua pololei nā mea a pau, pono ʻoe e hana i kahi ʻano o nā manaʻo ma ke kumu e hana ai i nā manaʻo hou. I kēia manawa Amir Axel, prof. Ua helu ʻia nā helu helu ʻo Bentley College i kā lākou puke "Probability = 1" i ka hiki ke ola ma waho. kokoke 100%.

Pehea ʻo ia i hana ai? Ua manaʻo ʻo ia he 50% ka pākēneka o nā hōkū me ka honua (ma hope o nā hopena o ka telescope Kepler, ʻoi aku ka nui). A laila, manaʻo ʻo ia aia ma ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi o nā hōkū ʻeiwa i nā kūlana kūpono no ka puka ʻana mai o ke ola, a ʻo ka probability o kahi mole DNA he 1 ma 1015. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia ʻo ka helu o nā hōkū ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa he 3 × 1022 (ka hopena o e hoonui ana i ka heluna o na galaxia me ka awelika heluna o na hoku iloko o ka lani hookahi). prof. Ke alakaʻi nei ʻo Akzel i ka hopena ma kahi o ke ao holoʻokoʻa ua ala ke ola. Eia nō naʻe, mamao loa ia mai iā mākou a ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike kekahi i kekahi.

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo kēia mau manaʻo helu e pili ana i ke kumu o ke ola a me nā ʻenehana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe. No ka laʻana, he hypothetical alien civilization. ʻaʻole makemake ʻo ia e hui me makou. Hiki nō hoʻi lākou i nā civila. hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻaʻike mai iā mākou, no ka ʻenehana a i ʻole nā ​​kumu ʻē aʻe i hiki ʻole iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo. Malia paha ʻaʻole mākou maopopo a ʻike ʻole nā hōʻailona a me nā ʻano kamaʻilio e loaʻa iā mākou mai nā "aliens".

"Non-existent" planets

Nui nā pahele i ka ʻimi manuahi ʻole no nā hōkūhele, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka coincidence Gliese 581 d. Ke kākau nei nā kumu punaewele e pili ana i kēia mea: "ʻAʻole maoli ka honua, ʻo ka ʻikepili ma kēia ʻāpana e wehewehe wale i nā ʻano kumu o kēia honua inā hiki ke ola maoli."

He mea hoihoi ka mōʻaukala ma ke ʻano he ʻōlelo aʻo i ka poʻe e nalowale ana ko lākou makaʻala ʻepekema i ka hoihoi honua. Mai kona "ʻike ʻana" i ka makahiki 2007, ua lilo ka honua illusory i mea nui o kekahi compendium o "nā exoplanets kokoke loa i ka Honua" i nā makahiki i hala. Ua lawa ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "Gliese 581 d" i loko o kahi ʻenekini hulina pūnaewele e ʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona nani loa o kahi honua ʻokoʻa mai ka Honua wale nō i ke ʻano o nā ʻāina ...

Ua hoʻopau ʻino ʻia ka pāʻani o ka noʻonoʻo e nā loiloi hou o ka ʻōnaehana hōkū Gliese 581. Ua hōʻike lākou ua lawe ʻia nā hōʻike o ke ola ʻana o kahi honua i mua o ka hōkū hōkū ma ke ʻano he mau kiko i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻili o nā hōkū, e like me mākou. ike mai ko kakou la. Ua hoʻā nā mea hou i ke kukui ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka poʻe astronomers ma ka honua ʻepekema.

ʻAʻole ʻo Gliese 581 d wale nō ka exoplanet fictional hiki. Hypothetical nui kinoea honua Fomalhaut b (9), i manaʻo ʻia aia i loko o kahi ao i kapa ʻia ʻo "Eye of Sauron", he nui kinoea wale nō paha, ʻaʻole mamao loa mai mākou. Alpha Centauri BB hiki wale ke kuhi hewa i ka ʻikepili nānā.

9. Hypothetical exoplanet Fomalhaut b

ʻOiai nā hewa, nā kuhi hewa a me nā kānalua, ʻo ka ʻike nui o nā planeta extrasolar he ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻohaʻahaʻa loa i ka thesis kaulana mua e pili ana i ke ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana solar a me nā hōkū e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai, me ka Honua. - Ke kuhikuhi nei nā mea a pau i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻololi mākou i ka wahi like o ke ola e like me nā miliona o nā hōkū ʻē aʻe (10). Me he mea lā ʻaʻole like ke kumu o nā ʻōlelo e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke ola a me nā mea like me ke kanaka. Akā - e like me ka hihia me nā exoplanets, kahi a mākou i manaʻoʻiʻo ai "pono ​​lākou ma laila" - ka hōʻike ʻepekema e pono ai ke ola "ma laila".

10. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ke ola ma nā ʻōnaehana honua ma muli o ka mahana o ka hōkū