ʻO nā kinikini. He aha kāu e ʻike ai?
Pono anei i ke ka'a li'ili'i he 2 pahu a me ke ka'a nui 12? E ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻenekini ʻekolu a ʻehā paha no ka hoʻohālike like? ʻAʻohe pane maopopo o kēia mau nīnau.
ʻO ke kumuhana o ka helu o nā cylinders i nā ʻenekini kaʻa kaʻa e piʻi i kēlā me kēia manawa a i kēlā me kēia manawa ke kumu o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ākea. ʻO ke kumu, hana kēia i ka wā e loaʻa ai kahi ʻano "cylindrical" maʻamau. Loaʻa iā mākou i kēia manawa - hiki i nā ʻenekini ʻekolu a ʻelua paha-cylinder, ʻaʻole i kū ma ka mākeke no nā makahiki he nui. ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻaʻole pili wale ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā cylinders i nā kaʻa liʻiliʻi a me nā kaʻa lehulehu, pili like ia i nā papa kiʻekiʻe. ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia nō nā kaʻa ʻaʻole pili kēia, no ka mea, ʻo ka helu o nā cylinders i loko o lākou kekahi o ka hanohano.
ʻO ka hoʻoholo e pili ana i ka nui o nā cylinders e loaʻa i ka ʻenekini o kahi kaʻa kūikawā i ka pae hoʻolālā o ke kaʻa. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka ʻāpana ʻenekini no nā ʻenekini me kahi helu ʻokoʻa o nā cylinders, ʻoiai aia nā ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka nui o ke kaʻa i kēia hihia he mea nui loa. Pono e lawa ka ikaika o ke kaʻa e hāʻawi i ke kaʻa me ka dynamics kūpono, a i ka manawa like me ka hoʻokele waiwai e kū i waho o ka hoʻokūkū a hoʻokō i nā koi kaiapuni. Ma keʻano laulā, ua ʻike ʻia he liʻiliʻi nā cylinders o kahi kaʻa liʻiliʻi, a he nui ka mea nui. Akā pehea ka kikoʻī? Ke nānā nei, ua manaʻo ʻia i kēia manawa he liʻiliʻi loa lākou.
ʻO ka torque i koi ʻia e hana i ka ikaika hoʻokele ma nā huila alanui i hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia o nā cylinders. No laila, pono e lawe ʻia kahi helu kūpono o lākou i mea e loaʻa ai kahi kuʻikahi maikaʻi ma waena o ka dinamika a me ka ʻoihana. I nā ʻenekini hou, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka nui o ka hana o ka cylinder ma kahi o 0,5-0,6 cm3. No laila, pono e loaʻa i kahi ʻenekini ʻelua-cylinder ka nui o ka 1,0-1,2 lita, he 1.5-cylinder - 1.8-2.0, a he ʻehā-cylinder - ma ka liʻiliʻi XNUMX.
Eia naʻe, "e iho i lalo" nā mea hoʻolālā ma lalo o kēia waiwai, e lawe ana i ka 0,3-0,4 lita, ka mea nui i mea e hoʻokō ai i ka hoʻohana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā ana mīkini liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie haʻahaʻa he mea hoʻoikaika no nā mea kūʻai aku, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ʻo ia ka liʻiliʻi o ke kaumaha a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻohana waiwai a no laila e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā kumukūʻai hana. Inā hoʻemi ʻoe i ka helu o nā cylinders a hoʻemi hoʻi i ko lākou nui, e loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi waiwai nui i ka hana kiʻekiʻe. No ke kaiapuni nō hoʻi, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea hana a me ka ikehu.
Ma hea mai ka mana maikaʻi o hoʻokahi cylinder o 0,5-0,6 l? Ke kaulike ana i kekahi mau waiwai. ʻO ka nui o ka cylinder, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka torque e hana ai, akā e lohi. ʻO ke kaumaha o nā mea e hana ana i loko o ka cylinder, e like me ka piston, piston pin, a me ke koʻokoʻo hoʻohui, e ʻoi aku ka nui, no laila e paʻakikī ke neʻe. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wikiwiki e like me ka cylinder liʻiliʻi. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka cylinder, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka rpm kiʻekiʻe no ka mea ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ka piston, pine piston a me ka lāʻau hoʻohui. Akā ʻaʻole e hana ka cylinder liʻiliʻi i ka nui o ka torque. No laila, pono e ʻae i kekahi waiwai o ka neʻe ʻana o hoʻokahi cylinder i mea e ʻoluʻolu ai kēia mau ʻāpana ʻelua i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā.
Inā mākou e lawe i kahi pahu hana hoʻokahi o 0,3-0,4 lita, a laila pono ʻoe e "uku" no ka nele o ka mana. I kēia mau lā, hana pinepine ʻia kēia me kahi supercharger, maʻamau ka turbocharger a i ʻole turbocharger, a me ka mīkini compressor e hoʻokō i ke kiʻekiʻe haʻahaʻa a hiki i ke kikowaena waena. Hiki i ka Supercharging ke "pump" i ka nui o ka ea i loko o ka lumi puhi. Me ia, loaʻa ka ʻenekini i ka oxygen a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka puhi ʻana i ka wahie. Hoʻonui ka torque a me ka mana kiʻekiʻe loa, kahi waiwai i helu ʻia mai ka torque engine a me RPM. ʻO kahi mea kaua ʻē aʻe o nā mea hoʻolālā ʻo ka hoʻokomo pololei ʻana o ka ʻaila, e hiki ai ke puhi i nā huila wahie-ea.
ʻO ia mau mīkini liʻiliʻi, 2 a i ʻole 3 cylinders, me ka nui o ka hana o 0.8-1.2, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā ʻenekini ʻehā-cylinder ʻaʻole wale ma nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi wale nō, akā i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hiki i ka mahana hana. ʻO kēia no ka mea me kēlā me kēia "ʻoki" cylinder, ka helu o nā ʻāpana e pono ai e wela, a me ka neʻe ʻana a hana i ka friction, e emi iho. Akā ʻo nā ʻenekini liʻiliʻi me ka liʻiliʻi o nā cylinders he pilikia koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka mea koʻikoʻi ʻo ka hoʻopiʻi ʻenehana (inject injection, supercharging, i kekahi manawa pālua pālua) a me ka pono e emi nui me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ukana. ʻO ia ke kumu he māmā lākou i ka wahie me ka holo mālie ma ka haʻahaʻa a i ka waena waena. Maikaʻi me nā loina hoʻokele kaiaola, e like me ka manaʻo o kekahi mau mea hana. Ke holo wikiwiki a hoʻoikaika ka hoʻokele a huli pinepine ka ʻenekini, piʻi nui ka hoʻohana wahie. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pae ma mua o nā mīkini aspirated kūlohelohe me kahi neʻe nui, ka nui o nā cylinders a me nā dynamics like.
Paipai nā luna hoʻoponopono:
- Fiat Tipo. 1.6 Ho'āʻo mana hoʻokele waiwai MultiJet
- Ergonomics o loko. Pili ka palekana ma luna o ia!
- Ka holomua maikaʻi o ke kumu hoʻohālike hou. Nā laina i nā salona!
ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha ke hoʻāʻo nei kekahi e ʻimi i nā ala ʻē aʻe e hoʻokō ai i ka pahuhopu like. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia ka manaʻo poina e hoʻopau i kekahi mau cylinders. Ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa engine, ʻoi loa i ka wā e holo ai i ka wikiwiki mau, ʻaʻole pono ka mana o ka mana. Pono ke kaʻa liʻiliʻi he 50 hp wale nō no ka wikiwiki mau o 8 km / h. e lanakila i ke kū'ē'ōwili a me ka huki aerodynamic. Ua hoʻohana mua ʻo Cadillac i nā cylinders shutoff i kā lākou mau mīkini V8 i ka makahiki 1981 akā ua hoʻopau koke i kēia. A laila ua loaʻa iā Corvettes, Mercedes, Jeeps a me Hondas nā cylinders "wehe". Mai ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka hana, hoihoi loa ka manaʻo. Ke haʻahaʻa ka haʻahaʻa o ka mīkini, pau ka hana ʻana o kekahi mau cylinders, ʻaʻohe wahie i hāʻawi ʻia iā lākou, a pio ke ahi. Lilo ka mīkini V8 i V6 a i ʻole V4.
I kēia manawa ua hoʻokō ʻia ka manaʻo i kahi pahu ʻehā. Ma ka paʻi hou loa, ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻopau ai i ʻelua o nā cylinders ʻehā he 3 kg wale nō ke kaumaha, a ʻo ke kumukūʻai no ka ʻōnaehana ʻo PLN 2000. No ka mea he liʻiliʻi nā pōmaikaʻi e pili ana me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka wahie (ma kahi o 0,4-0,6 l / 100 km, me ka holo mālie mau a hiki i 1 l / 100 km), ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo kahi kokoke i 100 km o ka huakaʻi e koi ʻia no ka absorption. nā lilo hou. Eia naʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā cylinders ʻaʻole kūʻē i ka hōʻemi maoli i ka helu o nā cylinders. I loko o nā cylinders "disabled", ua pau ka mana a me ka ʻāʻī, a ʻaʻole hana nā valves (e pani ʻia), akā e hana mau nā pistons, e hana ana i ka friction. ʻAʻole hoʻololi ʻia ke kūpaʻa mechanical o ka ʻenekini, ʻo ia ke kumu e liʻiliʻi ai ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hoʻokele wahie i ka wā averaging. ʻAʻole i hoʻemi ʻia ke kaumaha o ka mea hoʻokele a me ka helu o nā mea pono e hana ʻia, hui ʻia a lawe ʻia i ka mahana hana i ka wā e holo ana ka mīkini.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole nā dynamics a me nā ʻoihana waiwai. ʻO ka moʻomeheu a me ke kani o ka mīkini e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka helu o nā cylinders. ʻAʻole hiki i nā mea kūʻai a pau ke ʻae i ke kani o ka mīkini ʻelua-cylinder a ʻekolu-cylinder. ʻOi loa mai ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻokele i maʻa i ke kani o nā ʻenekini ʻehā-cylinder i nā makahiki. He mea nui nō hoʻi, e hāʻawi wale aku i ka nui o nā cylinders i ka moʻomeheu o ka mīkini. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka pae like ʻole o ke kaulike o nā ʻōnaehana crank o nā ʻāpana kaʻa, e hana ana i nā haʻalulu nui, ʻoi aku hoʻi i loko o nā ʻōnaehana ʻelua a ʻekolu-cylinder. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kūlana, hoʻohana nā mea hoʻolālā i nā shaft kaulike.
ʻO ka ʻehā-cylinder ma ke ʻano o ka haʻalulu ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Malia paha hiki iā mākou ke poina e pili ana i nā ʻenekini kaulana, kokoke i ke kaulike kūpono a me ka hana "velvety", e like me ka V-shaped "six" me kahi kihi cylinder o 90º. Hiki paha ke hoʻololi ʻia lākou e nā mīkini ʻehā-cylinder liʻiliʻi a māmā, i mea e hauʻoli ai ka poʻe aloha i ka "ʻoki" cylinders, a i ʻole ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "downsizing". E ʻike kākou i ka lōʻihi o ka hana pono ʻana o nā mīkini V8 a me V12 e pale iā lākou iho i nā sedans a me nā coupe. Aia nā hiʻohiʻona mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hanauna hou o ke kumu hoʻohālike mai VXNUMX a i VXNUMX. ʻO ke kūlana wale nō o nā ʻenekini i nā kaʻa supersports e ʻike ʻole ʻia, kahi hiki ke helu ʻia nā cylinders he ʻumikumamāono.
ʻAʻole hoʻokahi cylinder i maopopo i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka makemake e hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai a me ke kaiapuni ke nānā aku nei i kēia lā, ʻoiai ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka wahie a me nā hoʻoiho kalapona. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie haʻahaʻa he manaʻo wale nō i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā ana pōʻaiapuni a hoʻohana ʻia no nā kumu hōʻoia. A i ke ola, e like me ke ola, hiki mai ia ma nā ʻano like ʻole. Eia naʻe, paʻakikī ke haʻalele i nā ʻano mākeke. Manaʻo nā mea loiloi kaʻa ma 2020, 52% o nā mīkini i hana ʻia ma ka honua e hoʻoneʻe i ka 1,0-1,9 lita, a ʻo nā mea a hiki i 150 hp e ʻoluʻolu me ʻekolu cylinders. Manaʻolana mākou ʻaʻole hiki mai kekahi me ka manaʻo o ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi kaʻa hoʻokahi cylinder.
