Ke keiki a me ka Makua o ka Industrial Revolution - Henry Bessemer
ʻO ke kaʻina hana kaulana ʻo Bessemer no ka hana ʻana i ke kila maikaʻi a me ka maikaʻi i alakaʻi ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā alahao transcontinental, nā alahaka māmā a me nā moku, a me nā skyscrapers nunui. Ua waiwai ka mea i hana ʻia no ka ʻenekinia ʻōlelo Pelekane i aʻo ponoʻī iā ia iho, a ma waho aʻe o nā ʻenehana hana kila, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa i kekahi mau patent hou no kāna mau manaʻo ʻē aʻe.
Henry Bessemer he keiki ʻo ia na ka ʻenekinia like ʻole ʻo Anthony Bessemer, he lālā o ka French Academy of Science. Ma muli o ka hoʻokahuli Farani, ua haʻalele ka makuakāne o Henry iā Paris a hoʻi i kona ʻāina ʻEnelani, kahi i hoʻokumu ai ʻo ia i kāna hui ponoʻī ma Charlton - hale paʻi ʻano. Aia ma Charlton i ka lā 19 o Ianuali, 1813 i hānau ʻia ai ʻo Henry Bessemer. Ma ka hui o kona makuakāne, ua loaʻa iā Henry ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka ʻike. ʻO ke kanaka nāna i hoʻololi i ka ʻoihana kilaʻAʻole ʻo ia i hele i kekahi kula, ua aʻo ʻo ia iā ia iho. I ka 17 o kona mau makahiki, ua loaʻa iā ia kāna mau mea hana mua.
Ke hana nei ʻo ia no ka hui o kona makuakāne i ka wā i loaʻa ai ka manaʻo. hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe font. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka mea nui o kāna mau hana ʻōpio movable date stamp. Ua mālama ka hana hou i nā hui a me nā keʻena i nā kālā nui, akā ʻaʻole i uku ʻia ʻo Henry e kekahi hui. I ka makahiki 1832, ua kūʻai aku ka makua kāne o Bessemer i kāna hale kūʻai ma ke kūʻai kūʻai. Pono ʻo Henry e hana hou aʻe no kāna waiwai ponoʻī.
ʻoihana gula
Ua loaʻa iā ia kāna kālā koʻikoʻi mua ma ka hoʻolālā ʻana no ka hana ʻana i ka pauda keleawe maikaʻi i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana o ka mea i kapa ʻia. pena gula. Ua haki ʻo Henry i ka monopoly o kahi hui Kelemania mai Nuremberg, ka mea hoʻolako hoʻokahi o ka huahana no ka hana ʻana i nā mea gula a me nā mea nani i kēlā manawa. ʻenehana Bessemer ʻae ʻia e hōʻemi i ka manawa o ka hana pena, e hoʻololi i ke gula me ka pauka keleawe ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a ma muli o ka hopena, e hoʻemi i ke kumukūʻai o ka huahana ma kahi o kanahā mau manawa. ʻO ke kaʻina hana kala kekahi o nā mea huna i mālama pono ʻia e ka poʻe inventors. Ua haʻi wale ʻo ia i ka mea huna me kekahi mau limahana hilinaʻi. He lālā lākou a pau o ka ʻohana Bessemer. Ua makaʻu ʻo Henry i ka ʻenehana patent, incl. ma muli o ka pilikia o nā ʻano hana hana hou, hoʻololi ʻia a hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia paha e hoʻokomo wikiwiki ʻia pena gula makamae.
Ua ulu wikiwiki ka ʻoihana, lanakila i nā mākeke o ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika. ʻO nā mea nui i loaʻa i ka pena gula, ʻo ia ka poʻe wati Farani, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, nāna i hoʻohana i ka pena e hoʻokala i kā lākou mau ʻāpana. Ua loaʻa iā Bessemer ke kālā. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e invent. Ua waiho ʻo ia i ka mālama ʻana i ka mea kanu i kona ʻohana.
I ka makahiki 1849, hui ʻo ia me kekahi kanaka mahiʻai mai Jamaica mai. Pīhoihoi ʻo ia i ka lohe ʻana i kāna mau moʻolelo e pili ana i nā ʻano hana kahiko o ka unuhi ʻana i ka wai kō ma ka panalāʻau Pelekania. He mea hoʻonāukiuki loa ka pilikia a ua hoʻolaha ʻo Prince Albert, ke kāne a Queen Victoria, i ka hoʻokūkū a ua hoʻohiki ʻo ia e hāʻawi i ka mekala gula i ka mea i hoʻomohala hou aʻe. ʻano hana kō e pono ai.
Henry Bessemer i kekahi mau mahina ma hope mai, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻo ia i kahi kikoʻī. Hoʻomaka ʻo ia ma ka ʻokiʻoki ʻana i nā ʻōpala ohe i mau ʻāpana pōkole, ma kahi o 6 mika ka lōʻihi. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia e hiki ke ʻoki ʻia ka wai mai loko mai o hoʻokahi kumu lōʻihi. Ua ulu pū ʻo ia mīkini mokuahi hydraulic presska mea i hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono hana. Ua lilo ka mea hou i mea kūpono i ka makana aliʻi. Hāʻawi pilikino ʻo Prince Albert iā Bessemer i mekala gula i mua o ka Arts Society.
Ma hope o kēia kūleʻa, ua hoihoi ka mea hana i ka hana aniani pālahalaha. Ua kūkulu ʻo ia i ka mua kapuahi hoolele, kahi i hana ʻia ai ke aniani i loko o ka umu ahi hāmama. Ua kahe ka semi-wai i loko o ka ʻauʻau, kahi i hana ʻia ai kahi lipine aniani ma waena o ʻelua mau pahu. I ka makahiki 1948, ua patent ʻo Bessemer i kahi ala i hoʻolālā ʻia ke kukulu ana i hale hana aniani Ma Ladana. Eia naʻe, ua lilo ka ʻenehana i ke kumukūʻai a ʻaʻole i lawe mai i ka waiwai i manaʻo ʻia. Eia naʻe, ʻike koke ʻia ka ʻike i loaʻa i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā umu ahi.
2. Kūkulu ʻia ka hale kiaʻi Astronomical ma ka ʻāina ʻo Bessemer
Pear steel
Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻolālā i nā kapuahi kila. I loko o ʻelua makahiki, 1852 a me 1853, ua loaʻa iā ia he mau kakini patent, ma ka awelika i kēlā me kēia mahina ʻelua, loaʻa iā ia kahi manaʻo kūpono i ke kuleana kope. ʻO ka hapa nui he mau mea hou liʻiliʻi kēia.
ʻAi wale nō ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaua Crimean i ka makahiki 1854 lawe mai i nā pilikia hou e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaua. Ua ʻike ʻo Bessemer pehea e mālama ai iā lākou. hana ʻia he ʻano hou o ka pahu pahu puʻupuʻu cylindrical, ʻāhuehue. Hāʻawi ka helical rifling i ka milo projectile, hoʻopaʻa i kona lele ʻana, a hāʻawi i ka pololei ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā pahu pahu. Eia naʻe, ua liʻiliʻi ka huhū. Pono nā missiles hou i nā barela ikaika a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi ʻano hana nui no ke kila kūpono. Ua hoihoi ka mea i haku ia Napoleon III Bonaparte. Mahope iho o ka halawai ana me ka Emepera o Farani ma Parisa Henry Bessemer Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hana a i ka makahiki 1855 ua hoʻopaneʻe ʻo ia i ke ʻano no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke kila i loko o ka ʻauʻau hao i loko o ka umu ahi hāmama.
Hoʻokahi makahiki wale nō ma hope mai, ua loaʻa hou i ka ʻEnelani kekahi, i kēia manawa he manaʻo kipi. I ʻAukake i ka makahiki 1856 ma Cheltenham, ua hoʻokomo ʻo Bessemer i kahi kaʻina hana hoʻololi hou loa no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana (oxidizing) hao i loko o kahi kūlana wai. ʻO kāna ʻano hana patent he mea ʻokoʻa maikaʻi ia i ke kaʻina hana pudding koʻikoʻi, kahi i hoʻomehana ʻia ai ka hao paʻa e nā kinoea hoʻopau a me nā ores e koi ʻia no ke kaʻina hoʻokahe.
Ua paʻi ʻia kahi haʻiʻōlelo ma Cheltenham i kapa ʻia ʻo "Production of iron without fuel" e The Times. Hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano Bessemer ma ka puhi ʻana i ka hao wai me kahi kahe ea ikaika i kahi transducer kūikawā, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Bessemer pear. ʻAʻole i maʻalili ka hao i puhi ʻia e ka ea, akā ua hoʻomehana ʻia, i hiki ai ke hana i nā castings. He wikiwiki loa ka hehee ana, He 25 minuke wale no ka hoohehee ana i 25 tona hao i ke kila.
Ua makemake koke ka ʻoihana honua i ka hana hou. E like me ka wikiwiki, loaʻa i nā hui nā laikini a waiho i nā hoʻopiʻi. Ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻohana ʻo Bessemer phosphorus-free ore. I kēia manawa, kūʻai ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana i nā ores i kēia mea a me ka sulfur, ʻaʻole ia he mea nui i ke kaʻina pudding, no ka mea, ua wehe ʻia ka phosphorus i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ma ke kaʻina hoʻololi ua hana ia i ke kila brittle. Ua koi ʻia ʻo Bessemer e kūʻai i nā laikini. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i kāna hui ponoʻī a kūʻai aku i ke kila paʻa.
3. Na Henry Bessemer kii i ka mea hoohuli mua
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kauoha i kau ʻia no ke kila ma mua ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻoihana kaʻaahi a me ka hana kaʻaahi. Ua lanakila ʻo ia ma kahi o 80 pakeneka. kaʻahele makeke kila hao ma 1880-1895 Ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau nei ʻo ia i kāna mea hoʻomohala. I ka makahiki 1868 ua patent ʻo ia i ka Ultimate mea hoʻololi no ka ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia a laila kokoke i hoʻokahi haneri makahiki.
ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ka kūleʻa a hoʻonāukiuki i ke kaua patent me ka ʻoihana Pelekane. Robert Mushetnāna i hoʻopaʻa i ka puhi ʻana i nā kalapona a pau a laila hoʻohui i ka manganese e hāʻawi i ka nui kūpono o ke kalapona i loko o ke kila. ʻOiai ua lanakila ʻo Bessemer i ka hoʻopiʻi, ma hope o ke kūkākūkā ʻana me ke kaikamahine a Mushet, ua ʻae ʻo ia e uku i kēia mea hana i ka £300 i ka makahiki no 25 mau makahiki.
ʻAʻole ʻo ia i kūleʻa maikaʻi i nā manawa a pau. I ka makahiki 1869, no ka laʻana, ua patent ʻo ia i ke keʻena me kahi ʻōnaehana e hoʻopau i ka hopena haʻalulu o ka moku. I ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka cockpit, ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ʻo ia e ka gyroscope. No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kona manaʻo, kūkulu ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1875. mokuahi me kahi keʻena, no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i hoʻohana ʻo ia i kahi gyroscope i alakaʻi ʻia e ka turbine mahu. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua lilo ka hoʻolālā i mea paʻa a paʻakikī ke hoʻokele. ʻO ka hopena, ua hāʻule kāna lele mua i ka uapo o Calais.
Bessemer i ka makahiki 1879 ua loaʻa iā ia ka naita no kāna mau kōkua i ka ʻepekema honua. Ua make ʻo ia i ka lā 14 o Malaki, 1898 ma Lākana.
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