ʻElua ʻaoʻao o ke kālā e haʻalulu ma ke kaula hoʻokahi

ʻAʻole i kūleʻa ʻo Albert Einstein i ka hana ʻana i kahi manaʻo hui e wehewehe i ka honua holoʻokoʻa i hoʻokahi ʻano hui. I loko o hoʻokahi haneli, ua hoʻohui nā mea noiʻi i ʻekolu o nā ikaika kino ʻehā i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka mea a lākou i kapa ai ʻo ka Model Model. Eia nō naʻe, koe ka hā o ka ikaika, ʻo ka ʻumekaumaha, ʻaʻole kūpono i kēia nane.

A i ʻole ʻo ia paha?

Mahalo i nā ʻike a me nā hopena o nā physicists e pili ana me ke Kulanui kaulana ʻo Princeton ʻAmelika, aia i kēia manawa kahi aka o ka manawa e hoʻokuʻikahi ai i nā manaʻo o Einstein me ka honua o nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka quantum mechanics.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia he "manaʻo o nā mea a pau," i hana ʻia ma mua o iwakālua makahiki i hala aku nei a ke hoʻonui ʻia nei i kēia lā e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano makemakika kahaha. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ka'umekaumaha a Einstein me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka physics - ma mua me nā hanana subatom.

Hoʻomaka ia me nā meheu i loaʻa i nā makahiki 90 Igor Klebanov, polopeka o ka physics ma Princeton. ʻOiai pono mākou e hoʻi hou aku i ka makahiki 70, i ka wā e aʻo ana nā ʻepekema i nā ʻāpana subatomic liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia. quarks.

Ua ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe physicists ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā quark - ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā quark - paʻa mau lākou i loko o nā protons.

ʻO kekahi o ka poʻe i hana i kēia pilikia Alexander Polyakovhe polopeka no ka physics ma Princeton. Ua ʻike ʻia ua "hoʻopili ʻia" nā quark e nā mea hou i kapa ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi mai iaʻu. No kekahi manawa, ua manaʻo ka poʻe noiʻi hiki i nā gluons ke hana i "nā kaula" e hoʻopaʻa i nā quark. Ua ʻike ʻo Polyakov i kahi pilina ma waena o ke kumumanaʻo particle a me stru theoryn., akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻoia i kēia me nā hōʻike.

I nā makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe theorists e manaʻo he mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi maoli nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa o nā kaula haʻalulu. Ua holomua kēia manaʻo. Penei paha ka wehewehe ʻike maka: e like me ka hoʻopuka ʻana o ke kaula haʻalulu i loko o ka violin i nā leo like ʻole, ʻo ka haʻalulu o nā kaula i ka physics e hoʻoholo i ka nui a me ke ʻano o kahi ʻāpana.

Ma 1996, Klebanov me kahi haumāna (a ma hope he haumāna kauka) Steven Gubser a me ka hoa postdoctoral Amanda Peet, hoʻohana i ka manaʻo kaula no ka helu ʻana i nā gluons, a laila hoʻohālikelike i nā hopena me ka manaʻo kaula no.

Pīhoihoi nā lālā o ka hui i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hopena like loa. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ua aʻo ʻo Klebanov i nā helu absorption o nā lua ʻeleʻele a ʻike i kēia manawa ua like lākou. Hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ʻo ka physicist kaulana ʻO Juan Maldasena ua ʻike ʻia kahi pilina ma waena o kahi ʻano ʻumekaumaha kūikawā a me ke kumumanaʻo e wehewehe ana i nā ʻāpana. I nā makahiki ma hope mai, ua hana nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻē aʻe a hoʻomohala i nā hoʻohālikelike makemakika.

Me ka hele ʻole ʻana i loko o ka paʻakikī o kēia mau papa helu makemakika, ua hoʻolapalapa ʻia i lalo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO ka umekaumaha a me ka pilina subatomic o nā ʻāpana like ʻelua ʻaoʻao o ke kālā hoʻokahi. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, he manaʻo lōʻihi ia o ka ʻumekaumaha, i lawe ʻia mai ka manaʻo o Einstein i ka makahiki 1915. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he manaʻo ia e wehewehe pono ana i ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana subatomic a me kā lākou pilina.

Ua hoʻomauʻia ka hana a Klebanov e Gubser, a ma hope iho ua liloʻo ia i polopeka o ka physics ma ... Princeton University,ʻoiaʻiʻo, akā, akā, ua makeʻo ia i kekahi mau mahina i hala. ʻO ia ka mea i hoʻopaʻapaʻa no nā makahiki he nui i hiki i ka hui nui ʻana o nā pūʻali ʻehā me ka umekaumaha, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka manaʻo string, hiki ke lawe i ka physics i kahi pae hou.

Eia nō naʻe, pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hilinaʻi makemakika ma ke ʻano hoʻokolohua, a ʻoi aku ka ʻino o ke kūlana. ʻAʻohe hoʻokolohua e hana i kēia.