He aha ka ʻaila ʻenekini kaʻa?

ʻO nā huila

Hana nā aila ʻenekini i nā kūlana paʻakikī loa. ʻO nā lubricants ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaʻa, nā aila aila a me nā aila, hana maʻalahi i kā lākou mau hana. Me ka lilo ʻole o nā waiwai e koi ʻia ana. No ka mea hana lākou i kahi ʻano homogeneous, me ka ʻoi aku o ka mahana mau o ka mahana, kaomi a me ke koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka ʻenekini mīkini "ragged". Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻāpana like o ka aila i ke koʻikoʻi wela a me ka mechanical i kēlā me kēia kekona. No ka mea mamao loa nā kūlana lubrication no nā ʻenekini ʻokoʻa mai ka mea like. Hoʻohui ʻia, hōʻike ʻia ka aila ʻenekini i nā kemika. Oxygen, nā kinoea ʻē aʻe, nā huahana o ka pau ʻole o ka puhi ʻana o ka wahie, a me ka wahie ponoʻī hoʻi, ka mea hiki ʻole ke komo i loko o ka aila, ʻoiai i nā mea liʻiliʻi.

Nā hana o nā aila ʻenekini.

E ho'ēmi i ka hakakā ma waena o nā ʻāpana pili, e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka lole a pale i ka abrasion o nā ʻānai ʻana. E sila i nā hakahaka, keu hoʻi ma waena o nā ʻāpana o ka pūʻulu paukū-piston, e pale a hōʻemi paha i ke komo ʻana o nā kinoea mai ke keʻena puhi. Pale i nā ʻāpana mai ka popopo. E wehe i ka wela mai nā papa hakakā. Wehe i nā ʻāpana o ke kapa komo mai ka wīwī, no laila e hoʻolohi ana i ke kūkulu ʻana o nā waihona ma luna o nā ʻenekini. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano nui o nā aila. ʻO ka viscosity kekahi ʻano nui o nā aila. Hoʻololi nā aila ʻenekini, e like me ka nui o nā lubricants, i kā lākou viscosity ma muli o kā lākou mahana. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka mahana, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe ka viscosity a me ka versa.

Hoʻomaka nā aila ʻenekini a me ke anuanu

E hōʻoia i kahi hoʻomaka anuanu o ka ʻenekini, e hoʻokele i ka crankshaft me kahi mea hoʻomaka a pume i ka aila ma o ka ʻōnaehana lubrication. I nā mahana haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ka viscosity. I nā mahana wela ʻaʻohe pono o ka ʻaila i kahi viscosity haʻahaʻa loa i mea e hana ai i kahi kiʻi ʻaila ikaika ma waena o nā ʻāpana friction a me ke kaomi ʻōnaehana koi. Papa kuhikuhi viscosity. Kahi hōʻailona e hōʻike ana i ka hilinaʻi o ka viscosity aila i nā loli o ka mahana. He nui nui ʻole kēia, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻole ana ʻia i kekahi anakahi, he helu wale nō ia. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka papa kuhikuhi viscosity o ka aila mīkini, ʻoi aku ka laulā o ka mahana ma kahi e ʻae ai ka aila i ka ʻenekini e hana. No nā aila mineral me ka ʻole o nā mea hoʻohui viscous, ʻo ka helu helu viscosity he 85-100. Hiki i nā aila me nā mea hoʻohui viscous a me nā mea synthetic ke loaʻa kahi helu viscosity o 120-150. No nā aila viscosity haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, hiki i ka index viscosity ke hiki i 200.

ʻAilā ʻenekini. Kukui uila

kiko uila. Hōʻike kēia hōʻailona i ka hiki ʻana o nā hakina paila i loko o ka ʻaila a, no laila, pili pū me ka evaporation o ka ʻaila i ka wā o ka hana. No nā aila maikaʻi, pono ke kiko uila ma luna o 225 ° C. Inā maikaʻi ʻole nā ​​aila maikaʻi ʻole, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā hakina viscosity haʻahaʻa a puhi koke. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka aila kiʻekiʻe a me ka hōʻino ʻana o kāna mau waiwai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Helu kumu, tbn. Hōʻike i ka nui o ka alkalinity o kahi ʻaila, me ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea holoi alkaline a me nā mea hoʻopuehu. Hōʻike ʻo TBN i ka hiki o kahi aila ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻakika pōʻino i komo i loko i ka wā e hana ai ka mīkini a pale i nā waihona. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka TBN, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea hoʻohui i ka ʻaila. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā aila ʻenekinia he TBN o 8 a 9, aʻo nā aila ʻenekini diesel ma waena o 11 a 14.

Helu kahua aila ʻenekini

Ke holo nei ka aila ʻenekini, hōʻemi loa ka TBN a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā mea hoʻohui pale. ʻO nā hōʻemi nui ʻana i ka TBN e alakaʻi ai i ka ʻaʻai acid a me ka fouling o nā ʻenekini kūloko. Helu ʻakika, ʻili. ʻO ka helu ʻakika kahi ana o ke kū ʻana o nā huahana oxidizing i nā aila mīkini. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka waiwai piha, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kūlana hana no ka ʻaila ʻenekini. A ʻo ke koena o kona ola i koe. Hōʻike ka hoʻonui ʻana o TAN i ka hoʻowali ʻia o ka aila ma muli o ke ola lōʻihi a me ka mahana hana. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka helu a pau o ka waikawa e kālailai i ke ʻano o nā aila ʻenekini, ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ka mokuʻokena o ka aila a me ka hōʻiliʻili o nā huahana puhi wahie acidic.

Nā Molecules o ka mineral a me nā aila synthetic mai nā aila kaʻa

ʻO nā aila he hydrocarbons me kahi helu kikoʻī o nā hunaahi kalapona. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau ʻĀtoma e nā kaulahao lōʻihi a pololei a i ʻole nā ​​lālā, no ka laʻana, ka lei aliʻi o kahi lāʻau. ʻO ka pololei o nā kaulahao, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā aila. Wahi a ka American Petroleum Institute classification, mahele ʻia nā aila kumu i ʻelima mau ʻano. ʻO ka hui I, nā aila kumu i loaʻa i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe koho ʻana a me ka deworming me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe o nā mineral maʻamau. ʻO ka hui II, nā aila kumu pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe nui ʻia, me kahi haʻahaʻa o nā mea ʻaʻala a me nā paraffins, me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka paʻa oxidative. ʻO nā aila hydrotreated, nā aila mineral maikaʻi.
Pūʻulu III, nā aila hoʻokumu kaha viscosity kiʻekiʻe i loaʻa i ka catalytic hydrocracking, ʻenehana HC.

Ke hana ʻana i nā aila kaʻa

I ka wā o kahi hana kūikawā, hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke ʻano o ka mole o ka aila. No laila, like nā waiwai o nā hui aila o ka hui III me nā aila kumu pūʻulu IV synthetic. ʻAʻole ia he kumu kūpono no kēia hui o nā aila i ka ʻāpana o nā aila semi-synthetic. A pili kekahi mau ʻoihana i nā aila kumu synthetic. Pūʻulu IV, nā aila kumu synthetic ma muli o polyalphaolefins, PAO. Loaʻa i nā polyalphaolefins mai ke kaʻina hana kemika nā ʻano o kahi hanana like. ʻO ke kūpaʻa oxidative kiʻekiʻe loa, index viscosity kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻole o nā mole paraffin i kā lākou ʻano. ʻO ka hui V, nā aila kumu ʻē aʻe i komo ʻole i nā hui i hala. Hoʻopili kēia pūʻulu i nā aila kumu synthetic a me nā aila kumu mea kanu. ʻO ka hui kemika o nā kumu mineral e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ka aila, ka pae paila o nā ʻāpana aila i wae ʻia, a me nā ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe.

ʻAila kaʻa minelala

ʻO ke kumu kūʻai mineral ka mea haʻahaʻa loa. He huahana ia no ka distillation pololei o ka aila, i loko o nā mole o nā lōʻihi like ʻole a me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa. Ma muli o kēia heterogeneity, viscosity instability, mahana pono, volatility kiʻekiʻe, haʻahaʻa oxidation paʻa. Mineral kumu, ka aila mīkini maʻa mau o ka honua. Hiki i kahi kāwili semi-synthetic o ka mineral a me nā aila base synthetic ke komo i 20 a 40 pākēneka "synthetic". ʻAʻohe koi kūikawā no nā mea hana i nā lubricants semi-synthetic e pili ana i ka nui o ka aila base synthetic i ka aila ʻenekini i hoʻopau. ʻAʻohe mea hōʻike e pili ana i kahi synthetic komponen, Group III a i ʻole Group IV kumu aila, e hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā lubricants semi-synthetic. Wahi a ko lākou ʻano, noho kēia mau aila i kahi kūlana waena ma waena o nā minelala a me nā aila synthetic, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kā lākou waiwai ma mua o nā aila mineral maʻamau, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā synthetic. No ke kumukūʻai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia mau aila ma mua o nā synthetic.

ʻAilā Mīkini Synthetic

ʻO nā aila synthetic he ʻano viscosity-mehana maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka mea mua, he wahi ninini haʻahaʻa nui aku ia, -50 ° C -60 ° C ma mua o ka mineral, a me kahi papa kuhikuhi viscosity kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o kēia e hoʻomaka i ka ʻenekini i ka wā hau. ʻO ka lua, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka viscosity i nā mahana hana ma luna o 100 ° C. No laila, ʻaʻole i haki ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻenemi ma lalo o nā kūlana wela loa. ʻO nā keu pono ʻē aʻe o nā aila synthetic me ka paʻa o ka hoʻopaʻa shear. Ma muli o ka homogeneity o ke ʻano, kūpaʻa thermo-oxidative kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ia, kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hana i nā waihona a me nā varnish. Transparent, ikaika loa, kokoke insoluble kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hoʻopili ʻia i nā wahi wela i kapa ʻia he varnishes oxidizing. A me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻopau ʻōpala i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā aila mineral.

Nā mea hoʻohui aila ʻenekini

He mea nui ia nā synthetics e koi i ka hoʻolauna ʻana o kahi palena iki o nā mea hoʻohui mānoanoa. A ʻo kāna mau ʻano kūlana kiʻekiʻe ʻaʻole koi i nā mea hoʻohui i nā mea āpau. No laila, kūpaʻa loa kēia mau aila, no ka mea, hoʻopau mua ʻia nā mea hoʻohui. ʻO kēia mau waiwai āpau o nā aila synthetic e kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nalo ʻana o ka ʻenekini holoʻokoʻa a hōʻemi i ka ʻaukā ma nā ʻāpana. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻoi aku kā lākou kumuwaiwai i ke kumuwaiwai mineral e 5 a ʻoi paha mau manawa. ʻO ke kumu nui e kaupalena nei i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā aila synthetic ko lākou kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe. He 3-5 mau manawa i ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi ma mua o nā mineral. A ʻo kāna mau koina kiʻekiʻe ʻaʻole koi i nā mea hoʻohui pēlā, no laila kūpaʻa loa kēia mau aila.

Nā mea hoʻohui antiwear no nā aila kaʻa

Pākuʻi antiwear. ʻO ka hana nui ka pale ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka ʻenekini ʻenekini i nā wahi kahi i hiki ʻole ai ke hoʻokumu ʻia o kahi kiʻi aila o ka mānoanoa i koi ʻia. Hana lākou ma ke ʻimi ʻana i kahi papa kila a laila hana a me nā mea kemika me ia i ka wā o ka hao hao. ʻO ka hana nui, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka nui o ka wela i kēia wā e hoʻopili ai, e hana ana i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni kūikawā me nā waiwai "paheʻe". Pale kēia i ka ʻaihue abrasive. ʻO nā mea hoʻowahāwahā, nā mea kōkua antioxidant. I ka wā o ka hana, hōʻike mau ʻia ka aila ʻenekini i nā mahana wela, ka ea, oxygen a me nā nitrogen oxides. He aha ke kumu e hoʻoheheʻe ai, e uhaʻi i nā mea hoʻohui a mānoanoa. Hoʻohui nā mea hoʻohui Antioxidant i ka oxidation o nā aila a me ka hiki ʻole ke pale ʻia o nā waihona kipi ma hope o ia.

ʻAila ʻenekini - kumu o ka hana

ʻO ke kumu o kā lākou hana he hopena kemika i nā wela kiʻekiʻe me nā huahana e hoʻonā ai i ka ʻaila. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i nā mea hoʻohui inhibitor e hana e like me ka nui o ka aila. A me nā mea hoʻohui thermal-oxidative e hana ana i kā lākou mau hana i ka papa hana ma luna o nā mea wela. Hoʻolālā ʻia nā mea hoʻopiʻi corrosion e pale i ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana ʻenekini mai ka corrosion i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ʻakika organik a me nā mineral i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka oxidation o nā aila a me nā mea hoʻohui. ʻO ke ʻano o kā lākou hana ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni pale ma ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana a me ka neutralization o nā waikawa. Hoʻohana mua ʻia nā mea hoʻopiʻi Rust no ka pale ʻana i nā paia kila a me ka hao cylinder, pistons a me nā apo. Ua like ke ano o ka hana. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻopale corrosion me nā antioxidants.

ʻO nā aila kaʻa a me nā antioxidant

Nā Antioxidant, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, pale i ka aila iho mai ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa. ʻO ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana kila he anti-corrosion. Hāʻawi lākou i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ikaika ma ka hao. Pale kēlā iā ia mai ka hoʻopili ʻana me nā waikawa a me ka wai, i loaʻa mau i ka nui o ka aila. Hoʻololi hoʻololi. Ke hoʻāʻo nui nei lākou e hoʻohana i nā aila me nā hoʻololi hoʻololi no nā ʻenekini hou. Hiki i kēlā mea ke hōʻemi i ka coefficient o ka hakakā ma waena o nā ʻāpana hakakā e loaʻa ai nā aila hoʻōla ikehu. ʻO nā mea hoʻololi wili kaulana loa ka graphite a me ka molybdenum disulfide. He paʻakikī loa lākou e hoʻohana i nā aila o kēia ao. No ka mea ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kēia mau mea i ka aila a hiki ke hoʻopuehu wale ʻia i ke ʻano o nā huna liʻiliʻi. Pono kēia i ka hoʻolauna ʻana o nā mea hoʻopuehu hou a hoʻopuehu ʻia i nā mea paʻa i loko o ka aila, akā ʻaʻole ʻae kēia i ka hoʻohana o ia mau aila no ka manawa lōʻihi.

Ke kūpono o nā aila kaʻa

ʻO ka hopena, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā esters momona momona aila i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa ma ke ʻano he modifiers friction. ʻO ka mea hoʻopili maikaʻi loa i nā papa hao a hana i kahi papa o ka hakina e hoʻoliʻiliʻi ana i nā mole. I mea e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ai i ke koho ʻana o ka aila o ka pono i makemake ʻia no kekahi ʻano ʻenekini a me nā ʻano hana, aia nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho. I kēia manawa, nui nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho no nā aila ʻenekini: API, ILSAC, ACEA a me GOST. I kēlā me kēia ʻōnaehana, mahele ʻia nā aila ʻenekini i nā moʻo a me nā ʻāpana e like me ka maikaʻi a me ke kumu. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia moʻo a me nā ʻāpana e nā hui aupuni a kūwaho hoʻi o nā hana refineries a me nā mea hana kaʻa. ʻO ke kūlana a me ka pae kiʻekiʻe ma ka puʻuwai o ke ʻano o nā aila. Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho ʻae ʻia, aia pū kekahi nā koi a me nā kikoʻī o nā mea hana kaʻa. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā aila e ka maikaʻi, hoʻohana pū ʻia ka ʻōnaehana māka viscosity viscosity.