E hana kāua a malia paha he kipi

ʻO nā ʻike nui, nā manaʻo wiwo ʻole, nā holomua ʻepekema. Ua piha ka media i nā ʻano hana like ʻole, i hoʻonui pinepine ʻia. Ma kahi o ke aka o "ka physics nui", ka LHC, nā nīnau kosmological kumu a me ke kaua kū'ē i ka Standard Model, hana malū nā mea noiʻi paʻakikī i kā lākou hana, e noʻonoʻo ana i nā noi kūpono a hoʻonui i kā mākou ʻike i kēlā me kēia pae.

"E hana kāua i kā mākou mea pono'ī" ʻoiaʻiʻo paha ka slogan o nā ʻepekema i komo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka thermonuclear fusion. No ka mea, ʻoiai nā pane maikaʻi loa i nā nīnau nui, hiki i ka hoʻonā o nā pilikia kūpono ʻole e pili ana i kēia kaʻina hana ke hoʻololi i ka honua.

Malia paha, no ka laʻana, hiki ke hana i ka fusion nuklea liʻiliʻi - me nā lako e kūpono i ka papaʻaina. Ua kūkulu nā kānaka ʻepekema ma ke Kulanui o Wakinekona i ka mīkini i ka makahiki i hala Z-kui (1), hiki iā ia ke mālama i ka hopena fusion i loko o 5 microseconds, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻike koʻikoʻi nui ʻo ka miniaturization o ka reactor, he 1,5 m wale nō ka lōʻihi. Hana ʻia ka Z-pinch ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka plasma i loko o kahi māla magnetic ikaika.

ʻAʻole maikaʻi loa, akā he mea nui loa hooikaika e . Wahi a ka noiʻi ʻana e ka US Department of Energy (DOE), i paʻi ʻia ma ʻOkakopa 2018 i ka puke pai Physics of Plasmas, hiki i nā fusion reactors ke kāohi i ka oscillation plasma. Hoʻokuʻu aku kēia mau nalu i nā ʻāpana ikaika nui mai ka wahi pane, e lawe pū me lākou i kekahi o ka ikehu e pono ai no ka hoʻohui ʻana. Hōʻike kahi noiʻi DOE hou i nā hoʻohālikelike kamepiula maʻalahi e hiki ke nānā a wānana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka nalu, e hāʻawi ana i nā physicists i ka hiki ke pale i ke kaʻina hana a mālama i nā ʻāpana. Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema e kōkua kā lākou hana i ke kūkulu ʻana ITER, ʻo ia paha ka papahana fusion reactor hoʻokolohua kaulana loa ma Farani.

Also mea hoʻokō e like me ka wela plasma 100 miliona degere Celsius, i loaʻa i ka hopena o ka makahiki i hala e kahi hui o nā ʻepekema ma ka China Institute of Plasma Physics i ka Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), he laʻana o ka holomua ʻanuʻu i ka hoʻohui pono. Wahi a ka poʻe loea e ʻōlelo ana i ke aʻo ʻana, he mea koʻikoʻi paha ia i ka papahana ITER i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, kahi i komo ai ʻo Kina me 35 mau ʻāina ʻē aʻe.

Superconductors a me nā mea uila

ʻO kahi ʻāpana ʻē aʻe me ka mana nui, kahi e hana ʻia ai nā ʻanuʻu liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā hanana nui, ʻo ia ka ʻimi ʻana i nā superconductors kiʻekiʻe. (2). ʻO ka mea pōʻino, nui nā mea hoʻopunipuni wahaheʻe a me nā hopohopo mua. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻike ʻia nā hōʻike media rave i ka hoʻonui a i ʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo wale nō. ʻOiai i loko o nā hōʻike koʻikoʻi loa he "akā". E like me ka hōʻike hou, ua ʻike nā ʻepekema ma ke Kulanui o Chicago i ka superconductivity, ka hiki ke alakaʻi i ka uila me ka nalowale ʻole i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe loa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka ʻenehana ʻokiʻoki ma ka Argonne National Laboratory, ua aʻo kahi hui o nā ʻepekema kūloko i kahi papa o nā mea i ʻike ai lākou i ka superconductivity i nā mahana ma kahi o -23°C. He lele kēia ma kahi o 50 degere mai ka moʻolelo i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia.

2. Superconductor i loko o ke kahua magnetic

ʻO ka hopu, akā, pono ʻoe e hoʻopili i ka nui o ke kaomi. ʻO nā mea i hoʻāʻo ʻia he hydride. No kekahi manawa, makemake nui ʻia ka lanthanum perhydride. I loko o nā hoʻokolohua, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo nā laʻana lahilahi loa o kēia mea e hōʻike ana i ka superconductivity ma lalo o ka hana o nā kaomi ma ka laulā mai 150 a 170 gigapascals. Ua paʻi ʻia nā hopena ma Mei ma ka puke pai Nature, i kākau pū ʻia e Prof. ʻO Vitaly Prokopenko lāua ʻo Eran Greenberg.

No ka noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o kēia mau mea, pono ʻoe e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kaomi a me ka mahana hoʻi, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki i lalo i -23 ° C. ʻO ka hana ma luna o ia mea he physics liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, e hele ana no nā makahiki i loko o nā laboratories a puni ka honua.

Pēlā nō i ka noiʻi noiʻi. nā hanana magnetic i ka uila. ʻO ka mea hou aku nei, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻopalekana magnetic koʻikoʻi, ua loaʻa i kahi hui o nā ʻepekema honua nā hōʻike kamahaʻo e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa maʻalahi ʻia ka magnetism e kū mai ana ma ke kikowaena o nā ʻāpana lahilahi o ka non-magnetic oxide e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa maʻalahi ʻia ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ikaika mechanical liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka ʻike, i hoʻolaha ʻia i ka mahina ʻo Dekemaba i hala ma Nature Physics, hōʻike i kahi ala hou a manaʻo ʻole e hoʻomalu i ka magnetism, e ʻae ana i ka noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻomanaʻo magnetic denser a me spintronics, no ka laʻana.

Hoʻokumu kēia ʻike i kahi manawa hou no ka miniaturization o nā cell memory magnetic, i kēia lā ua loaʻa ka nui o nā ʻumi nanometer, akā paʻakikī kā lākou miniaturization me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana ʻike. Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano oxide i kekahi mau ʻano hanana kūlohelohe e like me ka conductivity ʻelua-dimensional a me ka superconductivity. ʻO ka mana o kēia manawa ma o ka magnetism kahi kahua hoʻohiki maikaʻi loa i ka uila. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea waiwai me nā waiwai kūpono, akā hiki ke kūʻai aku a kūʻai aku, e ʻae iā mākou e koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana spintronic.

luhi no hoi hoʻomalu wela ma ka uila. Ua hoʻomohala hou nā ʻenekinia ʻo UC Berkeley i kahi mea kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi (50-100 nanometer ka mānoanoa kiʻiʻoniʻoni) hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka wela ʻōpala no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka mana ma nā pae i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma kēia ʻano ʻenehana. Hoʻohana ia i kahi kaʻina i kapa ʻia ka hoʻololi mana pyroelectric, kahi hōʻike noiʻi ʻenekinia hou i kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu wela ma lalo o 100°C. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona hou loa o ka noiʻi ma kēia wahi. He mau haneli a mau kaukani paha o nā papahana noiʻi a puni ka honua e pili ana i ka hoʻokele ikehu ma ka uila.

"ʻAʻole maopopo iaʻu ke kumu, akā hana ia"

ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana me nā mea hou, ʻo kā lākou hoʻololi ʻana a me nā ʻano topological kahi wahi hoʻohiki maikaʻi loa o ka noiʻi, ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa, paʻakikī a paʻakikī hoʻi i ka media. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā haʻawina i haʻi pinepine ʻia ma ke kahua o ka physics, ʻoiai ua loaʻa iā ia ka nui o ka hoʻolaha ma ka media, ka mea i kapa ʻia. mainstream ʻaʻole lākou e lanakila.

ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea i kekahi manawa e lawe mai i nā hopena i manaʻo ʻole ʻia, no ka laʻana hoʻoheheʻe metala me na wahi hehee kiekie wela lumi. ʻO kahi laʻana ka hopena hou o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā laʻana gula, ka mea maʻamau e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma 1064°C ma ka lumi wela, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kahua uila a me kahi microscope electron. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kēia hoʻololi no ka mea hiki ke hoʻopaʻa hou i ke gula ke hoʻopau i ke kahua uila. No laila, ua hui pū ke kahua uila i nā mea i ʻike ʻia e hoʻololi ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae, me ka mahana a me ke kaomi.

Ua ʻike ʻia nā hoʻololi o ka pae i ka wā ikaika nā puʻupuʻu o ke kukui laser. Ua paʻi ʻia nā hopena o ke aʻo ʻana o kēia hanana i ke kauwela o 2019 ma ka puke pai Nature Physics. Ua alakaʻi ʻia ka hui honua e hoʻokō i kēia e Nuh Gedik (3), he polopeka o ka physics ma Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ua ʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka wā o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka optically, hiki ke hoʻololi i ka pae ma o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mea singularities i loko o ka mea, i ʻike ʻia he topological defects, ka mea e hoʻopili ai i ka hopena electron a me ka lattice dynamics i ka mea. ʻO kēia mau hemahema topological, e like me kā Gedik i wehewehe ai i kāna paʻi ʻana, ua like ia me nā vortices liʻiliʻi e kū nei i loko o nā wai e like me ka wai.

No kā lākou noiʻi ʻana, ua hoʻohana nā ʻepekema i kahi hui o ka lanthanum a me tellurium LaTe.₃. Ua wehewehe nā mea noiʻi ʻo ka hana aʻe e hoʻāʻo e hoʻoholo pehea e hiki ai iā lākou ke "hana i kēia mau hemahema ma ke ʻano hoʻomalu." Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia no ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻikepili, kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā pulu māmā e kākau a hoʻoponopono paha i nā hemahema i loko o ka ʻōnaehana, e pili ana i nā hana ʻikepili.

A ma muli o ko mākou hiki ʻana i nā pulse laser ultrafast, ʻo kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua hoihoi a me nā noi hoʻohiki i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa he kumuhana i ʻike pinepine ʻia i nā hōʻike ʻepekema. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hui o Ignacio Franco, ke kaukaʻi kumu o ka chemistry a me ka physics ma ke Kulanui o Rochester, i hōʻike koke nei pehea e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia nā pulse laser ultrafast. hoʻololi i nā waiwai o ka mea ʻO Odraz uila uila i ka wikiwiki wikiwiki ma mua o nā ʻenehana i ʻike ʻia e mākou i kēia manawa. Ua mālama nā mea noiʻi i nā filament aniani lahilahi me ka lōʻihi o hoʻokahi miliona miliona o ka piliona piliona o kekona. I ka ʻōpo ʻana o ka maka, ua lilo ka mea aniani i mea e like me ke metala e hoʻokele uila. ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o kēia ma mua o nā ʻōnaehana i ʻike ʻia me ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi volta i hoʻohana ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻomaluʻia ke kuhikuhi o ke kahe a me ka ikaika o kēia manawa ma ka hoʻololiʻana i nā waiwai o ka laser beam. A no ka mea hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia, nānā kēlā me kēia ʻenekini uila me ka hoihoi.

Ua wehewehe ʻo Franco ma kahi puke ma Nature Communications.

ʻAʻole maopopo ke ʻano kino o kēia mau ʻano. Ua kānalua ʻo Franco iā ia iho i nā ʻano hana like hopena koʻikoʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka pilina o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a i ʻole absorption o ka quanta māmā me kahi kahua uila. Inā hiki ke kūkulu i nā ʻōnaehana uila e pili ana i kēia mau ʻano, e loaʻa iā mākou kahi hanana ʻē aʻe o ka moʻo ʻenekinia i kapa ʻia ʻAʻole mākou i ʻike i ke kumu, akā hana ia.

ʻIke a me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi

Gyroscopes he mau mea kōkua e kōkua ai i nā kaʻa, nā drones, a me nā pono uila a me nā mea lawe lima e hoʻokele i nā ʻāpana ʻekolu. I kēia manawa ua hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou i nā mea hana a mākou e hoʻohana ai i kēlā me kēia lā. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ʻo nā gyroscopes he pūʻulu huila pūnana, ʻo kēlā me kēia huila i hoʻohuli ʻia a puni kona axis ponoʻī. I kēia lā, ma nā kelepona paʻalima, ʻike mākou i nā mea ʻike microelectromechanical (MEMS) e ana i nā loli i nā ikaika e hana ana ma luna o ʻelua mau nui like, oscillating a neʻe i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe.

He palena koʻikoʻi ko ka MEMS gyroscopes. No laila ke kūkulu nei gyroscopes opua, me nā ʻāpana neʻe ʻole, no nā hana like e hoʻohana ai i kahi mea i kapa ʻia Ka hopena sagnac. Eia naʻe, a hiki i kēia manawa aia kahi pilikia o kā lākou miniaturization. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā gyroscopes kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka pōpō ping pong a ʻaʻole kūpono no nā noi lawe lima. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻomohala nā mea ʻenekinia ma ke Kulanui o ʻenehana ʻo Caltech, alakaʻi ʻia e Ali Hadjimiri, i kahi gyroscope optical hou emi elima hanerika mea i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa4). Hoʻonui ʻo ia i kona naʻau ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻenehana hou i kapa ʻia "hooikaika like» Ma waena o ʻelua mau kukuna kukui i hoʻohana ʻia i kahi interferometer Sagnac maʻamau. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka mea hou ma kahi ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma Nature Photonics i Nowemapa i hala.

4. Optical gyroscope i hoʻomohala ʻia e Ali Hadjimiri a me kāna mau hoa hana. 

ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi gyroscope optical kūpono hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka orientation o nā smartphones. I ka huli ʻana, ua kūkulu ʻia e nā ʻepekema mai Columbia Engineering. lens palahalaha mua hiki iā ia ke kālele pono i nā ʻano kala like ʻole me ka ʻole o ka pono o nā mea ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hiki ke paʻi kiʻi o nā lako kelepona. ʻOi aku ka lahilahi o ka lens flat micron-thin revolutionary ma mua o kahi pepa a hāʻawi i ka hana e like me nā lens composite premium. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻike a ka hui, i alakaʻi ʻia e Nanfang Yu, he loea kōkua o ka physics noiʻi, ma kahi noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke pai Nature.

Ua kūkulu nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā lens palahalaha mai "metaatoms". ʻO kēlā me kēia metaatom he hapa o ka nalu o ka māmā i ka nui a hoʻopaneʻe i nā nalu māmā ma kahi ʻokoʻa. Ma ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi papa pālahalaha lahilahi o nā nanostructures ma kahi substrate e like me ka mānoanoa e like me ka lauoho kanaka, ua hiki i nā ʻepekema ke hoʻokō i ka hana like me kahi ʻōnaehana lens maʻamau ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa a me ke kaumaha. Hiki i nā Metalens ke hoʻololi i nā ʻōnaehana lens nui ma ke ʻano like me nā kīwī pāpaʻa i pani ai i nā kīwī cathode ray tube.

No ke aha he collider nui inā aia nā ala ʻē aʻe

Hiki ke loaʻa nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo like ʻole o ka physics o nā ʻanuʻu liʻiliʻi. ʻo kahi laʻana - ma mua o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale ʻano nui nui a koi aku i nā mea ʻoi aku ka nui, e like me ka nui o nā physicists, hiki ke hoʻāʻo e ʻimi i nā pane i nā nīnau nui me nā mea hana maʻalahi.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻolalelale e hoʻolalelale i nā kukuna ʻeleʻele ma ka hana ʻana i nā māla uila a me ka magnetic. Eia naʻe, no kekahi manawa ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia me kahi ʻenehana ʻokoʻa - plasma accelerators, ka wikiwiki o nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e like me nā electrons, positrons a me nā ion e hoʻohana ana i kahi kahua uila i hui pū ʻia me kahi nalu i hana ʻia i loko o kahi plasma electron. I kēia mau lā ua hana au i kā lākou mana hou. Hoʻohana ka hui AWAKE ma CERN i nā protons (ʻaʻole electrons) e hana i ka nalu plasma. Hiki i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā protons ke lawe i nā ʻāpana i nā pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe i hoʻokahi ʻanuʻu o ka wikiwiki. ʻO nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka plasma awakening field acceleration e koi i kekahi mau ʻanuʻu e hiki ai i ka pae ikehu like. Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema hiki i kā lākou ʻenehana hoʻokumu proton ke hiki iā mākou ke kūkulu i nā mea hoʻokele liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka ikaika i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

5. ʻElua mau ʻanuʻu miniature accelerator mai DESY - ʻike maka

I ka huli ʻana, ua hoʻokumu nā ʻepekema mai DESY (pōkole no Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron - German electronic synchrotron) i kahi moʻolelo hou ma ke kahua o ka miniaturization o nā mea hoʻokele particle i Iulai. ʻOi aku ka pālua o ka ikaika o nā electrons i hoʻokomo ʻia e ka terahertz accelerator (5). I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ka hoʻonohonoho i ka maikaʻi o ka beam electron i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hoʻokolohua mua me kēia ʻenehana.

Ua wehewehe ʻo Franz Kärtner, ke poʻo o ka ultrafast optics a me ka hui X-ray ma DESY, i loko o kahi hoʻolaha. -

ʻO ka mea pili i hana i kahi māla wikiwiki me ka ikaika loa o 200 miliona volts no ka mika (MV/m) - e like me ka mea hoʻokele maʻamau o kēia wā.

I ka huli, he hou, 'ano liʻiliʻi detector ALPHA-g (6), i kūkulu ʻia e ka hui Kanada ʻo TRIUMF a hoʻouna ʻia i CERN ma mua o kēia makahiki, aia ka hana o ana i ka umekaumaha acceleration o antimatter. E holo wikiwiki ana ka antimatter i mua o ke kahua umekaumaha ma ka ili o ka Honua e +9,8 m/s2 (lalo), ma ka -9,8 m/s2 (luna), ma ka 0 m/s2 (ʻaʻole loa ka wikiwiki o ka umekaumaha), a i ʻole. waiwai ʻē aʻe ? ʻO ka hiki hope ke hoʻololi i ka physics. Hiki i kahi mea liʻiliʻi ALPHA-g ke alakaʻi iā mākou ma ke ala e hiki ai i nā mea pohihihi nui loa o ke ao holoʻokoʻa.

Ma kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ke hoʻāʻo nei mākou e aʻo i nā hanana o kahi pae haʻahaʻa. Maluna 60 billion revolutions i kēlā me kēia kekona hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia e nā ʻepekema mai Purdue University a me nā kula Kina. Wahi a nā mea kākau o ka hoʻokolohua ma kahi ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia i kekahi mau mahina i hala aku nei ma Physical Review Letters, ʻo ia ʻano hana wikiwiki e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi. mea huna .

ʻO ka mea, aia i loko o ka rotation loa like, he nanoparticle e pili ana i 170 nanometers ākea a me 320 nanometers ka lōʻihi, a nā ʻepekema i synthesized mai ka silica. Ua hoʻokuʻu ka hui noiʻi i kahi mea i loko o kahi pahu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka laser, a laila hoʻopuʻi iā ia i ka wikiwiki loa. ʻO ka hana aʻe, ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka wikiwiki o ka rotational, e hiki ai i ka noiʻi pololei ʻana i nā kumumanaʻo kino kino, me nā ʻano exotic o ka friction i loko o kahi ʻūhā. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e kūkulu i nā kilomika o nā paipu a me nā mea ʻike nunui e alo i nā mea pohihihi.

I ka makahiki 2009, ua hiki i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke hana i kahi ʻano lua ʻeleʻele kūikawā i loko o ka hale hana e hoʻomoʻa i ke kani. Mai ia manawa mai keia mau mea he kani  ua hoʻohana pono ʻia e like me nā analogues hale hana o ka mea hoʻomāmā. I loko o kahi pepa i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke pai Nature i kēia Iulai, ua wehewehe ka poʻe noiʻi ma ka Technion Israel Institute of Technology i ka hana ʻana i kahi puka ʻeleʻele sonic a ana i kona mahana radiation Hawking. Ua kūlike kēia mau ana me ka wela i wānana ʻia e Hawking. No laila, ʻaʻole pono e hana i kahi huakaʻi i kahi lua ʻeleʻele i mea e makaʻala ai.

ʻO wai ka mea ʻike inā hūnā ʻia i loko o kēia mau papahana ʻepekema ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole, ma ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua a me nā hoʻokolohua hou e hoʻāʻo i nā manaʻo liʻiliʻi, ʻāpana, ʻo ia nā pane i nā nīnau nui loa. Ke aʻo nei ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻepekema hiki ke hana kēia.