ʻO ka honua malihini ma lalo o ka palapala ʻāina
Nā mea
ʻO ke au o ka ʻike ʻāina nui i "ʻike" i ka Antarctica, akā ma ke ʻano wale nō mākou i aʻo ai ma laila, "lalo", aia kahi ʻāina i uhi ʻia me ka hau. ʻO ka ʻoki ʻana i kēlā me kēia mea huna hou o ka ʻāina e pono ai ka hoʻolaʻa, ka manawa, ka uku nui a me ka hoʻomanawanui. A ʻaʻole mākou i ʻoki iā lākou ...
Ua ike kakou aia malalo o na mile o ka hau he aina maoli (Latin "unknown land"). I kēia mau manawa i hala iho nei, ua ʻike nō hoʻi mākou he ʻokoʻa loa nā kūlana o nā oases hau, nā loko a me nā muliwai mai nā mea ma ka ʻili hau o kahi pāpale hau. ʻAʻohe hemahema o ke ola. Eia kekahi, ke hoʻomaka nei mākou e ʻike i kona mau ʻano ʻike ʻole ʻia. He malihini paha? ʻAʻole anei mākou e manaʻo i ka mea a Koziolek Matolek, ka mea "i ʻimi i ka honua ākea i ka mea kokoke loa"?
Hiki i nā Geophysicists, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā algorithm matematika paʻakikī, hiki ke hana hou i kahi kiʻi ʻekolu-dimensional o ka ʻili ma lalo o ka uhi hau. Ma ka hihia o Antarctica, paʻakikī kēia, no ka mea, pono e komo ka hōʻailona acoustic i nā mile o ka hau chaotic, me ka leo nui i ke kiʻi. ʻAʻole hiki ke paʻakikī, a ua aʻo nui mākou e pili ana i kēia ʻāina ʻike ʻole ʻia ma lalo.
Anu, makani, maloʻo a… ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻōmaʻomaʻo
ʻO Antarctica makani loa Aia ka ʻāina ma ka Honua ma ke kapakai o Adélie Land, pā ka makani i 340 mau lā o ka makahiki, a ʻoi aku ka ʻino o ka makani i 320 km/h. ua like ia ʻāina kiʻekiʻe loa - ʻo kona kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe he 2040 m ma luna o ka ʻilikai (ʻōlelo kekahi mau kumu no 2290). ʻO ka lua o ka ʻāina kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ʻAsia, hiki i ka awelika o 990 m ma luna o ka ʻilikai, ʻo Antarctica ka maloʻo loa: i uka, ʻo ka ua makahiki mai 30 a 50 mm / m.2. ʻO ka wahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Dry Valley kahi home o McMurdo. wahi maloo loa ma ka honua - ʻaʻohe hau a me ka ua no kahi kokoke ... 2 miliona mau makahiki! ʻAʻohe uhi hau koʻikoʻi ma ia wahi. ʻO nā kūlana ma ia wahi - nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa, a me nā makani ikaika - hiki ke aʻo i kahi ʻano like me ka ʻili o Mars i kēia lā.
ʻO Antarctica kekahi i koe ka pohihihi loa - no ka mea i ʻike ʻia i ka manawa hou loa. Ua ʻike mua ʻia kona kapakai e kekahi luina Lūkini ma Ianuali 1820. Fabian Bellingshausen (e like me nā kumu ʻē aʻe, ʻo Edward Bransfield a ʻo Nathaniel Palmer paha). ʻO ka mea mua i pae i Antarctica Henrik Johan Bulli pae ma Cape Adare, Victoria Land i ka lā 24 o Ianuali 1895 (ʻoiai aia nā hōʻike no ka pae mua ʻana). I ka makahiki 1898, kākau ʻo Bull i kāna mau memo o ka huakaʻi ma kāna puke "Antarctica's Cruise to the South Polar Regions".
He mea hoihoi naʻe, ʻoiai ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Antarctica ka wao nahele nui loa, loaʻa iā ia ʻoi aku ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Wahi a ka poʻe ʻepekema, ua hoʻouka ʻia kona mau wahi e nā mea kanu malihini a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi. Loaʻa nā hua ma nā lole a me nā kāmaʻa o ka poʻe e hoʻi mai ana mai kēia ʻāina. I ka makahiki 2007/2008, ua hōʻiliʻili nā kānaka ʻepekema iā lākou mai nā mākaʻikaʻi a me nā mea noiʻi o ia mau wahi. Ua ʻike ʻia ma ka awelika i lawe ʻia mai kēlā me kēia malihini i ka ʻāina i 9,5 mau hua. No hea mai lākou? Ma muli o ke ʻano helu helu i kapa ʻia ʻo extrapolation, ua manaʻo ʻia he 70 mau kānaka e kipa aku i Antarctica i kēlā me kēia makahiki. hua. No ʻAmelika Hema ka hapa nui o lākou - lawe ʻia e ka makani a i ʻole nā mea mākaʻikaʻi ʻike ʻole.
ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Antarctica ʻāina anu loa, ʻaʻole maopopo ka nui. Hoʻomanaʻo ka poʻe he nui mai ka wā kahiko a me nā atlases i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka Russian (Soviet) Antarctic station Vostok i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka wahi anu loa ma ka Honua, kahi. -89,2°C. Eia naʻe, loaʻa iā mākou kahi moʻolelo anu hou: -93,2°C - ʻike ʻia he mau haneli mau kilomita mai ka Hikina, ma ka laina ma waena o nā piko o Argus Dome (Dome A) a me Fuji Dome (Dome F). ʻO ia ke ʻano o nā awāwa liʻiliʻi a me nā poho kahi e noho ai ka ea anu mānoanoa.
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mahana ma ʻAukake 10, 2010. Eia naʻe, i kēia manawa wale nō, i ka wā i lawe ʻia ai nā kānana kikoʻī o ka ʻikepili mai nā satellite Aqua a me Landsat 8, ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi moʻolelo hau i kēlā manawa. Eia naʻe, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i loaʻa mai kēia heluhelu ʻana mai kahi ana wela ma ka honua ma ka ʻili o ka ʻāina hau, akā mai nā mea e hoʻopuni ana i ka lewa, ʻaʻole ia i ʻike ʻia he moʻolelo e ka World Meteorological Organization. I kēia manawa, ʻōlelo ka poʻe ʻepekema he ʻikepili mua kēia a i ka wā e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ai nā mea ʻike wela, e ʻike paha lākou i nā mahana anuanu ma ka Honua…
He aha ma lalo?
Ma ʻApelila 2017, hōʻike nā mea noiʻi ua hana lākou i ka palapala 2010D pololei loa o ka pāpale hau e luku ana i Antarctica a hiki i kēia lā. ʻO kēia ka hopena o nā makahiki ʻehiku o ka nānā ʻana mai ka orbit a puni ka Honua. Ma 2016-700, ka European CryoSat satellite mai kahi kiʻekiʻe o kahi kokoke i 250 km i hana ma kahi o 200 miliona mau ana radar o ka mānoanoa o nā glaciers Antarctic. Ua haʻaheo ka poʻe ʻepekema mai ka European Space Agency (ESA) i kā lākou satellite, i hoʻolālā ʻia e aʻo i ka hau, ʻoi aku ka kokoke ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe i nā ʻāpana polar - mahalo i hiki iā ia ke nānā i nā mea e hana nei i loko o kahi radius o XNUMX km mai ʻelua. ka pole hema a me ka akau. .
Mai kahi palapala 'ē aʻe i hoʻomohala ʻia e nā ʻepekema ma ka British Antarctic Survey, ʻike mākou i ka mea ma lalo o ka hau. Eia kekahi, me ke kōkua o ka radar, ua hana lākou i kahi palapala ʻāina nani o Antarctica me ka hau ʻole. Hōʻike ia i ka hoʻomaha ʻāina o ka ʻāina nui, i hoʻopili ʻia e ka hau. Nā mauna kiʻekiʻe, nā awāwa hohonu a me nā wai he nui. ʻO Antarctica me ka hau ʻole, he paeʻāina paha ia a he moku loko paha, akā paʻakikī ka wānana pololei ʻana i kona ʻano hope no ka mea i ka wā e hoʻokahe ʻia ai ka nui o ka hau, ua piʻi nui ka ʻāina-ʻoiai he kilomita i luna.
Aia nō hoʻi i ka noiʻi ʻoi aku ka ikaika. kai ma lalo o ka papa hau. Ua hana ʻia kekahi mau papahana kahi e ʻimi ai nā poʻe ʻokoʻa i ke kai ma lalo o ka hau, a ʻo ka mea kaulana loa o ia mau mea ʻo ia ka hana mau a nā ʻepekema Finnish. I kēia mau huakaʻi luʻu weliweli a paʻakikī, hoʻomaka ka poʻe e aloha i nā drones. Ua hoʻolilo ʻo Paul G. Allen Philanthropies i $1,8 miliona no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā lopako ma nā wai Antarctic hoʻopunipuni. ʻEhā mau drones Argo i kūkulu ʻia ma ke Kulanui o Wakinekona e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻikepili a hoʻouna koke iā ia i Seattle. E hana ana lākou ma lalo o ka hau a hiki i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ke kai i loko o ka wai ākea.
ʻO Erebus ka lua pele Antarctic
ʻO ka hoʻomehana maikaʻi ma lalo o ka hau nui
He ʻāina hau ʻo Antarctica, akā ma lalo o kona ʻili he pele wela. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka lua pele ikaika loa ma kēia ʻāina Erebus, ʻike ʻia mai ka makahiki 1841. A hiki i kēia manawa, ua ʻike mākou i ke ola ʻana o nā lua pele Antarctic ma kahi o kanahā, akā i ʻAukake i ka makahiki i hala, ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi mai ke Kulanui o Edinburgh i kahi kanaiwakūmākahi ma lalo o ka pā hau, ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea ma mua o 3800 mika ke kiʻekiʻe. . ʻIke ʻia e hiki ke Antarctica ʻoi loa ka lua pele wahi ma ka honua. Ua aʻo nā mea kākau o ka ʻatikala e pili ana i kēia kumuhana - Maximilian van Wyck de Vries, Robert G. Bingham a me Andrew Hine - i kahi hoʻohālike kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo Bedmap 2 DEM i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi radar no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hale pele.
E like me ka mānoanoa e like me Antarctica, aia nā lua pele ma kahi o ka Great Eastern Rift, mai Tanzania a hiki i ka Peninsula Arabian. He hōʻailona ʻē aʻe paha kēia e nui loa, kumu wela ikaika. Ua wehewehe ka hui mai Edinburgh e hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hau pele, ʻo ia ka mea e hana nei ma Iceland.
Ua haʻi aku ka mea kālaihonua ʻo Robert Bingham i ka theguardian.com.
Ke kū nei ma luna o kahi papa hau me ka mānoanoa awelika o 2 km, a ʻoi aku ka nui o 4,7 km, paʻakikī ke manaʻoʻiʻo aia kahi kumu wela nui ma lalo o ia mea, e like me ka mea huna ma Yellowstone. Wahi a nā hiʻohiʻona helu, ʻo ka nui o ka wela i hoʻomālamalama ʻia mai ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o Antarctica ma kahi o 150 mW/m.2 (mW - milliwatt; 1 watt = 1 mW). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i kēia ikehu ke pale i ka ulu ʻana o nā papa hau. No ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻo 40-60 mW/m ka awelika o ka wela wela mai ka Honua.2, a ma Yellowstone National Park hiki i ka awelika o 200 mW / m2.
ʻO ka mana nui ma hope o ka hana lua pele ma Antarctica, ʻo ia ka mana o ka ʻahu o ka Honua, ʻo Mary Bird. Manaʻo ka poʻe Geologists ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pā wela ma 50-110 miliona mau makahiki aku nei, i ka wā ʻaʻole i uhi ʻia ʻo Antarctica i ka hau.
Pono i ka hau o Antarctica
Nā Alps Antarctic
I ka makahiki 2009, ua alakaʻi ʻia nā ʻepekema mai kahi hui honua Kauka Fausta Ferraccioligo Ua hoʻolimalima lākou mai ka British Antarctic Survey i ʻelua mahina a me ka hapa ma East Antarctica, e hakakā ana i nā wela haʻahaʻa a hiki i -40°C. Ua nānā lākou mai ka mokulele i kahi radar, kahi gravimeter (he mea hana no ke ana ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa o ka wikiwiki o ka hāʻule manuahi) a me kahi magnetometer (ana ana i ke kahua magnetic) - a ma ka ʻili o ka honua me kahi seismograph - kahi wahi hohonu hohonu. , ma kahi hohonu a hiki i 3 km, 1,3 tausani glaciers e hūnā ʻia ma lalo o ka glacier. km ʻO ke kuahiwi ʻo Gamburtseva.
Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau piko, uhi ʻia me kahi papa hau a me ka hau, i ka ʻepekema mai ka huakaʻi Soviet Antarctic, i mālama ʻia i ka makahiki i kapa ʻia ʻo International Geophysical Year 1957-1958 (ka mea i lele ai ka satellite i ka orbit). ʻOiai i kēlā manawa, kahaha ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka ulu ʻana o nā mauna maoli mai ka mea, i ko lākou manaʻo, he palahalaha, e like me ka papaʻaina. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻopuka nā mea noiʻi mai Kina, Iapana a me UK i kā lākou ʻatikala mua e pili ana iā lākou ma ka puke pai Nature. Ma muli o ka nānā ʻana i ka radar mai ka lewa, ua kaha lākou i kahi palapala ʻāina ʻekolu o nā mauna, me ka ʻike ʻana ua like nā piko Antarctic me nā Alps ʻEulopa. Ua like ko lakou mau kualono oi a me na awawa hohonu, kahi i kahe ai na kahawai i ka wa kahiko, a i keia la i keia mau la ma na loko o ka mauna a me keia. Ua helu nā kānaka ʻepekema he 1649 a 3135 mau mika ka mānoanoa o ka pāpale hau e uhi ana i ke kikowaena o nā mauna Gamburtsev. ʻO ka piko kiʻekiʻe o ka puʻu he 2434 mau mika ma luna o ka ʻilikai (ua hoʻoponopono ka hui Ferraccioli i kēia helu i 3 tausani mika).
Ua hui nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka Puʻu ʻo Gamburtsev me kā lākou mau mea kani, e komo pū ana me kahi ʻāʻī nui i loko o ka ʻāʻī o ka honua - kahi awāwa nahā e like me ka Great African Rift. He 2,5 tausani km ka lōʻihi a hoʻonui ʻia mai East Antarctica ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka moana a hiki i India. Eia nā loko Antarctic subglacial nui loa, me. ʻO ka Lake Vostok kaulana, aia ma kahi kokoke i ke kahua ʻepekema i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua o ka inoa like. Ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe loea, ua hoʻomaka nā mauna pohihihi loa o ka honua o Gamburtsev i kahi piliona makahiki i hala. A laila, ʻaʻohe mea kanu a holoholona ʻole ma ka Honua, akā ua lilo nā ʻāina i mea nomadic. I ko lākou hui ʻana, piʻi aʻe nā mauna i ka Antarctica i kēia manawa.
ʻO loko o kahi ana mahana ma lalo o ka Erebus Glacier
ʻeli ʻana
Ua hōʻea ʻo John Goodge, ke kaukaʻi ʻepekema olaola ma ke Kulanui o Minnesota Duluth, i ka ʻāina anu loa o ka honua e hoʻomaka i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kahi mea i hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia. ʻeliE ʻae kēia i ka ʻeli ʻana i ka hohonu o ka hau Antarctic ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe.
No ke aha he mea nui ka wili ʻana i lalo a ma lalo o ka ʻili hau? Hāʻawi kēlā me kēia māhele o ka ʻepekema i kāna pane ponoʻī i kēia nīnau. No ka laʻana, manaʻolana nā mea olaola e noho ana nā microorganisms, me nā ʻano mea i ʻike mua ʻole ʻia, i ka hau kahiko a i ʻole ma lalo o ka hau. E ʻimi ka poʻe Climatologists i nā koʻi hau e aʻo hou e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala aniau o ka Honua a hana i nā kumu hoʻohālike ʻepekema ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau. A no ka poʻe kālaihonua e like me Gooj, hiki i ka pōhaku ma lalo o ka hau ke kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o ka launa ʻana o Antarctica me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i kēia lā e hoʻokumu ai i nā ʻāina nui o ka wā i hala. ʻO ka wili ʻana e hoʻomālamalama i ka paʻa o ka pepa hau.
Kāhea ʻia ka papahana Guja kaua hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 2012. I Nowemapa 2015, ua hoʻouna nā ʻepekema i kahi drill i Antarctica. Ua hiki ʻo ia i ke kahua ʻo McMurdo. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana kiʻi like ʻole, e like me ka radar scanning hau, ke kuhikuhi nei nā mea noiʻi i nā pūnaewele wili. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻāʻo mua. prof. Manaʻo ʻo Goodge e loaʻa i nā laʻana mua no ka noiʻi ma ka hopena o 2019.
Hoʻopaʻa makahiki i ka wā o nā papahana wili mua he miliona makahiki Ua lawe hou ʻia ka hau Antarctic i ka makahiki 2010. I kēlā manawa, ʻo ia ka hau hau kahiko loa i ʻike ʻia. I ʻAukake 2017, ua hōʻike ʻo Science ua ʻeli ka hui o Paul Woosin i ka hau kahiko e like me ka hohonu o kekahi ma mua a ua ʻike i kahi kumu hau e hoʻohana ana. 2,7 miliona makahiki. Hōʻike nui nā ʻāhu hau Arctic a me Antarctic e pili ana i ke aniau a me ka lewa o nā au i hala, ʻo ka hapa nui ma muli o nā ʻōhū ea kokoke i ka haku ʻana i ka lewa i ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā ʻōpū.
Nā haʻawina o ke ola ma lalo o ka hau o Antarctica:
ʻIke ʻia o ke ola ma lalo o ka hau o Antarctica
ʻO ke ola i ʻike ʻia a ʻike ʻole ʻia
ʻO ka loko kaulana loa i hūnā ʻia ma lalo o ka hau o Antarctica ʻo Lake Vostok. ʻO ia hoʻi ka loko subglacial nui loa i ʻike ʻia ma Antarctica, hūnā ʻia ma lalo o ka hau ma kahi hohonu o 3,7 km. ʻOki ʻia mai ka mālamalama a me ka launa pū ʻana me ka lewa, ʻo ia kekahi o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi loa ma ka Honua.
Ma kahi a me ka leo, hoʻokūkū ʻo Vostok iā Lake Ontario ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. ʻO ka lōʻihi 250 km, ka laulā 50 km, ka hohonu a hiki i ka 800 m Aia ma kahi kokoke i ka Pole Hema ma East Antarctica. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi loko nui i uhi ʻia i ka hau i manaʻo mua ʻia i ka makahiki 60 e kekahi kanaka kālaihonua / pailota Lūkini nāna i ʻike i kahi ʻāpana hau nui mai ka lewa. ʻO nā hoʻokolohua Aeroradar i alakaʻi ʻia e nā mea noiʻi Pelekania a me Lūkia i ka makahiki 1996 ua hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi waihona wai maʻamau ma kēia wahi.
wahi a Brent Christner, he kanaka noiʻi olaola ma Louisiana State University, i loko o kahi nūpepa e hoʻolaha ana i nā hopena o ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea hau hau i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma luna o ka waihona.
Wahi a Christner, ʻo ka wai hoʻoheheʻe wale nō o ka loko mai ka ʻaoʻao hau.
- 'Ōleloʻo ia.
Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo ka wela o ka honua e mālama i ka mahana o ka wai i loko o ka loko ma kahi o -3 ° C. Hāʻawi ke kūlana wai i ke kaomi o ka hau i luna.
Hōʻike ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano ola e loaʻa paha i ka loko kahi kaiaola kaiaola pōhaku i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā kemika i noho kaʻawale a me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka lā no nā haneli haneli mau makahiki.
Wahi a Christner.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hou o ka genetic material o ka East Ice Sheet i nā ʻāpana DNA mai nā mea ola he nui e pili ana i nā mea ola hoʻokahi-cell i loaʻa ma nā loko, moana a me nā kahawai mai nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua. Ma waho aʻe o nā haʻani a me ʻelua mau ʻano archaic (nā mea ola hoʻokahi-cell e noho ana i nā kaiapuni koʻikoʻi), ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā kaukani bacteria, me kekahi mau mea i loaʻa mau i loko o nā ʻōnaehana digestive o nā iʻa, crustaceans a me nā ilo. Ua loaʻa iā lākou nā cryophiles (nā mea ola e noho ana i nā wela haʻahaʻa loa) a me nā thermophiles, e hōʻike ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā puka makani hydrothermal i loko o ka loko. Wahi a ka poʻe ʻepekema, kākoʻo ka noho ʻana o nā ʻano kai a me nā ʻano wai maʻemaʻe i ka manaʻo i pili ka loko i ke kai.
Ke ʻimi nei i nā wai ma lalo o ka hau Antartika:
Hoʻopau ʻia ka luʻu mua - ʻepekema ma lalo o ka hau | Kulanui ʻo Helsinki
Ma kekahi loko hau Antarctic - ʻO Villansa "Ua ʻike ʻia nā micro-organism hou ʻē aʻe i ʻōlelo ai ka poʻe noiʻi "ʻai i nā pōhaku," ʻo ia hoʻi ka lawe ʻana i nā meaʻai mineral mai ia mau mea. He chemolithotrophs paha ka nui o kēia mau mea ola i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā pūhui inorganic o ka hao, sulfur a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Ma lalo o ka hau Antarctic, ua ʻike pū ka poʻe ʻepekema i kahi oasis pumehana pohihihi kahi i noho ai nā ʻano mea hoihoi hou aʻe. Ua paʻi ʻo Joel Bensing o ka Australian National University i nā kiʻi o ke ana hau ma ke alelo o ka Erebus Glacier ma Ross Land i Kepakemapa 2017. ʻOiai ʻo ka awelika o ka makahiki ma kahi o -17°C, hiki ke piʻi ka mahana ma nā ʻōnaehana ana ma lalo o nā glaciers. 25°C. ʻO nā ana, aia ma kahi kokoke a ma lalo o ka lua pele ʻeleu ʻo Erebus, ua ʻoki ʻia ma muli o nā makahiki o ke kahe ʻana o ka wai ma ko lākou alahele.
E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ke hoʻomaka nei ka huakaʻi o ke kanaka me ka ʻike maoli a hohonu o Antarctica. ʻO ka ʻāina, kahi a mākou i ʻike nui ai a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o kahi honua malihini, ke kali nei i kāna mau mea ʻimi nui.
wikiō NASA o ka wahi anu loa ma ka Honua:
ʻO Antarctica ka wahi anu loa o ka honua (-93°): wikiō NASA
