No laila, pau ka hakahaka i ka nele
ʻO ka hakahaka kahi wahi, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike, nui nā mea e hiki mai ana. Eia nō naʻe, no ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano maoli, pono ka nui o ka ikehu, a hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻepekema ke nānā i ka honua o nā ʻāpana virtual. Ke kū kekahi i loko o ia kūlana, no nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ka mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻoikaika e hoʻāʻo.
Wahi a ka quantum theory, hoʻopiha ʻia ka hakahaka me nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele e paʻa ana ma waena o ka noho ʻana a me ka noho ʻole. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia lākou - ke ʻole mākou i loaʻa kahi mea ikaika e loaʻa iā lākou.
"ʻO ka maʻamau, i ka wā e kamaʻilio ai ka poʻe e pili ana i kahi ʻōpala, manaʻo lākou i kahi mea ʻole loa," i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka physicist theoretical Mattias Marklund o Chalmers University of Technology ma Gothenburg, Suedena, i ka pukana o Ianuali o NewScientist.
ʻIke ʻia e hiki i ka laser ke hōʻike ʻaʻole i pau ka nele ma laila.
Electron ma ke ano helu
He manaʻo makemakika nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa ma nā ʻano kuantum field theories. E pili ana i nā ʻāpana kino e hōʻike ana i ko lākou hele ʻana ma o ka launa pū ʻana, akā haki lākou i ke kumu o ka pūpū nui.
Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana uila i nā hana a Richard Feynman. Wahi a kona kumumanaʻo, ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻāpana kino i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he conglomerate o nā ʻāpana virtual. ʻO ka electron kino maoli he electron virtual e hoʻokuʻu ana i nā kiʻi uila e palaho i loko o nā pālua electron-positron virtual, a laila e launa pū me nā photons virtual, a pēlā aku ad infinitum. ʻO ka electron "kino" he kaʻina hana mau o ka pilina ma waena o nā electrons virtual, positrons, photons, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe paha. ʻO ka "ʻoiaʻiʻo" o ka electron he manaʻo helu helu. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo wai ka ʻāpana o kēia pūʻulu maoli maoli. Ua ʻike wale ʻia ʻo ka huina o nā hoʻopiʻi o kēia mau ʻāpana āpau e hopena i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o ka electron (ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ke ʻano maʻalahi, pono e loaʻa i hoʻokahi electron virtual ma mua o nā positron virtual) a ʻo ka huina o nā nuipa. o na mea a pau e hana i ka nuipa o ka electron.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā paikini electron-positron i loko o kahi hakahaka. ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia, e like me ka proton, e huki i kēia mau electrons virtual a hoʻokuʻu i nā positrons (ma o nā photons virtual). Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano polarization vacuum. Hoʻololi ʻia nā pālua electron-positron e kahi proton
hana lākou i nā dipoles liʻiliʻi e hoʻololi i ke kahua o ka proton me ko lākou māla uila. ʻO ka uku uila o ka proton a mākou e ana no laila, ʻaʻole ia ka uku o ka proton ponoʻī, akā ʻo ka uku o ka ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa, me nā pālua virtual.
Laser i loko o ka hakahaka
ʻO ke kumu i manaʻoʻiʻo ai mākou e loaʻa ana nā ʻāpana virtual i ke kumu o quantum electrodynamics (QED), kahi lālā o ka physics e hoʻāʻo nei e wehewehe i ka pilina o nā photon me nā electrons. Mai ka hoʻomohala ʻia ʻana o ke kumumanaʻo i ka makahiki 30, ua noʻonoʻo ka poʻe physicists pehea e hoʻoponopono ai i ka pilikia o nā ʻāpana i pono ke ola ma ka makemakika akā ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia, lohe a manaʻo paha.
Hōʻike ʻo QED i ka manaʻo, inā mākou e hana i kahi māla uila ikaika, a laila e hōʻike nā hoa uila uila (a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i ka conglomerate helu helu i kapa ʻia he electron) i ko lākou hele ʻana a hiki ke ʻike iā lākou. Pono ka ikehu e pono ai no keia e hiki a oi aku i ka palena i kapaia ka palena Schwinger, ma waho a'e o ia mea, e like me ka mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, nalo ka ʻōpala i kona mau waiwai kahiko a pau ka "mea ʻole". No ke aha i maʻalahi ʻole ai? No ka mea, ʻo ka nui o ka ikehu i makemake ʻia, e like me nā manaʻo, e like me ka nui o ka ikehu i hana ʻia e nā mea mana a pau o ka honua - ʻoi aku ka nui o ka piliona.
Me he mea lā ma waho o kā mākou hiki. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole pono inā mākou e hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana laser o nā pulse optical ultra-pōkole o ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, i hoʻomohala ʻia i ka makahiki 80 e nā mea lanakila o ka makana Nobel o ka makahiki i hala ʻo Gérard Mourou lāua ʻo Donna Strickland. Ua ʻōlelo ākea ʻo Mourou ʻo ka giga-, tera- a me nā mana petawatt i hoʻokō ʻia i kēia mau supershots laser e hana i kahi manawa e wāwahi ai i ka vacuum. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kāna mau manaʻo i ka papahana Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI), i kākoʻo ʻia e nā kālā ʻEulopa a hoʻomohala ʻia ma Romania. ʻElua mau lasers 10-pewatt kokoke i Bucharest e makemake ana nā ʻepekema e hoʻohana e lanakila ai i ka palena Schwinger.
Akā inā ua haki ka mana o ka ikehu, ʻaʻole maopopo ka hopena - a me ka mea e ʻike ai nā physicists. I ka hihia o nā ʻāpana virtual, hoʻomaka ke ʻano noiʻi e hāʻule, a ʻaʻole kūpono hou nā helu. Hōʻike pū kekahi helu maʻalahi i nā lasers ELI ʻelua e hoʻohua i ka ikehu liʻiliʻi. ʻEhā mau kaola i hui pū ʻia he 10 mau manawa ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka pono. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole nāwaliwali nā ʻepekema i kēia, no ka mea, ke manaʻo nei lākou i kēia palena kilokilo ʻaʻole he palena hoʻokahi manawa, akā he wahi lohi o nā loli. No laila ke manaʻolana nei lākou no kekahi mau hopena virtual me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu.
Loaʻa i nā mea noiʻi nā manaʻo like ʻole no ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kukuna laser. ʻO kekahi o lākou ka manaʻo ʻokoʻa o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā aniani e hele ana i ka wikiwiki o ka māmā. ʻO nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe e hoʻonui i nā kukuna ma o ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana i nā kukuna photon me nā kukuna electron a i ʻole nā kukui laser colliding, i ʻōlelo ʻia e hana nei nā ʻepekema mai ke kikowaena noiʻi Kina Station of Extreme Light ma Shanghai. ʻO kahi photon nui a i ʻole electron collider kahi manaʻo hou a hoihoi e pono ke nānā.
